小儿先天性脑膨出

目的 总结小儿先天性脑膨出的临床特点和诊治经验.方法 回顾分析1997年5月至2006年5月经外科手术及影像学证实48例先天性脑膨出.结果 本组男28例,女20例,年龄1d～15岁.CT和MRI是主要诊断手段.脑膨出位于枕后36例,前颅窝2例,顶部4例,颅底6例.脑膨出合并颅内畸形有灰质异位、胼胝体发育不全、透明隔缺如、脑积水、Chiari畸形、Dandy-Walker畸形和枕大池蛛网膜囊肿.48例中3例末行手术.4例合并脑积水分别于脑膨出修补前及同时做脑室腹腔分流术,2例脑膨出修补术后急性脑积水及时做脑室腹腔分流术,颅底脑膨出中有3例行经鼻内镜下脑膨出切除修补术.结论 脑膨出为先天性疾病.MRI是首选的诊断方法,推荐MRI检查同时作MR血管造影,明确硬膜静脉窦是否随膨出物突出,以利手术.     

分流管堵塞所致的脑脊液水肿

作者报道了4例脑积水儿童患者因分流管堵塞致脑脊液(CSF)水肿的病例。其中3例沿引流管有大面积的CSF水肿,尽管脑室压力增高,但无脑室扩大。 4例患儿均为男性(7～19岁)。例1为脊髓脑脊膜膨出,例2,软骨发育不全,例3,神经纤维瘤,例4,枕部脑膜膨出,均接受了脑室—腹腔分流术,脑室管末端侧孔长度为1.8～2.5cm。临床症状有头痛、呕吐及分流管皮下积液,出现于分流术后1～16月。患者入院后脑室内压力增加,脑脊液的细     

脑室-腹腔分流治疗脑积水60例临床分析

目的 探讨脑室-腹腔分流术治疗脑积水的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析60例脑积水患者脑室-腹腔分流术的临床资料.结果 60例中,56例术后症状明显改善,2例好转,1例无改善,1例死亡.术后发生分流管堵塞4例,颅内感染1例,低颅内压综合征1例,硬膜下血肿1例,颅缝早闭1例.结论 脑室-腹腔分流术治疗脑积水常见的并发症为分流系...     

小儿脑室-腹腔分流术后并发症分析

目的 探讨小儿脑积水脑室-腹腔分流术（VPS）后并发症发生原因及处理方法。方法 回顾性分析1995年6月至2015年6月VPS治疗317例小儿脑积水的临床资料。结果 术后发生并发症30例,其中分流管阻塞13例,感染5例,硬膜下积液3例,硬膜下血肿2例,裂隙脑室综合征2例,分流管断裂2例,皮下积液1例,皮下引流管外露1例,分流管进入结肠1例;均给予针对性处理后治愈。结论 过度分流、感染及分流管阻塞仍是小儿脑积水VPS主要难题,分流装置是影响过度分流的主要因素,严格掌握手术指征,不断改进操作技巧可降低并发症发生率。     

儿童脑积水分流术后并发症的原因分析及对策

目的 探讨儿童脑室-腹腔分流术（VPS）后并发症的原因及处理方法。方法 回顾性分析2011年5月至2018年10月收治的29例VPS后出现并发症患儿的临床资料,总结并分析发生并发症的原因及处理经验。结果 29例中,分流管堵塞18例,其中脑室端堵塞4例,腹腔端堵塞3例,分流阀堵塞1例,部位不明10例;感染21例,其中脑脊液培养阳性18例,合并分流管堵塞14例,分流管外露2例,腹腔段置入失败1例;分流管断裂1例,硬膜下积液2例,交通性鞘膜积液1例。经过相应处理后,均治愈,有效率为100%;随访1~2年,1例失访,其余28例无复发。结论 儿童VPS失败的主要原因为分流管堵塞和（或）感染,且分流管堵塞多由感染所致,给予针对性处理后,可达满意疗效。     

