海人酸致难治性癫痫大鼠脑组织及外周血P糖蛋白表达趋势相关性研究

目的 研究难治性癫痫大鼠脑组织及外周血中P糖蛋白表达的相关性,探讨难治性癫痫可能的耐药机制,并比较海人酸在不同核团致痫后P糖蛋白表达的差异.方法 用海人酸分别于大鼠杏仁核及海马进行化学点燃,制作难治性癫痫模型.采用免疫组化方法,分析比较难治性癫痫大鼠脑组织及外周血中P糖蛋白的表达.结果 杏仁核点燃组与海马点燃组大鼠脑组织及外周血P糖蛋白表达高于与其相对应的生理盐水卡马西平组及生理盐水对照组,有统计学意义(P＜0.05);杏仁核生理盐水卡马两平组及海马生理盐水卡马西平组大鼠脑组织及外周血P糖蛋白的表达高于杏仁核生理盐水对照组及海马生理盐水对照组,有统计学意义(P＜0.05);杏仁核点燃组和海马点燃组大鼠脑组织及外周血P糖蛋白的表达相近,无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 难治性癫痫大鼠外周血及脑组织中P糖蛋白的表达具有一定的相关性,难治性癫痫的耐药机制可能是癫痫本身、服用抗癫痫药物等多因素作用的结果.杏仁核点燃模型及海马点燃模型均可诱导相近似的P糖蛋白的表达.     

小檗碱对癫痫大鼠脑组织P-糖蛋白表达的影响

目的 探讨小檗碱(BBR)对癫痫大鼠脑组织P-糖蛋白(P-gp)表达的影响.方法 将44只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(9只)、癫痫组(9只)和BBR 10 mg/kg(9只)、20 mg/kg(9只)、40 mg/kg组(9只).采用大鼠海马注射海人酸方法制作癫痫模型,各BBR干预组分别于术前48 h、术前24h和术后6h腹腔注射相应剂量BBR.观察各组大鼠癫痫发作潜伏期及发作严重程度.造模24 h后,采用免疫组化方法检测并比较各组大鼠海马CA3区P-gp和核因子-κB(NF-κB) p65的表达水平.结果 BBR 20 mg/kg组[(66.11±5.90) min,(26.67±6.67) min]和40 mg/kg组[(76.33±9.11) min,(42.00±7.73) min]大鼠癫痫发作潜伏期及初次至第6次≥Ⅳ级痫样发作间隔时间均明显长于癫痫组[(41.78±10.45) min,(9.44±4.25)min](均P＜0.05).各组大鼠海马CA3区NF-κB p65和P-gp表达的差异均有统计学意义(H=16.024,H=21.830;均P＜0.01).癫痫组海马CA3区NF-κB p65和P-gp表达显著高于假手术组(均P＜0.05);BBR 20mg/kg和40 mg/kg组表达显著低于癫痫组(均P＜0.05).结论 BBR能够延长癫痫发作潜伏期、降低其严重程度,并抑制癫痫大鼠脑组织NF-κB和P-gp的表达.     

左乙拉西坦和托吡酯对癫(疒间)大鼠脑P-糖蛋白表达的影响

目的研究左乙拉西坦(LEV)和托吡酯(TPM)对癫大鼠脑P-糖蛋白(P-gp)表达的影响。方法将海人酸1.5μg(3μl)注射至SD大鼠海马制作癫模型(癫组),对照组大鼠海马注射3μl生理盐水(NS)。将癫组(18只)和对照组(15只)大鼠分别随机分为LEV、TPM和NS亚组(每亚组6只、5只),各亚组大鼠予相应药物(LEV50mg/kg、TPM40mg/kg、等体积NS)灌胃,每天1次,共30d。采用免疫组化EnVi-sion染色法检测大鼠颞叶、海马P-gp表达水平,采用LeicaQwin图像分析系统中平均整合灰度(MIB)值对P-gp表达水平进行半定量分析。结果癫各亚组大鼠颞叶和海马P-gp表达水平(MIB值)均显著高于其相应对照亚组(P<0.05～0.001);对照亚组中,LEV和TPM组与NS亚组间P-gp表达水平比较,差异无统计学意义;在癫组中,TPM亚组P-gp表达水平显著高于NS亚组(1550.3±371.9vs1049.7±282.8,P=0.004);而LEV亚组与NS亚组差异无统计学意义(1285.1±340.3vs1049.7±282.8,P=0.172)。结论癫发作可诱导...     

