胶质瘤干细胞的结肠癌转移相关基因1表达与替莫唑胺耐药的相关性

目的探讨结肠癌转移相关基因1(MACC1)表达与胶质瘤干细胞对替莫唑胺(TMZ)耐药的相关性。方法采用实时定量荧光PCR和Western blot方法测定U87胶质瘤细胞来源的干细胞(GSCsU87)、U251胶质瘤细胞来源的干细胞(GSCs-U251)及U87和U251细胞的MACC1 mRNA、蛋白表达水平。通过实时定量荧光PCR和Western blot检测RNA干扰对MACC1的沉默效应。用流式细胞术和CCK-8方法测定MACC1沉默对TMZ诱导的细胞毒性和细胞凋亡的影响。结果胶质瘤干细胞GSCs-U87和GSCsU251中MACC1 mRNA和蛋白表达水平显著增高(均P 0.05)。shRNA-MACC1可以显着抑制MACC1表达(均P 0.05)。用不同浓度的TMZ处理后,与对照组GSCs-U87和GSCs-U251相比,TMZ对MACC1沉默的GSCs-U87和GSCs-U251细胞毒性显著增加,且MACC1沉默的胶质瘤干细胞的凋亡数增高。结论 MACC1基因的沉默可增强TMZ对胶质瘤细胞的凋亡和生长抑制作用,从而增加其对TMZ化疗的敏感性。     

胶质瘤多药耐药细胞株U251/TMZ的生物学特性

目的探讨胶质瘤U251／替莫唑胺（TMZ）多药耐药细胞株的生物学特性。方法采用TMZ间歇浓度梯度递增法诱导建立胶质瘤多药耐药细胞株U251／TMZ,光镜观察细胞形态,细胞计数计算倍增时间,四甲基偶氮唑蓝法检测耐药指数,流式细胞仪检测细胞周期,逆转录-PCR法检测多药耐药性1（MDRl）、Bcl-2、多药耐药相关蛋白5（MRP5）、肺耐药相关蛋白1（LRPl）等mRNA表达。结果胶质瘤耐药细胞株U251／TMZ对TMZ、依托泊苷、硫酸长春新碱、环磷酰胺、阿霉素的耐药指数分别为4．39、3．61、2．64、2．00、1．63;细胞周期结果显示U251／TMZ细胞系较U251亲本细胞系G0/G1期和s期明显减少（P〈0．05）,GfM期明显增多（P〈0．05）;U251／TMZ倍增时间[（14．64＋1．98）h1较亲本细胞系u251[（10．26＋1．03）h1明显延长（P〈0．05）;U251／TMZ耐药细胞株MDRl、Bcl-2、MRP5、LRPl等mRNA表达均较亲本细胞系U251明显上调。结论间歇TMZ浓度递增法可成功建立人脑胶质瘤U251多药耐药系,MDRl、Bcl-2、MRP5、LRPl的表达明显上调可能与耐药性形成有关。     

脑胶质瘤Wip1基因与DNA损伤修复关系的研究

目的研究U251胶质瘤细胞Wip1基因沉默对DNA核苷酸切除修复酶XPA、XPC的影响。方法体外培养人胶质瘤细胞U251,Wip1(-)组采用携带Wip1基因RNA干扰载体的慢病毒沉默Wip1基因,经实时定量PCR验证。对照组(NC组)采用阴性对照病毒感染。使用替莫唑胺(temozolomide,TMZ)进行干预,将细胞分为NC组、NC+TMZ组、Wip1(-)组和Wip1(-)+TMZ组。CCK-8法检测各组细胞的增殖,实时定量PCR检测细胞XPA、XPC m RNA表达,免疫印迹检测细胞XPA、XPC蛋白表达。结果 TMZ干预后48 h、72 h、96 h、120 h、144 h,Wip1(-)+TMZ组细胞增殖率低于其他3组(P0.05)。TMZ干预48 h后,NC+TMZ组细胞XPA和XPC m RNA表达远远高于NC组(P0.05),同时XPA和XPC蛋白表达远远高于NC组(P0.05)。TMZ干预48 h后,Wip1(-)+TMZ组细胞XPC m RNA和XPA蛋白表达水平明显高于Wip1(-)组(P0.05)。结论 Wip1基因与U251脑胶质瘤细胞DNA损伤修复有关,可通过调节下游产物XPA与XPC参与细胞核苷酸切除修复过程。     

