神经导航下锁孔入路选择性海马杏仁核切除术治疗内侧颞叶癫痫

目的 探讨神经导航下锁孔入路选择性海马杏仁核切除术治疗顽固性内侧颞叶癫痫的可行性.方法 总结分析18例神经导航下锁孔入路选择性海马杏仁核切除病例,所有病例均经过临床特征、影像检查、视频脑电监测、脑磁图检查确定为顽固性内侧颞叶癫痫.结果 随访结果显示72.2%病例术后癫痫发作停止.Engel癫痫疗效分级:Ⅰ级72.2%,Ⅱ级22.2%,Ⅲ级5.6%.结论 神经导航下锁孔入路选择性海马杏仁核切除术是一种安全可行的手术方法,疗效满意.     

经颞下沟选择性杏仁核海马切除术治疗内侧颞叶癫痫

目的探讨经颞下沟侧脑室入路选择性杏仁核海马切除术治疗内侧颞叶癫痫的手术方法、效果及并发症。方法确诊为药物难治性内侧颞叶癫痫的30例患者,在无框架神经导航指引下,经颞部锁孔开颅,显微镜下分开一小段颞下沟,切开侧脑室壁,进入颞角前外侧区,选择性切除杏仁核海马。结果30例患者术后随访至少2年时间（24—59个月）,神经功能改善,无严重手术并发症,23例（76．7％）癫痫发作完全消失（EngelⅠ级）。结论经颞下沟侧脑室入路选择性杏仁核海马切除术是治疗内侧颞叶癫痫的有效方法,在神经导航辅助下手术创伤小,可妥善保护语言区和视放射,安全性高。     

导航引导下保留侧脑室完整的颞叶癫痫手术26例体会

目的探讨神经导航下保留侧脑室完整的前颞叶海马、杏仁核切除术治疗颞叶癫痫的效果。方法将26例神经导航下保留侧脑室完整的前颞叶海马切除术后患者的术前Wada试验评估、术后并发症及癫痫控制情况进行分析。结果术后随访时间24～36月,EngelⅠ级22例（85％）,EngelⅡ级3例（11％）,EngelⅢ例（4％）。术后1例（4％）患者出现记忆减退症状,4例患者发生视野缺损。结论同时切除海马、杏仁核的标准前颞叶切除术为外科治疗颞叶癫痫的有效术式,术前Wada试验评估能很好的预测手术对患者记忆功能的影响,保留侧脑室完整的术式可减少视野缺损的发生。     

经颞下回-侧脑室入路选择性海马杏仁核切除术治疗内侧颞叶癫痫

目的 探讨经颞下回-侧脑室入路选择性海马杏仁核切除术治疗内侧颞叶癫痫的手术方法 、疗效及并发症. 方法 对确诊为药物难治性内侧颞叶癫痫的62例患者,经颞部锁孔开颅,切除中前段颞下回,进入颞角前外侧区,选择性切除海马杏仁核及海马旁回等内侧颞叶结构.结果 62例患者术后随访至少24～80个月,无严重手术并发症;Engel癫痫疗效分级;Ⅰ级45例(72.6%),Ⅱ级12例(19.4%),Ⅲ级5例(8.0%). 结论 经颢下回-侧脑室入路选择性海马杏仁核切除术是治疗内侧颞叶癫痫的有效方法 ,其手术创伤小,可妥善保护语言区和视放射,安全性高.     

病灶切除联合海马杏仁核切除治疗颞叶内侧占位病变所致癫痫

目的观察病灶切除联合海马杏仁核切除术治疗颞叶内侧占位病灶所致癫痫的效果。方法回顾分析颞叶内侧占位病灶所致癫痫且术中深部电极探查出海马异常放电的16例患者，采用改良翼点切口开颅经颞中回皮层入路行病灶切除联合海马杏仁核切除治疗。术后随访至少1年以上，采用Engel分级量表评价癫痫控制效果。结果16例患者均取得占位病灶的肉眼全切。Engel分级Ⅰ级12例，Ⅱ级3例。Ⅲ级1例，Ⅳ级0例，2例出现对侧1／4象限盲；3例出现近期记忆功能较术前下降，无手术死亡及其他持久并发症。结论病灶切除联合海马杏仁核切除术治疗病侧海马异常放电的颞叶内侧占位病灶所致癫痫，并发症少，安全有效。     