氯硝西泮预处理对癫痫大鼠海马区γ-氨基丁酸A受体γ2亚单位表达的影响

目的 探讨氯硝西泮预处理对癫痫大鼠海马区γ-氨基丁酸A受体γ2亚单位(GABAARγ2)表达的影响.方法 60只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、癫痫组和氯硝西泮预处理组;癫痫组再分为6h、12 h、1 d、3d、7d、15 d和30 d7个亚组;药物预处理组再分为假预处理组、预处理6h、12h和ld亚组.药物预处理组给予氯硝西泮6 mg/(kg·d)分2次灌胃,连续5d;然后癫痫组和预处理组通过向大鼠海马C3区注射海人酸建立颞叶癫痫模型;采用免疫组化法在相应时点检测各组大鼠海马区GABAARγ2的表达.结果 与假手术组比较,癫痫组CA1区癫痫发作ld后、CA3区癫痫发作后各时间点GABAARγ2表达明显下降(P＜0.05 ～0.01).与癫痫组相应亚组比较,预处理6h、12 h亚组海马CA3区及预处理ld亚组海马CA1区及CA3区GABAARγ2的表达明显增高(P＜0.05～0.01).结论 氯硝西泮预处理可上调癫痫大鼠海马区GABAARγ2的表达.     

戊四氮致痫大鼠海马GSK-3β表达与苔藓纤维出芽关系研究

目的观察戊四氮(PTZ)致痫大鼠海马各区糖原合成酶激酶-3β(GSK-3β)蛋白及其mRNA表达和苔藓纤维出芽(MFS)情况,探讨GSK-3β在癫痫发病机制中的作用。方法SD雄性成年大鼠120只,随机分为实验组和对照组;实验组分为PTZ第1次注射后3d、1w、2w、4w、6w共5个亚组,每亚组12只。对照组同样随机分为5个亚组,每亚组12只,与实验组各时间点对应。以上各亚组再分2个小组,每小组6只大鼠,分别进行(1)GSK-3β的免疫组化和原位杂交染色并测定其相应的光密度值;(2)Timm染色并评分。结果实验组大鼠海马各区GSK-3β蛋白及其mRNA表达在点燃过程中逐渐增多,点燃后表达逐渐下调到正常对照组水平,在点燃前后除6w组外GSK-3β表达与对照组相应时间点比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);实验组CA3区在点燃前可见1~4级MFS,点燃后可见4~5级MFS;癫痫点燃过程中CA3区GSK-3β表达与MFS评分有线性正相关关系。结论GSK-3β在海马表达变化可能在苔藓纤维出芽的过程中起促进作用,从而促进癫痫的发生。     

核因子-κB对癫痫大鼠脑 P-糖蛋白表达的调控作用

目的 探讨核因子-κB(NF-κB)对癫痫大鼠脑P-糖蛋白(P-gP)表达的影响.方法 将雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(n=9)、癫痫组(EP组,n=14)、NF-κB活性抑制剂吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸盐(PDTC)干预组(PDTC组,n=14).采用大鼠海马注射海人酸方法制作癫痫模型,PDTC组于癫痫造模前30 min给予腹腔注射PDTC(按体质量150 mg/kg).于造模后24 h处死各组大鼠,采用免疫组织化学方法检测并比较各组大鼠海马CA3区、齿状回、嗅周皮层、杏仁核复合体区P-gp和NF-κB亚基p65(NF-κBp65)表达情况.结果 与假手术组相比,EP组海马CA3区、齿状回、杏仁核复合体区P-gP和NF-κBp65表达显著增强(PO.05).结论 抑制NF-κB活化可以降低癫痫相关脑区P-gp过表达,癫痫发作所致脑内P-gp表达上调可能与NF-κB活化有关.     

Semaphorin-3A与苔藓纤维出芽在毛果芸香碱致痫大鼠中的改变及意义

目的探讨海马Semaphorin-3A(Sema3A)与苔藓纤维出芽(MFS)在癫痫发病机制中的作用。方法通过小剂量多次腹腔注射氯化锂-毛果芸香碱建立癫痫大鼠模型,随机将大鼠分为生理盐水对照组和痫性发作组。痫性发作组分别于药物注射后1、5、7d及3、4周时间点,应用Western blotting法检测大鼠海马Sema3A的表达,同时采用neo-Timm银染观察海马MFS情况。结果生理盐水对照组Sema3A仅有少量表达,痫性发作组1、5d无表达,7d表达明显,3周后亦无表达;痫性发作组1、5d未见MFS,7d可见MFS至齿状回内分子层,3周后明显可见MFS至齿状回分子层。痫性发作组Timm评分与生理盐水对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论海马区Sema3A表达变化伴有MFS可能是癫痫发病机制的重要因素之一。     