KU-55933抑制替莫唑胺诱导的U87胶质瘤细胞自噬

目的研究KU-55933对替莫唑胺(TMZ)诱导的U87细胞自噬及TMZ毒性的影响及机制。方法 U87细胞分别给予5、10、15、20μmol/L KU-55933作用72 h,或10μmol/L KU-55933作用24、48、72、96 h,MTT法检测细胞增殖。U87细胞分别给予DMSO、100μmol/L TMZ、10μmol/L KU-55933、100μmol/L TMZ+10μmol/L KU-55933作用72 h,流式细胞术检测自噬小体,Western blot检测相关蛋白的表达。结果 KU-55933抑制U87细胞的增殖,并呈剂量及时间依赖性;KU-55933抑制TMZ诱导的共济失调突变蛋白(ataxia-telangiectasia mutated,ATM)、自噬激活激酶(unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase1,ULK1)、P53蛋白磷酸化,降低微管相关蛋白(microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta,LC3B)裂解,减少自噬小体的生成,增加TMZ敏感细胞组蛋白亚型γH2AX的形成,但对细胞周期检测点激酶1(checkpoint kinase 1,Chk1)、细胞周期检测点激酶2(checkpoint kinase 2,Chk2)蛋白磷酸化无影响。结论 KU-55933可抑制TMZ诱导的胶质瘤细胞自噬,并且增强TMZ对敏感胶质瘤的细胞毒性。     

14-3-3和CLIC4蛋白在U251细胞自噬中的相互作用

目的通过饥饿诱导神经胶质瘤U251细胞发生自噬,探讨细胞CLIC4和14-3-3蛋白在饥饿条件下诱导自噬过程中的相互作用。方法通过Hoechst、14-3-3 epsilon、CLIC4染色于共聚焦显微镜下观察抑制CLIC4表达对于饥饿条件下,14-3-3 epsilon蛋白与CLIC4共定位的影响。通过Western Blot技术检测Beclin 1及14-3-3蛋白表达。免疫共沉淀技术检测14-3-3 epsilon蛋白与CLIC4蛋白的结合水平。结果共聚焦显微镜观察14-3-3 epsilon和CLIC4荧光染色结果显示,饥饿条件下,14-3-3 epsilon蛋白与CLIC4共定位显著增加,并广泛分布于胞浆及细胞核中。同时Western Blot结果表明抑制CLIC4表达能够引起14-3-3蛋白以及自噬相关蛋白Beclin1表达增加。饥饿条件下,14-3-3 epsilon蛋白与CLIC4共沉淀增强,而抑制CLIC4表达能够降低两者结合水平。结论 14-3-3epsilon蛋白与CLIC4的相互作用由于RNA干扰而减弱,促进了14-3-3蛋白水平上调,进而增强了14-3-3蛋白对Beclin1信号通路的调节,引起Beclin1表达增加,进一步激活饥饿条件下U251细胞自噬过程。     

人脑胶质瘤多药耐药细胞株的构建及生物学特性鉴定

目的 体外构建胶质瘤耐甲磺酸伊玛替尼多药耐药细胞株,并研究其生物学特性。方法采用逐渐增加培养基中伊玛替尼药物浓度的方法诱导构建耐甲磺酸伊玛替尼的人脑胶质瘤U251细胞株(命名为U251 AR); CCK8法检测U251AR、U251对多种化疗药物的IC50和耐药指数;QRT-PCR法检测耐药相关基因ABCC1、A BCB1、A BCB4、A BCG2 mRNA的表达,流式细胞术检测ABCG2蛋白的表达。 结果 体外培养12个月后建立了稳定耐药的细胞株U251AR,与亲代细胞相比异形性不显著。U251和U251AR对化疗药物的IC50相比较差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,U251AR对甲磺酸伊玛替尼、阿霉素、顺铂的耐药指数分别为20.41、5.06、10.28,表现出多药耐药特征。QRT-PCR检测结果显示耐药细胞株U251AR中ABCC1、ABCB1、ABCB4、ABCG2 mRNA的表达明显高于亲代U251细胞,流式细胞术检测结果显示U251AR中ABCG2蛋白的表达强于亲代U251细胞,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。 结论 成功建立多药耐药的胶质瘤细胞株U251AR,其多药耐药与A BCC1、A BCB1、A BCB4、A BCG2 mRNA及ABCG2蛋白的表达上调相关。     

