白藜芦醇对戊四氮致痫大鼠脑脊液、血清S100B蛋白的影响

目的研究白藜芦醇（Res）对戊四氮致痫大鼠脑脊液、血清S100B蛋白的影响。方法采用戊四氮（PTZ）腹腔注射建立慢性癫痫模型,造模成功后予以Res（15mg／kg·d）灌胃干预10d;采用酶联免疫吸附法测定脑脊液、血清S100B蛋白含量,海马标本行Nissl染色。结果经28d连续给药,18只大鼠符合Racine点燃标准,Res干预组大鼠痫性发作潜伏期明显延长,且发作时间明显低于癫痫模型组、二甲基亚砜组（P〈0．05）。海马Nissl染色提示Res干预对大鼠海马CAl、CA3区神经元有保护作用（P〈0．05）,而对齿状回保护作用不明显（P〉0．05）。Res干预组大鼠脑脊液、血清S100B蛋白含量低于癫痫模型组、二甲基亚砜组（P〈0．05）。结论Res降低PTZ致痫大鼠脑脊液、血清SIOOB蛋白含量,或许减缓癫痫发作脑损伤发挥神经保护作用。     

白藜芦醇对戊四氮致痫大鼠的学习记忆能力的影响

目的 研究白藜芦醇对戊四氮致痫大鼠的空间学习记忆能力的影响.方法 采用戊四氮亚惊厥剂量腹腔注射建立慢性癫痫模型,造模成功后予以白藜芦醇15 mg/kg灌胃干预10 d,行Morris 水迷宫实验测试大鼠的空间学习和记忆能力.结果 经28 d连续给药,18只大鼠符合Racine点燃标准,Res干预组大鼠痫性发作潜伏期明显延长,且其发作时间明显低于癫痫模型组、二甲基亚砜组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).定位航行试验:实验第1、2d,各组大鼠逃避潜伏期差异没有统计学意义,而第3、4、5d癫痫模型组、二甲基亚砜组大鼠逃避潜伏期比正常对照组明显延长,Res干预组大鼠逃避潜伏期明显低于癫痫模型组、二甲基亚砜组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).空间探索试验:将原站台撤去后,癫痫模型组、二甲基亚砜组穿越原站台次数和象限逗留时间,比正常对照组明显减少;同Res干预组相比减少,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 白藜芦醇对戊四氮致痫大鼠具有抗癫痫和改善其空间学习记忆能力.     

氯喹对戊四氮慢性致痫大鼠脑皮质及海马腺苷激酶表达的影响

目的 观察氯喹对戊四氮致痫大鼠皮质和海马区腺苷激酶(ADK)表达的影响,探讨ADK与癫痫发作的关系及氯喹在癫痫发生过程中的作用. 方法 30只健康雄性SD大鼠按照随机数字表法分为对照组、戊四氮(PTZ)致痫组和氯喹干预组,每组10只.观察大鼠行为学表现,记录其脑电改变,采用免疫组化法检测3组大鼠皮质和海马区ADK的表达. 结果 对照组大鼠无癫痫发作,PTZ致痫组大鼠出现Racine评分中Ⅳ～Ⅴ级严重发作,氯喹干预组大鼠出现Ⅰ～Ⅲ级发作,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).PTZ致痫组大鼠脑电记录呈频发高幅的痫样波,氯喹干预组大鼠脑电记录显示慢波、小棘波.PTZ致痫组大鼠脑内ADK表达明显增强,以海马区最为显著,与对照组相比差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).氯喹干预组大鼠脑内ADK表达降低,但距离正常水平仍有较大差距,与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 癫痫脑组织中存在ADK的表达异常,氯喹可以抑制这种表达,有效控制癫痫发作.     

海马神经细胞活化在戊四氮点燃大鼠癫痫形成过程中的作用

目的 以核因子κB/P65(nuclear factor κB,NF-κB/P65)的核转位作为神经细胞活化的标志,观察在戊四氮(pentylenetetrazol,PTZ)点燃大鼠出现惊厥之前,即点燃过程中海马神经细胞NF-κB活化在癫痫形成过程中的作用.方法 将大鼠随机分为对照组、非药物干预组、药物干预组(苯巴比妥30 mg/kg, 腹腔注射,每日一次).除对照组外均以低于急性致惊剂量的PTZ(40mg/kg,腹腔注射,每日一次)点燃大鼠,用行为学观察和脑电图确定癫痫存在,免疫组织化学方法 检测大鼠癫痫形成过程中不同时间点海马CA各区和齿状回神经细胞NF-κB活化,用图像分析系统分析对照组、非药物干预组和药物干预组三大组间海马神经细胞NF-κB活化的差异.结果 非药物干预组大鼠均于17d～22d点燃,而药物干预组PTZ点燃大鼠所需时间明显延长(于30d～35d点燃),且行为学惊厥程度和脑电痫样放电明显轻于非药物干预组.非药物干预组大鼠在行为学未出现惊厥,脑电图未出现痫样放电的点燃前潜伏期内,其海马CA各区、齿状回NF-κB活化的阳性神经细胞数明显增加,与对照组相比两者有显著性差异(P<0.05);药物干预组在与非药物干预组相应时间点的海马CA各区、齿状回NF-κB活化的阳性神经细胞明显减少,两者有显著性差异(P<0.05).结论 海马神经细胞活化是PTZ点燃大鼠癫痫形成的重要机制之一,苯巴比妥可通过抑制神经细胞活化,预防癫痫发生.     