NCAM1与致痫大鼠认知功能障碍发病机制之间相关性的研究

目的 研究神经细胞黏附分子1(NCAMl)与癫痫大鼠认知功能障碍发病机制之间的相关性,探讨其在癫痫认知功能障碍中发挥的作用. 方法 采用随机数字表法将120只Wistar大鼠分为实验组和对照组.实验组又分为致痫组、卡马西平治疗组、奥卡西平治疗组、茴拉西坦治疗组、盐酸多奈哌齐治疗组,每组20只;采用匹罗卡品诱导癫痫模型,后4组并灌服相应药物.对照组(n=20)不造模,灌服生理盐水造模.通过Morris水迷宫实验测试大鼠的学习记忆能力,并通过RT-PCR法检测大鼠海马组织中NCAM1 mRNA表达,免疫组化法检测大鼠海马组织中NCAM1蛋白表达. 结果 各组大鼠水迷宫实验逃逸潜伏期差异有统计学意义(F=91.920,P=0.000),按长短排序为:卡马西平组＞奥卡西平组＞茴拉西坦组＞致痫组＞盐酸多奈哌齐组＞对照组.各组大鼠免疫组化及RT-PCR结果差异亦有统计学意义(F=324.510,P=0.000; F=81.160,P=0.000),按表达量多少排序为:盐酸多奈哌齐组＞茴拉西坦组＞致痫组＞奥卡西平组＞卡马西平组＞对照组. 结论 癫痫发作30d后海马的NCAM1表达水平升高,参与了癫痫认知功能障碍的发病;抗癫痫药物能加重癫痫认知功能障碍的发生,促智药物可明显改善癫痫的认知功能.     

新生期大鼠反复惊厥后海马区γ-氨基丁酸A受体α1和γ2亚单位表达的改变及其意义

目的探讨新生期大鼠反复惊厥后海马区γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)A受体(GABAAR)α1和γ2亚单位表达的改变及其意义。方法 72只健康新生大鼠随机分为反复惊厥组(RS组)和对照组(CONT组),两组又随机分为10日龄、35日龄、70日龄亚组,各亚组12只大鼠。通过三氟乙醚吸入诱导建立新生期大鼠反复惊厥动物模型。采用Western blot法及逆转录-PCR法检测大鼠海马区GABAARα1和γ2亚单位蛋白及mRNA的表达。结果与CONT组比较,RS组大鼠10日龄亚组海马区GABAARγ2亚单位蛋白表达明显降低(P0.01);35日龄亚组和70日龄亚组海马区GABAARα1和γ2亚单位蛋白表达均明显降低(均P0.05)。与CONT组比较,RS组大鼠10日龄亚组、35日龄亚组和70日龄时亚组海马区GABAARα1和γ2亚单位mRNA表达均明显降低(P0.05~0.01)。结论新生期大鼠反复惊厥后海马区GABAARα1和γ2亚单位表达明显降低,这可能在发育期反复惊厥所致的远期GABA介导的抑制功能下降中起重要作用。     

亚低温对脑缺血大鼠脑组织富含脯氨酸的Akt底物40与磷酸化的富含脯氨酸的Akt底物40表达的影响及其脑保护作用的研究

目的研究亚低温对脑缺血大鼠富含脯氨酸的Akt底物40(PRAS40)与磷酸化的PRAS40(pPRAS40)表达的影响及其脑保护作用。方法 56只大鼠随机分为正常对照组、假手术组、脑缺血组和脑缺血亚低温治疗组(亚低温组),后两组又分为缺血3 h、6 h、12 h、24 h、72 h、7 d亚组,每个亚组4只大鼠。用线栓法制作大鼠局灶脑缺血模型。亚低温组于缺血后30 min实施脑部亚低温(32~33℃)并持续4 h。在相应时间点行神经功能缺损评分,用免疫组化染色检测PRAS40及p-PRAS40的表达。结果脑缺血大鼠PRAS40和p-PRAS40的表达呈时间依赖性变化。PRAS40在缺血12 h开始减少,至缺血72 h表达最低,亚低温组12h、24 h、72 h、7 d亚组与脑缺血组的差异有统计学意义(均P0.05);p-PRAS40在缺血3 h开始减少,至缺血24 h表达最低,亚低温组3 h、6 h、12 h、24 h、72 h亚组与脑缺血组的差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。神经功能缺损评分比较,亚低温组各亚组均明显低于脑缺血组(均P0.05)。结论脑缺血大鼠PRAS40和pPRAS40表达减少;亚低温能延缓其表达减少。亚低温能明显减轻脑缺血所致的神经功能缺损。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。