Luminex技术监测抗HLA抗体对肾移植受者预后的影响

目的  探讨Luminex技术检测受者体内抗人类白细胞抗原(HLA)抗体水平在预测肾移植受者预后的价值。方法  选取2013年6月至2015年11月在解放军第181医院拟行肾移植患者1 105例(其中354例成功接受肾移植手术),收集肾移植术前、术后血清标本共1 923例次。采用Luminex技术检测术前和术后的抗HLA抗体的阳性率和抗体荧光强度,同时并对移植受者进行移植肾功能检测。结果  术前抗HLA抗体阳性血清样本占总数的51.0%(546/1 071),其中抗HLA Ⅰ类抗体阳性占26.0%(279/1 071),抗HLA Ⅱ类抗体阳性占24.9%(267/1 071),其中抗HLA抗体Ⅰ、Ⅱ类均为阳性占11.4%(122/1 071)。354例肾移植患者中,术后出现抗HLA抗体者占17%(59/354),其中单独抗HLA Ⅰ类抗体阳性者25例(术后新发阳性4例),单独抗HLA Ⅱ类抗体阳性者占15例(术后新发阳性1例),两者皆阳性者19例(术后新发阳性4例)。随访期间,术后抗HLA Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类及两种抗体均阳性者出现移植肾功能异常者分别为13例、5例和11例,其中术后抗体新发阳性者均出现移植肾功能异常。结论  Luminex技术可动态监测肾移植术后受者抗HLA抗体水平,而抗HLA抗体阳性对预测肾移植受者预后有重要的价值。     

抗人类白细胞抗原抗体对肾移植术后长期存活受者移植肾功能的影响

目的研究抗HLA抗体对肾移植术后长期存活受者移植肾功能的影响。方法回顾性分析1993至2006年于首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院行肾移植,并于2007年检测抗HLA抗体为阳性的143例受者临床资料。受者均于2010至2011年再次检测群体反应性抗体,观察肾功能和存活情况。结果 143例受者中,抗HLA-Ⅰ类抗体阳性13例,抗HLA-Ⅱ类抗体阳性107例,抗HLA-Ⅰ+Ⅱ类抗体阳性23例。截至2014年10月,上述3组抗体阳性受者中,移植肾失功和肾功能下降受者比例分别为61.5%(8/13)、42.0%(45/107)和87.0%(20/23)。3种类型抗体阳性受者发生肾功能异常比例差异具有统计学意义(χ2=14.3,P0.05),抗HLA-Ⅱ类抗体阳性受者中肾功能异常比例低于抗HLA-Ⅰ+Ⅱ类抗体阳性受者,差异有统计学意义(χ2=15.3,P0.017)。结论抗HLA-Ⅰ+Ⅱ类抗体对长期存活受者的移植肾功能影响大于抗HLA-Ⅱ类抗体。     

肾移植术后抗HLA抗体升高对移植肾功能的慢性损害作用

目的 探讨肾移植术后抗HLA抗体升高对移植肾功能的慢性损害作用.方法 采用免疫荧光液相芯片技术检测57例肾移植术后半年以上受者的抗HLA抗体水平,根据抗HLA抗体水平的不同,将受者分为抗HIA抗体(≥10%)阳性组和抗HLA抗体(＜10%)阴性组.再根据阳性组中抗HLA抗体类别的不同,将受者分为抗HLA-Ⅰ类抗体阳性、Ⅱ类抗体阴性(Ⅰ+Ⅱ+)组,抗HLA-Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类抗体均阳性(Ⅰ+Ⅱ+)组和抗HLA-Ⅰ类抗体阴性、Ⅱ类抗体阳性(Ⅰ-Ⅱ+)组.观察和比较各组受者的临床资料和血肌酐(Cr)水平,并进行统计学分析.结果 57例受者中,抗HLA抗体阴性组41例(71.9%),阳性组16例(28.1%);阳性组中,Ⅰ+Ⅱ-组和Ⅰ+Ⅱ+组受者各3例,I-II'组10例.抗HLA抗体阴性组和阳性组受者的肾移植术后时间分别为(4.55±3.16)年和(6.64±3.66)年(P＜0.5),随着术后时间的延长,抗HLA抗体阳性者呈上升趋势.抗HLA抗体阴性组有13例(31.7%)血Cr异常,平均血Cr水平为(92.12±27.52)μmol/L;阳性组有13例(81.3%)血Cr异常,平均血Cr水平为(191.1±119.95)μmaol/L,其中又以Ⅰ+Ⅱ+组的受者血Cr水平最高,为(213.00±165.38)μmol/L,与抗HLA抗体阴性组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 抗HLA抗体升高是影响肾移植预后的重要标志物;尤其是抗HLA-Ⅱ类抗体升高对移植肾功能有慢性损害作用.     