低剂量伽玛刀照射对癫痫大鼠皮层及海马NMDA受体亚基表达的影响

目的观察低剂量伽玛刀照射对癫痫大鼠皮层和海马N-甲基-D-天氡氨酸(N-methyl-Daspartate,NMDA)受体亚基表达的影响。方法根据动物是否致痫及接受伽玛刀照射,将大鼠分为4组:对照组、伽玛刀组、药物致痫组、伽玛刀+药物组。腹腔连续注射戊四氮(pentylenetetrazole,PTZ)制备癫痫大鼠模型,以双侧额叶为照射靶区对大鼠进行低剂量伽玛刀照射,边缘剂量为15Gy。观察并记录各组大鼠伽玛刀照射前、后癫痫发作情况,并于伽玛刀照射后12周后留取脑组织,分别利用免疫组化及免疫蛋白印迹法对大鼠皮层及海马NMDA受体亚基NR1、NR2A和NR2B进行检测。结果对照组及伽玛刀组大鼠无痫性发作表现,与药物致痫组大鼠相比,伽玛刀+药物组大鼠经低剂量伽玛刀照射后12周,痫性发作明显减轻(P0.05)。与对照组相比,药物致痫组大鼠额叶皮层及海马CA1、CA3区NR1、NR2A和NR2B表达均明显增强(P0.05),阳性神经元数目及平均吸光度值均明显增加(P0.05);与药物致痫组比较,伽玛刀+药物组额叶皮层及海马CA1、CA3区NR1、NR2A和NR2B表达均明显降低(P0.05),阳性神经元数目及平均吸光度值明显减少(P0.05);伽玛刀组与对照组无明显差别(P0.05)。结论癫痫大鼠额叶皮层及海马NR1、NR2A及NR2B亚单位蛋白表达增强,低剂量伽玛刀照射可能引起癫痫大鼠皮层及海马NMDA受体亚基表达减少,这可能是低剂量伽玛刀抑制癫痫发作的分子机制之一。     

尼莫地平对戊四氮慢性点燃癫痫大鼠行为及脑电图的影响

目的:探讨尼莫地平(nimodipine,NIM)对戊四氮(Pentylenetetrazole,PTZ)慢性点燃癫痫大鼠行为及脑电图的影响。方法:64只动物随机分为正常对照组(A组)、PTZ单纯致痫组(B组)、NIM1.25mg/kg干预组(C组)、NIM2.5mg/kg干预组(D组),通过腹腔注射PTZ建立慢性癫痫动物模型,观察大鼠行为、脑电图及海马组织学改变。结果:腹腔注射NIM可以明显抑制大鼠的痫性放电,减小其痫性发作级别,与正常对照组相比重型发作率明显降低(P<0.01),此外,NIM还能减轻海马的损伤程度。结论:NIM在PTZ慢性点燃癫痫大鼠模型中不仅具有抗惊厥作用,还能减轻海马的损伤程度。     

γ-氨基丁酸能神经元在新生大鼠缺氧性痫性发作中的作用

目的 通过观察新生大鼠早期发育过程中及缺氧性痫性发作后海马组织病理改变以及原癌基因c-fos蛋白、谷氨酸脱羧酶(glutamate decarboxylase,GAD)的变化,探讨γ-氨基丁酸(γ-amino butylic acid,GABA)能神经元在缺氧性痫性发作中的作用及可能的影响机制.方法 采用出生后10d的SD大鼠建立改良Jensen缺氧诱导痫性发作模型,分为痫性发作后1d、3d、7d、14d 4组,并选取相应时间点正常大鼠为对照组,采用尼氏染色方法检测海马组织的组织病理变化,免疫组织化学法检测各组海马c-fos蛋白灰度值以及GAD阳性神经元数量的改变.结果 尼氏染色结果显示,各缺氧性痫性发作组海马区形态结构正常,细胞排列略稀疏,但未见明显的细胞丢失.免疫组化结果显示,与对照组比较,c-fos蛋白灰度值在痫性发作后7d,在缺氧性痫性发作组海马CA2、CA3和DG区明显地降低(P ＜0.05);GAD阳性细胞数在痫性发作后7～ 14d,缺氧性痫性发作组海马CA1、CA3和DG区明显地减少(P＜0.05).结论 缺氧性痫性发作后14d内并没有造成大鼠海马区及时或迟发性细胞丢失,但c-fos表达在大鼠海马区有迟发性增高;缺氧性痫性发作后海马GABA神经元数量的减少可能是新生大鼠缺氧诱导痫性发作后癫痫易感性升高的原因之一.     

