Marchiafava-Bignami病的临床及影像学研究

目的 探讨Marchiafava-Bignami病(MBD)的临床及影像学改变.方法 回顾性分析了7例MBD患者的临床和CT、MRI资料,包括病灶形态、分布、信号或密度改变等影像学特征:4例同时行CT和MRI检查,2例仅行CT检查,1例仅行MRJ检查.结果 本组患者急性型5例,均表现为胼胝体肿胀及长T1、长T2信号改变,均有双侧脑室周围白质、额叶皮层下白质对称性累及:慢性型2例,胼胝体明显萎缩变薄,并呈长T1、长T2信号及FLAIR像点片状或线样低信号灶.5例患者DWI显示病灶区信号明显增高并有2例出现弥散受限改变.结论 MBD具有特征性MRJ表现,其影像学改变可能反映其临床及预后.     

原发性胼胝体变性临床特点

目的探讨原发性胼胝体变性(MBD)的临床及影像学特点。方法回顾性分析7例MBD患者的临床资料。结果 7例均有大量饮酒史,临床上以意识障碍、精神症状、智能下降、反应迟钝、肢体震颤为主要表现。急性患者主要以意识障碍、精神异常起病;亚急性以快速进展的痴呆起病;慢性以智能下降、反应迟钝起病。患者MRI检查均可见胼胝体异常信号,为长T_1、T_2信号,Flair高信号。急性及亚急性起病者以胼胝体膨胀性改变为特征,慢性起病以"三文治征"为特征;2例伴胼胝体邻近白质病灶。结论 MBD多由于慢性酒精中毒所致,临床表现无特异性。MRI检查发现胼胝体对称性病灶有助于诊断。     

胼胝体变性的临床特点与影像学特征研究

目的　研究分析了一组胼胝体变性 (MBD)患者的临床表现和影像学特征 ,探讨不同临床分型的特点与诊断方法。方法　 4例长期酗酒男性MBD患者 ,急性型 1例 ,慢性型 3例 ,均经CT检查 ,3例经头MR检查 ,1例行尸检病理检查。结果　急性型主要表现为意识障碍、精神症状与癫 ;慢性型以痴呆、精神症状为主要表现 ;CT与MR可见胼胝体膝部和压部病灶。CT病灶为低密度 ,MR表现为T1WI低信号 ;T2 WI高信号 ;2例伴发双侧大脑半球白质对称性病灶 ,1例出现脑干对称性病灶。尸检病理提示 :胼胝体呈多灶性脱髓鞘与坏死改变。结论　急性型MBD意识障碍突出 ,病程进展迅速 ;慢性型以痴呆、精神症状和锥体束损害为主要表现 ;CT与MR为其生前诊断的主要手段 ,以胼胝体膝部、压部对称性病灶为其主要异常表现。     

可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征1例并文献复习

目的探讨可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征患者的临床表现及影像学特点、诊断与治疗要点。方法分析我院诊断为可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征1例患者的临床资料与影像学资料,并结合相关资料对此例胼胝体压部局灶性孤立病变进行分析。结果患者在前驱感染后出现间断视物不清、头晕,头MRI平扫及增强扫描示:胼胝体压部类圆形、边界清楚的稍长T_1、长T_2信号,弥散加权高信号,病变周围无明显水肿,无明显占位效应,增强扫描未见强化。患者治疗1个月后复查头MRI结果显示胼胝体压部病灶消失。结论可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征是一种单病程脑炎,临床表现多种多样,其特异的影像学特点为胼胝体压部可逆的类圆形病灶,预后良好。     

可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征四例分析

目的总结可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征的临床表现和影像学特点,探讨其病因和发病机制。方法回顾分析4例可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征患者的临床表现、影像学特点和病因。结果4例患者中2例(例1和例2)有颅脑创伤史,1例(例3)于饮酒后出现发作性双眼视物模糊,1例(例4)于感冒后出现头痛、晕厥,伴间断性视物模糊和慢性肾功能衰竭;MRI表现为胼胝体压部孤立性圆形或类圆形、边界清晰的病变,呈T_1WI等或稍低信号,T_2WI、扩散加权成像和FLAIR成像高信号,表观扩散系数低信号,无明显水肿和占位效应,1例(例2)除胼胝体压部病变外,磁敏感加权成像可见额叶出血。均经对因和对症支持治疗后症状完全缓解,病程8~15 d。复查MRI,3例胼胝体异常信号消失,1例(例2)病变信号范围和强度较前明显好转,均未遗留神经功能障碍。结论可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征是一种临床影像学综合征,病因多样,癫及其相关疾病是最常见病因,颅脑创伤也可以引起可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征,临床表现无特异性,经对因治疗后预后良好。     