选择性海马-杏仁核切除术治疗内侧颞叶癫痫85例分析

目的 采用选择性海马-杏仁核切除术治疗内侧颞叶癫痫85例，探讨手术入路的选择及治疗效果。方法 总结2000年～2004年85例选择性海马-杏仁核切除手术病例的术前临床表现、影像检查、视频脑电图和脑磁图所见以及外科手术方法，观察随访结果。结果 术后74．2％癫痫发作停止。Engel癫痫疗效分级：1级74．2％，2级16．5％，3级5．1％，4级4．2％。总有效率为95.8％。结论 选择性海马-杏仁核切除术对80％以上的内侧颞叶癫痫有效。颧弓翼点经颞下沟入路安全有效。颞底海马旁回入路可避免损伤颞叶新皮质。     

颞叶内侧癫痫的两种术式对发作控制的对比分析

目的观察前颞叶切除术和选择性海马、杏仁核切除术对颞叶内侧癫痫的发作控制效果是否有差别。方法 2009年1月至2010年12月在我科行前颞叶切除术的67例颞叶内侧患者为A组;2011年6月至2013年5月在我科行选择性海马、杏仁核切除术的46例颞叶内侧患者为B组;统计分析两组术后1年发作控制为Engel I-II级和Engel III-IV级的人数。结果 A组Engel I-II级56例(83.58%),Engel III-IV级11例(16.42%);B组Engel I-II级40例(86.95%),Engel III-IV级6例(13.05%)。经χ2检验两组术后对MTLE发作的控制率无统计学差异,χ2=0.243,P0.05。结论前颞叶切除术和选择性海马、杏仁核切除术对颞叶内侧癫痫发作都能获得良好的控制,两者疗效无明显差异。     

神经导航锁孔入路选择性杏仁核海马切除术治疗内侧颞叶癫(癎)(附23例分析)

目的 探讨神经导航下锁孔入路选择性杏仁核海马切除术治疗内侧颢叶癫(癎)的疗效及手术经验.方法 回顾性分析23例药物难治性内侧颞叶癫(癎)的手术经验.均在无框架神经导航指引下,经颢部锁孔开颅,在显微镜下分开一小段颞下沟,切开侧脑室颢角前外侧壁后进入侧脑室,选择性切除杏仁核海马,并将海马旁回和钩回逐步吸除.结果 本组无严重手术并发症发生.术后随访24-57个月,Engel Ⅰ级(发作完全消失)17例(73.9%),Ⅱ级4例(17.4%),Ⅲ级2例(8.7%).结论 神经导航下经锁孔颞下沟入路选择性杏仁核海马切除术是治疗内侧颞叶癫(癎)的有效方法,手术创伤小,可妥善保护语言区和视放射,安全性高.     

病灶切除联合海马杏仁核切除治疗颞叶内侧占位病变所致癫(癎)

目的 观察病灶切除联合海马杏仁核切除术治疗颞叶内侧占位病灶所致癫的效果.方法 回顾分析颞叶内侧占位病灶所致癫且术中深部电极探查出海马异常放电的16例患者,采用改良翼点切口开颅经颞中回皮层入路行病灶切除联合海马杏仁核切除治疗,术后随访至少1年以上,采用Engel分级量表评价癫控制效果.结果 16例患者均取得占位病灶的肉眼全切,Engel分级Ⅰ级12例,Ⅱ级3例,Ⅲ级1例,Ⅳ级0例,2例出现对侧1/4象限盲;3例出现近期记忆功能较术前下降,无手术死亡及其他持久并发症.结论 病灶切除联合海马杏仁核切除术治疗病侧海马异常放电的颞叶内侧占位病灶所致癫,并发症少,安全有效.     

病灶切除联合海马杏仁核切除治疗颞叶内侧占位病变所致癫

目的观察病灶切除联合海马杏仁核切除术治疗颞叶内侧占位病灶所致癫的效果。方法回顾分析颞叶内侧占位病灶所致癫且术中深部电极探查出海马异常放电的16例患者,采用改良翼点切口开颅经颞中回皮层入路行病灶切除联合海马杏仁核切除治疗,术后随访至少1年以上,采用Engel分级量表评价癫控制效果。结果16例患者均取得占位病灶的肉眼全切,Engel分级Ⅰ级12例,Ⅱ级3例,Ⅲ级1例,Ⅳ级0例,2例出现对侧1/4象限盲;3例出现近期记忆功能较术前下降,无手术死亡及其他持久并发症。结论病灶切除联合海马杏仁核切除术治疗病侧海马异常放电的颞叶内侧占位病灶所致癫,并发症少,安全有效。     