脑室-腹腔分流术治疗脑积水51例分析

目的探讨脑室腹腔分流术治疗脑积水的手术技巧和并发症的防治,以提高手术疗效。方法回顾性分析我院自2006-01～2010-01期间采用改良脑室腹腔分流术手术方法治疗的51例脑积水患者的临床表现及治疗效果。结果 51例脑积水手术患者中,术后症状明显改善37例,好转12例,无改善2例。5例术后发生并发症,其中术后颅内感染1例,分流管脑室端脱出致分流不畅1例,头部皮下积液1例,分流不足1例,分流管排异1例。未发现分流管腹腔端阻塞。排异1例取出分流管,到上级医院改用其他方法治疗,其余均采取相应治疗措施后痊愈出院。结论脑室腹腔分流术治疗脑积水,分流管腹腔端阻塞少,创伤小,效果良好,值得推广。把握手术指征,适时分流,并严格无菌操作及动作轻柔,减少术中副损伤是减少手术并发症,提高手术成功率的关键。     

硬膜下积液治疗经验总结（附27例临床分析）

目的总结不同类型硬膜下积液治疗经验。 方法对解放军总医院第六医学中心神经外科自2009年1月至2014年10月手术治疗并完整随访的27例硬膜下积液患者进行回顾性分析。根据术前影像学特征鉴别积液是否为血性,将患者分为血性硬膜下积液患者（9例）和非血性硬膜下积液患者（18例）。根据积液是否为血性选择个性化治疗方案,观察其疗法。 结果9例血性硬膜下积液患者接受钻孔外引流手术,8例积液消退,另外1例无效,之后接受硬膜下腹腔分流后治愈。非血性硬膜下积液患者中14例接受硬膜下腹腔分流,12例有效,2例术后出现脑积水,经脑室-腹腔分流术治愈;2例术前合并脑积水接受脑室-腹腔分流术,均有效;另外2例最初接受积液外引流,无效,之后行硬膜下腹腔分流后积液消退。 结论对于硬膜下积液患者,术前需仔细评估积液是否为血性,是否合并脑积水。血性积液采取钻孔外引流,非血性积液采取硬膜下腹腔分流,合并脑积水的积液采取脑室-腹腔分流手术方式,给予个体化治疗,可获得满意疗效。     

可调压式分流管治疗脑积水

目的探讨使用可调压式分流管行脑室-腹腔分流术治疗脑积水的临床效果。方法采用可调压式分流管行脑室.腹腔分流术治疗脑积水18例。其中高压性脑积水6例;等压性脑积水10例;等压性脑积水伴穿通畸形2例。术前根据患者头颅CT及MRI提示脑积水类型设定阀门压力,术中测量颅内压并根据分流管末端滴速重新调整阀门压力。术后一周复查头颅CT了解脑积水缓解情况。出院后随访1-11月,根据头颅CT所示脑积水缓解情况再行阀门压力调整。结果脑积水症状缓解16例(88.9%);症状缓解不满意2例(11.1%)。18例均无出血、颅内感染及死亡。结论使用可调压式分流管行脑室一腹腔分流术,可在术前、术中、术后调整阀门压力,缓解脑积水症状,分流效果优于传统不可调压式分流管。     

可调压式脑室-腹腔分流管治疗脑积水

目的探讨可调压分流式脑室-腹腔分流管治疗脑积水的有效性和安全性。方法自2007年8月至2010年9月,采用可调压分流管对18例脑积水患者行脑室-腹腔分流术,同时期有61例脑积水患者使用固定压力分流管手术,比较用两种分流管手术的治疗效果。结果可调压管分流组未发生硬膜下积液或硬膜下血肿,无因为脑脊液分流过度或不足而需再次手术治疗者;2例患者术后出现堵管或感染。固定压力管分流组发生颅内血肿或积液4例;堵管或感染5例,两组之间无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论可调压分流管对脑积水的治疗具有很好的安全性,更符合脑脊液的循环压力需要,并在减少分流过度和不足方面优于不可调压分流管。     

放射性核素显像对脑室-腹腔分流管内脑脊液流量的定量分析

脑室-腹腔分流术是目前治疗各种类型脑积水最常用的方法,而分流管梗阻或引流不畅是分流术最常见的并发症之一。一般情况下,依靠临床表现、单纯挤压或穿刺贮液阀囊并不能确定分流管的通畅程度,因此寻求一种实用的检查分流管功能状     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.