感染继发的可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征患者临床特征分析

目的 总结由感染继发的可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征(reversible splenial lesion syndrome, RESLES)患者的临床特征。方法 纳入2016年1月至2021 10月九江学院附属医院收治的由感染继发的RESLES患者6例，其中男5例，女1例，年龄16～48岁，平均(33.6±11.4)岁。回顾性分析6例患者的临床表现、实验室检查、影像学检查、治疗和预后的资料。结果 6例患者中临床表现为发热5例，头痛4例，癫痫发作3例，咳嗽、肌痛1例，意识障碍1例。6例患者T2WI呈高信号，DWI呈高信号，病灶均无强化，5例患者胼胝体压部T1WI呈低信号，随访时胼胝体压部的异常信号好转或消失。3例患者接受抗病毒联合糖皮质激素治疗，另外3例患者接受抗生素治疗，经治疗6例患者症状均痊愈或明显好转。结论 感染继发的RESLES临床表现多样，以发热最多见，针对病原体治疗后预后均良好。     

低血糖脑病的临床和神经影像学特点

目的 探讨低血糖脑病(HE)的临床和神经影像学特点.方法 回顾性分析49例HE患者的临床和神经影像学资料.结果 本组HE患者临床表现为意识障碍26例,精神行为异常19例,癫癎发作6例,言语不清、反应迟钝10例,偏瘫和单肢瘫5例,去脑强直发作3例.23例行头颅CT检查,除10例见有脑梗死和脑萎缩外余无异常改变.13例行MRI检查,7例异常,其中显示弥漫性皮质和海马受累者3例(2例同时波及基底节区,1例仅累及右侧大脑皮质,MRS示病变区乳酸峰无明显异常),胼胝体压部受损2例(1例患者10 d后病变恢复,1例伴内囊后肢受累),壳核和放射冠区白质受累各1例,表现为等或稍长T1、长T2异常信号,DWI呈高信号伴表观扩散系数(ADC)降低.结论 HE的临床表现多不典型;MRI有高度特异性,DWI序列对病变更敏感.     

西藏地区可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征8例临床特点分析

目的探讨西藏地区可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征患者的临床和影像学特点。方法回顾性分析8例可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征患者的临床资料和影像学资料的特点。结果 8例患者的平均发病年龄为27.5岁,其中男6例,女2例;汉族4例,藏族4例;部分患者发病前存在上呼吸道感染、癫痫持续状态、入藏史以及阿托品治疗窦性心动过缓等诱因,以头晕、头痛、视物模糊或抽搐为主要临床表现。所有患者治疗前头颅MRI平扫均表现为胼胝体压部接近中央部位类圆形或条状边界清楚的等或稍长T_1、长T_2信号,弥散加权像(diffusion weighted image,DWI)高信号,表观扩散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)值减低,病变周围无明显水肿及明显占位效应。予对症支持治疗后症状缓解,胼胝体压部异常信号消失或减低。结论可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征一般临床症状轻微、临床表现多种多样,具有特异的影像学特征,预后良好,西藏独特的高原环境对该病的发病可能有一定的影响。     

可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征24例病例分析

<正>可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征(RESLES)既往又被称为"伴可逆性胼胝体压部病变临床轻微的脑炎/脑病(MERS)[1]"、"可逆性局灶性胼胝体压部病变"、"短暂性可逆性胼胝体压部病变"等。可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征是Garcia-Monco等[2]在2011年提出的一个临床表现为脑炎或脑病症状,影像学检查发现胼胝体压部病变可在短时间内消失,临床经过及预后良好的临床与影像学综合征。1材料和方法1.1一般资料对国内报道的24例已确诊的RESLES患者资料进行整理统计,包括患者年龄、性别、起病前的基础疾病、RESLES的临床特点(起病形式、临床表现、辅助检查、     

可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征一例

目的探讨可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征的临床特点、磁共振(MRI)影像学特征、治疗方法及预后。方法分析1例可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征临床资料并结合相关资料对此例胼胝体压部局灶性孤立病变进行分析。结果患者胼胝体压部椭圆形长T1、长T2信号,Flair及DWI高信号影,经抗病毒及对症处理后发病第14天病灶消失。结论可逆性胼胝体压部病变综合征临床特征以MRI发现胼胝体压部孤立病灶为特点,病因、发病机制尚不明确,有一定自愈性。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.