戊四氮致痫大鼠脑P53蛋白表达与神经细胞凋亡关系的研究

目的探讨戊四氮诱导癫痫发作大鼠脑P53蛋白表达与神经细胞凋亡的关系.方法采用戊四氮诱导癫痫发作大鼠模型,以原位末端标记(TUNEL)法和免疫组织化学方法分别检测大鼠脑海马CA1区神经细胞凋亡及P53蛋白表达的动态变化.结果戊四氮致痫后6h海马周白质出现P53蛋白较弥散的表达,12h时海马CA1区可见少量锥体细胞凋亡,细胞核出现P53蛋白的微弱表达,24h时凋亡的锥体细胞数明显升高,P53蛋白表达开始增加,至48h两者同时达高峰(P＜0.001),此后开始下降.结论P53是调节戊四氮诱导癫痫发作大鼠脑神经细胞凋亡的重要分子之一.     

乙酰唑胺对慢性癫痫大鼠海马NF-κB p65、IL-1β、IL-6及TNF-α表达的影响

目的观察戊四氮(Pentylenetetrazole,PTZ)致慢性癫痫大鼠发作以及应用AQP4抑制剂乙酰唑胺(Acetazolamide,AZA)干预后对海马核因子-κB p65(NF-κB p65)、白介素-1β(IL-1β)、白介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的表达影响,探讨AQP4与炎症因子表达间的关系及乙酰唑胺抑制癫痫发作的可能机制。方法将50只健康成年SD大鼠随机分为对照组(每日腹腔注射生理盐水)、致痫组(每日腹腔注射亚惊厥剂量PTZ35 mg/(kg·d)建立慢性癫痫大鼠模型)、乙酰唑胺干预组[每日先腹腔注射AZA35 mg/(kg·d)预处理,30 min后再腹腔注射亚惊厥剂量PTZ]。连续注射28 d,每天记录大鼠的发作级别。最后一次给药1 d后处死所有大鼠以备实验,RT-q PCR和ELISA检测大鼠海马中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的表达;Western blot检测海马内NF-κB p65表达。结果对照组无明显癫痫发作,RT-q PCR和ELISA检测结果显示致痫组IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平均显著高于对照组(P<0.001);乙酰唑胺干预组的三者水平明显低于致痫组(P<0.05),但仍高于对照组(P<0.05);Western blot结果显示致痫组海马组织NF-κB p65的表达与对照组相比显著升高(P<0.01),而乙酰唑胺干预组表达量与致痫组相比明显下降(P<0.05),但仍高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论乙酰唑胺抑制癫痫的发作的作用机制可能与乙酰唑胺抑制星形胶质细胞膜上AQP4的表达、改善星形胶质细胞水肿损伤状况、下调炎性因子表达有关。     

PTZ诱导孕鼠痫性发作对胎鼠海马中bax、bcl-2、capase-3表达的影响

目的探讨母鼠孕期痫性发作对胎鼠海马中bax、bcl-2、capase-3表达的影响。方法将雌性SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组(NC组)、盐水组(NS组)和癫痫组(PTZ组),采用戊四氮(pentylenetetrazol,PTZ)致痫模型,PTZ组大鼠每天给予腹腔下注射PTZ 35 mg/kg,点燃成功后将雌性SD大鼠与雄性SD大鼠合笼;发现阴栓记为孕0d,孕鼠继续孕前处理至孕20d。NS组腹腔注射相应剂量的生理盐水,NC组不做任何处理。Western Blot方法测定胎鼠海马组织中bax、bcl-2及caspase-3蛋白表达变化。结果 PTZ组胎鼠海马caspase-3蛋白(2.57±0.08)较NC组(0.53±0.13)明显升高(P<0.05);PTZ组胎鼠海马bax蛋白(3.24±0.32)较NC组(1.55±0.11)明显升高(P<0.05);PTZ组子鼠海马bcl-2表达水平(1.42±0.074)较NC组(2.45±0.07)明显降低(P<0.05)。结论孕期痫性发作使胎鼠海马促凋亡蛋白bax表达增加,抑凋亡蛋白bcl-2表达降低,凋亡执行蛋白caspase-3表达增加,推测孕期痫性发作可能使胚胎海马神经元凋亡增加。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。