mTOR通路抑制剂依维莫司对不同胶质瘤细胞自噬作用的影响

目的 探讨mTOR抑制剂依维莫司对人脑胶质瘤细胞自噬作用的影响. 方法 体外培养胶质瘤细胞株87-MG、U251、SHG-44,给予不同浓度的依维莫司(0.1、0.5、1、10、20、100nmol/L)作用4-6d后用MTT法检测细胞的增殖并分析各细胞株的半数抑制浓度(IC50)值.Hoechst33342/PI荧光双染检测IC50的依维莫司作用48 h后细胞凋亡;单丹磺酰尸胺(MDC)荧光染色检测细胞自噬囊泡的形成;流式细胞术检测细胞周期的变化.Western blotting测定IC50的依维莫司作用24h后细胞磷酸化mTOR、p70S6K、4E-BP-1蛋白及非磷酸化mTOR、p70S6K蛋白的表达. 结果 MTT结果显示U87-MG、SHG-44、U251细胞的生长均受到明显抑制,IC50分别为0.1、0.5、10nmol/L;Hoechst 33342/PI荧光双染结果显示细胞没有发生明显的凋亡,可能为细胞白噬;MDC染色显示IC50的依维莫司作用后,细胞中荧光颗粒增加,荧光强度增强;流式细胞术检测显示3种细胞均有特异性的G0/G1期细胞阻滞;Western blotting检测显示随着依维莫司剂量的增加,胶质瘤细胞中磷酸化mTOR、p70S6K、4E-BP-1的表达水平均明显减少,非磷酸化4E-BP-1的表达水平减少,而非磷酸化p70S6K无明显变化. 结论 mTOR抑制剂依维莫司可以促进胶质瘤细胞的自噬,mTOR通路可能为潜在的新的胶质瘤的治疗靶点.     

Wip1基因在人脑胶质瘤细胞恶性增殖中的作用及其机制

目的研究Wip1基因在人脑胶质瘤细胞增殖的作用及机制。方法构建人Wip1基因RNA干扰(RNAi)慢病毒载体,有效沉默胶质瘤细胞U251及U87-MG细胞的Wip1基因表达,检测细胞增殖能力。流式细胞术PI单染法检测Wip1基因沉默后细胞周期分布。实时定量PCR法及Western blotting分别检测差异性基因m RNA及蛋白表达。结果胶质瘤细胞Wip1基因表达被有效沉默。Wip1基因沉默的胶质瘤细胞增殖变慢,在U87-MG细胞更加明显。细胞周期分析显示:Wip1基因沉默对U251细胞周期无明显影响,而U87-MG细胞则在10 d时出现明显S期增多和G1、G2期细胞减少。Wip1基因沉默后,U251细胞中CDKN2A和p14ARF基因表达下调,而在U87-MG细胞中表达均上调。Western blotting结果显示:在U251与U87-MG胶质瘤细胞中p38MAPK表达均上调。在U87-MG细胞中p53及p-p53(Ser 15)表达均上调,但在U251细胞中无明显变化。结论 Wip1对胶质瘤细胞增殖具有重要作用。在U87-MG细胞增殖作用主要与其调节p53功能有关。     

组蛋白甲基转移酶对人脑胶质瘤细胞迁移和侵袭的影响及其机制的研究

目的探讨组蛋白甲基转移酶(SMYD2)在人脑胶质瘤及正常脑组织中的表达及其对人脑胶质瘤细胞U87、U251迁移和侵袭的影响。方法运用免疫组织化学方法检测50例脑胶质瘤及10例正常脑组织中SMYD2蛋白的表达水平。应用小干扰RNA(siRNA)技术分别转染人脑胶质瘤U87、U251细胞,Western blot检测SMYD2蛋白及基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)、p-p65、TIMP1的表达水平;应用细胞划痕实验及Transwell迁移、侵袭实验检测细胞的迁移和侵袭能力。结果免疫组织化学显示SMYD2在正常组、低级别胶质瘤(Ⅰ~Ⅱ级)组和高级别胶质瘤(Ⅲ~Ⅳ级)组中表达水平的差异有统计学意义(P0.05),且SMYD2蛋白的表达量与肿瘤的恶性程度呈正相关(r=0.635,P0.05)。与Control-siRNA组比较,SMYD2-siRNA组SMYD2蛋白表达量显著降低,MMP9、p-p65显著降低,TIPM1明显增加,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05~0.01)。细胞划痕实验显示,SMYD2-siRNA组较Control-siRNA组细胞的迁移能力显著降低(均P0.01)。Transwell迁移、侵袭实验显示干扰SMYD2后,人脑胶质瘤U87、U251细胞的迁移、侵袭能力显著下降(均P0.05)。结论 SMYD2在胶质瘤中表达,并且其表达水平与胶质瘤恶性程度呈正相关;SMYD2-siRNA靶向干扰了SMYD2的表达,下调SMYD2的表达水平能够降低人脑胶质瘤细胞U87、U251迁移、侵袭的能力。     