肾移植受者术前测定抗HLA-IgG抗体的临床意义

目的　研究肾移植受者术前抗HLA IgG抗体水平的临床意义。 方法　采用酶联免疫吸附法 (ELISA)检测 184例肾移植受者术前抗HLA IgG抗体水平。分析抗HLA IgGI类抗体、Ⅱ类抗体阳性与急性排斥反应发生的关系。结果　肾移植受者术前抗HLA IgG抗体阴性者 15 5例 ,其中18例发生排斥反应 ,发生率 11.6 % ;抗HLA IgGⅠ类抗体阳性者 7例 ,2例发生排斥反应 ,发生率2 8.5 7% ;抗HLA IgGⅡ类抗体阳性者 9例 ,4例发生排斥反应 ,发生率4 4 .4 4 % ;Ⅰ类抗体、Ⅱ类抗体均阳性者 13例 ,8例发生排斥反应 ,发生率 6 1.5 3% ,与阴性对照组比较 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 0 1)。结论　肾移植受者术前抗HLA IgG抗体阳性与术后排斥反应发生率密切相关 ,提示术前检测抗HLA IgG抗体具有重要的临床意义 ,可以预测排斥反应及指导治疗。     

动态监测供者特异性抗体与非供者特异性抗体判断移植肾预后的临床意义

目的 动态监测肾移植前后供者HLA特异性抗体(DSA)及非供者HLA特异性抗体(NDSA)的变化,观察其对移植肾预后的影响.方法 采用免疫荧光液相芯片(Luminex)技术检测8例肾移植患者术前HLA基因分型、术前和术后的特异性HLA抗体改变.结果 术前HLA抗体阴性者4例,术后1例并发肺部感染死亡,另3例半年内HLA抗体阴性,肾功能良好.2例移植前后检测HLA抗体阳性,术后半年抗体滴度明显逐渐增高,分离出DR11(DSA);DR12、DQ7、DQ8(NDSA).1例术前存在A11(DSA),A34(NDSA)抗体,术后1个月始NDSA增多,且其分值呈上升趋势.1例术前存在DR.15(DSA)抗体,术后1周发生急性排斥反应行移植肾切除.结论 肾移植前受者存在DSA会导致移植肾急性排斥,特别是存在HLA-Ⅱ类抗体.在随访期间HLA抗体滴度和类型持续升高者,应鉴定其DSA与NDSA类型,尽早采用有效的治疗方法 减少移植肾功能减退及排斥反应的发生和发展.     

肾移植术后特异性HLA抗体对急性排斥的影响

目的评价肾移植术后特异性HLA抗体对移植肾急性排斥的影响.方法采用前瞻性队列研究,通过酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法检测136例肾移植患者围手术期特异性HLA抗体水平,随访观察HLA抗体对急性排斥的影响.结果术后HLA抗体阳性组急性排斥发生率高于阴性组(32.65%vs13.79%,P=0.000).按照HLA-Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类抗体水平分组后,移植肾无排斥存活率依次为HLA-Ⅰ-/Ⅱ-组＞HLA-Ⅰ-/Ⅱ+组＞HLA-Ⅰ+/Ⅱ-组＞HLA-Ⅰ+/Ⅱ+组(P=0.03).结论术后特异性HLA抗体可能是引起移植肾急性排斥的原因之一,HLA-Ⅰ类抗体与急性排斥关系较为密切.     