Effects of temporal context and temporal expectancy on neural activity in inferior temporal cortex

Timing is critical. The same event can mean different things at different times and some events are more likely to occur at one time than another. We used a cued visual classification task to evaluate how changes in temporal context affect neural responses in inferior temporal cortex, an extrastriate visual area known to be involved in object processing. On each trial a first image cued a temporal delay before a second target image appeared. The animal's task was to classify the second image by pressing one of two buttons previously associated with that target. All images were used as both cues and targets. Whether an image cued a delay time or signaled a button press depended entirely upon whether it was the first or second picture in a trial. This paradigm allowed us to compare inferior temporal cortex neural activity to the same image subdivided by temporal context and expectation. Neuronal spiking was more robust and visually evoked local field potentials (LFP's) larger for target presentations than for cue presentations. On invalidly cued trials, when targets appeared unexpectedly early, the magnitude of the evoked LFP was reduced and delayed and neuronal spiking was attenuated. Spike field coherence increased in the beta-gamma frequency range for expected targets. In conclusion, different neural responses in higher order ventral visual cortex may occur for the same visual image based on manipulations of temporal attention.     

顽固性癫痫行前颞叶切除术的并发症

目的报告顽固性颞叶癫痫行前颞叶切除的并发症,探讨术后并发症的发生率、原因和预防措施。方法顽固性颞叶癫痫患者行前颞叶切除,术后出现急性脑梗死伴颅内感染、硬膜外血肿、轻偏瘫等情况,采取抗炎、抗脑水肿、抗凝治疗及清除血肿等治疗。结果首例病人卡马西平治疗随访1年,癫痫发作消失;第2例随访7年,癫痫发作消失;第3例癫痫消失,但残留轻偏瘫,后渐恢复,遗留左手指屈伸力差。结论血肿和感染是术后最频发的并发症,偏瘫(操作性偏瘫)是最严重的神经并发症,手术时损伤脉络膜前动脉是最可能导致偏瘫的原因。     

Outcome after temporal lobectomy in bilateral temporal lobe epilepsy

We determined how noninvasive presurgical data relate to prognosis after temporal lobectomy in patients with independent bilateral temporal lobe (IBTL) complex partial seizures on the intracranial electroencephalogram (EEG). Between 1986 and 1994, 28 patients had IBTL seizures on intracranial EEG. Fifteen of these 28 patients underwent temporal lobectomy and 13 were not offered surgery. Of the 15 patients who had surgery, 10 patients became seizure-free. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the Wada test were the only variables associated with a seizure-free outcome. Seven of 10 seizure-free patients had a lateralized Wada result or the presence of unilateral hippocampal sclerosis, whereas none of the patients with persistent seizures had either of these findings. Variables not found to be predictive of a seizure-free outcome included location of scalp interictal spikes, degree of seizure-onset laterality, presence of early epilepsy risk factor, duration of epilepsy, and full-scale intelligence quotient. We conclude that MRI and the Wada test provide information of prognostic value in patients with bilateral temporal seizures independent of intracranial EEG data.     

Auditory temporal processing in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy

ObjectiveAuditory temporal processing is the main feature of speech processing ability. Patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, despite their normal hearing sensitivity, may present speech recognition disorders. The present study was carried out to evaluate the auditory temporal processing in patients with unilateral TLE.Materials and methodsThe present study was carried out on 25 patients with epilepsy: 11 patients with right temporal lobe epilepsy and 14 with left temporal lobe epilepsy with a mean age of 31.1 years and 18 control participants with a mean age of 29.4 years. The two experimental and control groups were evaluated via gap-in-noise and duration pattern sequence tests. One-way ANOVA was run to analyze the data.ResultsThe mean of the threshold of the GIN test in the control group was observed to be better than that in participants with LTLE and RTLE. Also, it was observed that the percentage of correct responses on the DPS test in the control group and in participants with RTLE was better than that in participants with LTLE.ConclusionPatients with TLE have difficulties in temporal processing. Difficulties are more significant in patients with LTLE, likely because the left temporal lobe is specialized for the processing of temporal information.     