碘125粒子内放疗后胶质瘤U251细胞自噬的发生

目的探讨碘125（125I）内放疗后胶质瘤U251细胞发生自噬的情况。方法用甲基噻唑基四唑（MTT）比色法检测不同照射时间及剂量下125I粒子对U251细胞增殖活性的影响。通过单丹（磺）酰戊二胺（MDC）染色,自噬溶酶体活性的检测以及Western blotting蛋白印迹检测微管相关蛋白轻链3（LC3）来证实125I粒子对U251细胞自噬发生的影响。结果125I粒子照射U251细胞后细胞活性明显下降并呈现时间和剂量相关性。MDC染色和溶酶体活性检测以及LC3-Ⅱ蛋白印迹均证实内放疗照射后U251细胞自噬明显增加。结论125I粒子内放疗后U251细胞自噬明显增加。     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Clobazam for Treatment of Intractable Epilepsy: A Critical Assessment

Summary: Clobazam (CLB), a 1,5-benzodiazepine, is a remarkably effective add-on drug for individual patients with refractory partial epilepsy. CLB has an excellent safety record. As with all benzodiazepines used for treating epilepsy, sedation and withdrawal effects, together with the development of tolerance, limit its usefulness. Recent efforts to prevent or reverse tolerance with intermittent administration of CLB or periodic injection of a benzodiazepine antagonist, flumazenil, are encouraging and justify further investigations.     

La passion de Torquemada et le terrorisme islamique : quelques points de comparaison

This original research compares the doctrinal, psychopathological and operational standpoints of the 15th century Spanish Inquisition (Torquemada) with those of radical Islamism from 1988 to 2005 (Al-Qaeda). The following are reviewed: (a) the main texts codifying the procedure for conducting the criminal investigation of a Holy Office trial (Directorium inquisitorum); (b) the life and work of the grand inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada (1420–1498); (c) the psychopathological relations between passion (passionate psychoses, passionate idealism, paranoid personality) and fanaticism; (d) “the madmen, the enlightened and the criminals” of Islamic terrorism; (e) the cognitive and emotional motives for engagement in the jihadist radicalization of young people; (f) the common principles of monotheistic fanaticism (Inquisition, Al-Qaeda) and the particular dogmas of Islamic terrorism in our time; (g) the operating modes of the Inquisition and the Jihadist holy war. The author concludes that the rigour and seriousness of the inquisitorial judicial procedure, which was precise, individual and personalized, contrasts with the revolutionary pamphlets of Al-Qaeda, which only provide broad guidelines for the modus operandi of the fight against infidels, who are usually random victims.     

Claustration et collectionnisme : réflexions à propos d’un cas de syndrome de Diogène avec vols kleptomaniaques et vengeurs

Social withdrawal is a pathognomonic behaviour that is consistently associated with mental illnesses. Compulsive hoarding can also be interpreted as a pathological behaviour, even when it does not involve kleptomania. Diogenes syndrome (DS) was first described in 1975, and is characterized by both behaviours - social withdrawal and compulsive hoarding. Even though it is often the manifestation of a psychiatric condition, its aetiology is diverse. The most frequent ones are however: dementia, schizophrenia and mental retardation. In this study, we describe an atypical case presenting with DS. Il consists of a young man, seen in a forensic setting, who had been diagnosed with kleptomania in the past, presents with compulsive hoarding, and whose recent thefts were fuelled by revenge. Finally, to our knowledge, the way social withdrawal is viewed is seldom taken into account. We analyse its implication on social withdrawal.     

Neurological soft signs and schizophrenia: a review of current knowledge

Schizophrenia is a frequent and disabling disorder emerging during adolescence or early adulthood. The identification of underlying processes has been hampered by the complex clinical expression and the probable etiological heterogeneity. The frequency of neurological soft signs (NSS) in patients with schizophrenia and their presence early in life (during the first two years) in high risk subjects support the hypothesis that schizophrenia is a "brain disease" reflecting pre- or perinatal insults during development. The growing interest for NSS has lead to multiple studies that are often difficult to compare. The objective of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on NSS, methodological issues and the future perspectives.     

Lacan, lecteur de Minkowski : l'approche structurale

The notion of structure occupies a predominant place in the theory of Lacan. He indicates that was developed from the work of Minkowski. In fact, through his phenomeno-structural approach, Minkowski does not limit himself to purely observable phenomena, but attempts to determine the underlying structure. He refers to the comprehensive phenomenology and psychopathology, and this method provides him with clinical finesse and another means of determining a diagnosis. Thus Lacan has used this as a basis for his approach to structure to develop a theory regarding the individual. This implies that the structure of the individual is based on his relation to language. From this concept, he then develops the clinical structures of neurosis, psychosis, and perversion. These structural landmarks also have an effect on the course of treatment.