肾移植术后非HLA抗体与体液性排斥反应相关性研究

目的探讨术后非人类白细胞抗原(HLA)抗体与肾移植体液性排斥反应(HR)的相关性。方法回顾性分析上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院2019年9月至2021年1月检测了非HLA抗体水平的40例肾移植受者资料, 选取活检证实发生HR, 并且发生HR时供者特异性HLA抗体阴性或者弱阳的受者入组HR组(11例), 选取术后2周至检测非HLA抗体时移植肾功能稳定的受者入组稳定组(29例)。采用Luminex单抗原微珠法检测HLA抗体、MHCⅠ类链相关基因A(MICA)抗体、32种非HLA抗体的水平, 采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体(AT1R)抗体水平。分析两组受者非HLA抗体阳性率和阳性非HLA抗体数量的差异。结果 24例受者具有阳性非HLA抗体, 剩余16例受者的非HLA抗体全为阴性。HR组分别有3例受者的肌动蛋白(ACTIN)抗体、Ⅲ型胶原蛋白(Collagen Ⅲ)抗体、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶θ1(GSTT1)抗体和γ干扰素(IFN-γ)抗体阳性, 而稳定受者的这4种非HLA抗体都是阴性, 两组比较, 差异有统计学意义(P=0.017)。4例HR受者的Collagen Ⅱ...     

肝移植后胆道铸型综合征病人中HLA抗体检测的临床意义

目的 研究肝移植受者体内的HLA致敏状态与胆道铸型综合征的关系以及HLA抗体在预测免疫因素引起胆道铸型综合征中的作用.方法 收集52例肝移植病人术前术后8个时间点系列血清共416份,用ELISA法检测受者血清中HLA抗体,将52例病人分为两组,20例无胆道铸型综合征者为对照组,32例发生胆道铸型综合征者设为实验组,分析两组间HLA抗体水平有无显著性差异,及与主要生化指标变化的关系.结果 胆道铸型综合征组术后HLA抗体阳性率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),胆道铸型综合征临床症状恢复时间与HLA-Ⅱ类抗体的出现时间呈负相关性.结论 HLA-Ⅱ类抗体的动态监测可作为胆道铸型综合征发生的预警信号.     

早期移植肾丢失引起HLA体液致敏的机制 (附3例报告)

目的探讨早期移植肾丢失引起HLA体液致敏的机制.方法采用LAT-ELISA法分别检测3例首次尸肾移植丢失的受者术前1周、术后1个月群体反应性抗体(PRA)IgG类HLA抗体水平,并分析其性质.结果1例女性受者术前1周PRA水平Ⅰ类为17.9%,其抗体特异性为B60,Ⅱ类为阴性;术后1个月PRA水平Ⅰ类为39.3%,其抗体特异性为B17,Ⅱ类为阴性.2例男性受者术前1周Ⅰ、Ⅱ类PRA为阴性(PRA＜10%).术后1个月Ⅰ类PRA水平分别为46.4%和41.7%,其抗体特异性分别为B63、B22;Ⅱ类PRA水平分别为25.0%、23.1%,其抗体特异性均为DR53.结论移植肾丢失患者术后产生抗供者特异性抗体(Ds-Ab),表明移植物是机体HLA体液致敏的重要危险因素之一.     

肾移植患者术前输血与再次移植致抗体生成的比较

目的 研究肾移植患者术前输血与再次移植导致抗体生成的机率.方法 自2002年4月～2006年12月共检测了肾移植前1810例患者群体反应性抗体,其中输血200 mL以上患者509人,男性185人,女性324人;再移植患者136人,男性93人,女性43人.PRA检测采用美国One lanmbda公司和美国GTI公司提供的ELISA筛选人类白细胞抗原(human leucocyte antigen,HLA-Ⅰ),类、HLA-Ⅱ类混合抗原板.鉴定抗体类型采用采用美国One lanmbda公司鉴定抗原板(LAT-1240).结果 移植前输血患者509例,88例PRA阳性,占输血人数的17.28%,其中男性患者占4.32%,女性患者占12.97%.再次移植前患者136例,97例PRA阳性,占71.32%;其中男性患者占50%,女性患者占21.32%.肾移植术前输血患者PRA出现机率较高的抗HLA-Ⅰ类抗体有抗HLA-A1、A2、A3、A11和A24抗体;抗HLA-B13、1327、B60、B22、B51和B17.抗HLAII类抗体在输血患者中未能检测出较高反应抗体.再次移植前患者PRA出现机率较高的抗HLA-Ⅰ类抗体有抗HLA-A2、A11和A24抗体;抗HLA-B13、B5和B40.抗HLA-Ⅱ类抗体出现机率较高有抗HLA-DR1、4、7、8、15抗体.结论 再次移植前患者产生抗HLA-抗体的机率高于肾移植术前输血患者,而且产生的抗HLA强度和类型比输血患者更复杂,因此再次移植患者术后更易发生排斥反应.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.