Superselective anterior temporal resection in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy

We report the case of a patient with pharmacoresistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy presenting psychomotor seizures with onset at early childhood. MRI showed a blurred internal structure of the right hippocampus and right mammillary body atrophy. Neuropsychological testing revealed deficits in selective attention and visual planning. Non-invasive recording was not sufficient to precisely detect the seizure onset zone. Invasive recording showed seizure onset in the temporo-polar neocortex, with spread to the amygdalum and hippocampus. A superselective resection of the temporal pole and amygdalum was performed with preservation of the hippocampus. Histology revealed the presence of focal cortical dysplasia (Palmini type Ib). Seizure frequency was reduced after surgery, and seizure freedom for two years was achieved with optimisation of the antiepileptic drug regime. Memory functions were preserved, and selective attention and visual planning improved following limited resection. This case suggests that, in selected cases, highly targeted resections with preservation of memory-relevant structures may be the best choice considering both seizure control and unimpaired cognitive functioning.     

Seizure outcome after temporal lobectomy in temporal lobe cortical dysplasia

PURPOSE: To identify the temporal lobe cortical dysplasia (CD) histopathology classification subtype and determine the seizure outcome of patients who underwent temporal lobectomy with coincident CD. METHODS: We reviewed the data of 28 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy who underwent surgery with pathologically verified CD at our institution from 1990 to 2000. The seizure outcome was assessed at a minimum of 1 year after surgery according to Engel's classification. RESULTS: Of 28 patients who underwent surgery, nine (32.1%) had isolated CD, and 19 (67.9%) had CD and hippocampal sclerosis (CD&HS). Twenty-six (92.9%) patients had histopathology subtype Ia (architectural abnormalities). Twenty (71.4%) patients were seizure free (Engel class I). Favorable seizure outcome (Engel class I, II) was achieved in 26 (92.9%) patients. No difference in seizure outcome was noted between patients with CD and CD&HS. CONCLUSIONS: The most common histopathologic subtype in patients with temporal lobe CD is type Ia (architectural abnormalities). Temporal lobectomy in temporal lobe epilepsy patients with CD can achieve favorable seizure outcome.     

Storing temporal sequences

Direct storage of temporal sequences is analysed in terms of a neural net composed of leaky integrator neurons with a range of time constants. These neurons store previously presented patterns and allow the transitions between the patterns of a sequence to be learnt. This is shown even to lead to disambiguation (which is defined in Section 1). Storage capacity is determined by simulation. We also present a detailed study of the efficiency of this system in its dependence on the type of neuronal activity. Finally, we note the relevance of our model to understanding activity in the hippocampus.     

Significance of interictal bilateral temporal hypometabolism in temporal lobe epilepsy

OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical implications and the pathophysiologic determinants of interictal bitemporal hypometabolism (BTH) in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) not associated with bilateral MRI abnormalities or intracranial space-occupying lesions. METHODS: The authors compared the clinical, interictal, and ictal EEG, Wada test, and neuropsychology data of 15 patients with intractable complex partial seizures of temporal lobe origin and BTH with those of 13 consecutive patients with unilateral TLE associated with unilateral temporal hypometabolism (UTH) who remained seizure free for more than 3 years after anterior temporal lobectomy. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET scans were analyzed visually and semiquantitatively, and ratios of counts in individual temporal areas to the rest of the cerebrum were compared with the corresponding values from 11 normal control subjects and with the nonepileptogenic hemisphere of the 13 patients with UTH. BTH was defined as more than 2.5 SDs below control values for two or more temporal areas on each side irrespective of any asymmetry. RESULTS: BTH reflected bilateral independent seizure onset in eight patients (53%). The topography of the metabolic depression was not a reliable predictor of epileptogenicity, but involvement of the inferior temporal gyrus was related specifically to ipsilateral seizure onset (70% sensitivity, 100% specificity). In patients with unilateral TLE, contralateral hypometabolism was associated with longer disease duration and worst memory performance during the Wada test, which amounted to global amnesia after ipsilateral injection in three patients, precluding surgical treatment. Contralateral seizure spread in the ictal EEG was significantly faster in patients with BTH. CONCLUSIONS: In TLE, symmetric or asymmetric BTH may signal bilateral independent seizure onset in approximately half the patients, especially when involving the inferior temporal gyrus. Alternatively, it may reflect an advanced stage of the disease process, characterized by a breakdown of the inhibitory mechanisms in the contralateral hemisphere, and secondary memory deficit associated with higher risk of postoperative memory decline. Patients with TLE and BTH but without bilateral MRI changes may still be operated on successfully, but surgical suitability should be proved by comprehensive intracranial EEG studies and Wada test.