多参数影像技术在脑活检手术的应用

目的探讨多种影像学技术共同确定脑活检手术靶点的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析20例脑内病变并行活检手术的病例资料。术前均行18F-脱氧葡萄糖（18F—FDG）PET、CT和MRI检查。术前将PET、CT和MRJ图像进行融合,综合确定活检部位,术中在多参数影像引导下完成脑内病变活检术。结果术后病理诊断：胶质瘤15例（WHOIV级5例,Ⅲ级4例,Ⅱ级6例）,淋巴瘤3例,生殖细胞瘤1例,血管炎性病变1例。PET确定的活检部位与MRI相符9例,单纯依赖PET确定活检部位7例．综合确定活检部位4例。术后病人均未出现新的神经功能损害。结论多参数影像辅助技术可帮助确定脑内病变活检部位,得到准确病理诊断．为下一步治疗奠定基础。     

丘脑底核脑深部电刺激治疗帕金森病临床SPECT随访

目的探讨丘脑底核脑深部电刺激(STN DBS)治疗帕金森病(PD)患者症状的改善及单光子放射计算机断层扫描(SPECT)的影像学变化。方法4例施行单侧STN DBS患者术前和给予电刺激后进行帕金森病综合评分(UPDRS)和SPECT测定。结果STN DBS术后临床症状明显改善,UPDRS运动评分缓解60%。3例改善良好的患者SPECT检查提示纹状体区域多巴胺转运体(DAT)含量较术前提高,另1例疗效欠佳的患者DAT含量降低,所有的患者多巴胺D2受体(D2R)检测与术前无明显差异。结论STN DBS可以明显改善PD患者的临床症状,SPECT检查显示刺激侧纹状体区DAT含量的升高提示STN DBS可能改善了多巴胺的代谢,而这种改善可能是STN DBS缓解PD症状的作用机制之一。     

脑深部电刺激治疗帕金森病非运动症状的疗效分析

目的探讨脑深部电刺激术（DBS）对帕金森病（PD）非运动症状（NMS）的治疗作用。方法对102例PD病人进行DBS手术，术前及术后1个月进行NMS量表评估。结果PD病人术前出现NMS 3-18项，平均7．1项。NMS评分与病人的Hoehn-Yahr分级明显相关（相关系数r=0．49，P〈0．01）。术后1个月频数明显下降的NMS是：疼痛、感觉异常、失眠、多梦，其他NMS频数手术前后无明显差异。结论PD病人均具有NMS，出现在PD病程的各个时期。随着疾病的进展,PD病人平均NMS评分明显提高。DBS手术短期内可以改善NMS中的疼痛、感觉异常、失眠、多梦等症状，长期疗效尚待观察。     

双侧丘脑底核电刺激对帕金森病患者脑局部糖代谢的影响

目的 研究双侧丘脑底核(subthalamic nucleus,STN)慢性电刺激术(deep brain stimulation,DBS)对晚期帕金森病(Parkinson's disease,PD)患者静止期脑局部糖代谢的影响,并探讨其作用机制。方法 对5例进行双侧STN的DBS治疗的晚期帕金森病患者,分别在术前以及术后1个月电刺激条件下,进行静止期18F-脱氧葡萄糖(FDG)/PET检查和UPDRS运动评分,并通过SPM99统计学软件进行数据分析,比较STN的DBS治疗对脑内代谢的影响。结果 双侧STN的DBS治疗使PD患者临床症状明显改善,同时脑局部糖代谢也发生了明显变化:双侧豆状核、脑干(中脑、脑桥)、双侧顶枕部、运动前区(BA6)及扣带回的脑代谢增加,双侧前额叶底部海马的脑代谢明显减少(P<0.05)。结论 双侧STN的DBS治疗可能通过兴奋STN轴突的方式,使其投射区域的基底上行和下行通路以及相应的皮层高级中枢的代谢改善,从而使PD患者的临床症状改善。     

发作间期颞叶癫痫的18F-FDG PET 显像研究

目的：采用诊断试验评价方法评估发作间期^18F-FDG PET显像对颞叶癫痫定性和病业定位的诊断价值，探讨其外科治疗的意义。方法：26例CT或MRI检查正常，经临床及脑电图诊断的颞叶癫痫患者在同期进行发作间期^18F-FDG PET脑显像，图像通过目测和半定量的方法进行分析，PET显示的低代谢区行皮层脑电图（EcoG）或深部脑电图（DEEG）描记以评估^18F-FDG PET检测癫痫灶的特异性，17例定位明确的单侧颞叶癫痫行前颞叶切除术，术手进行随访。2例PET未检出癫痫灶，7例DEEG定位双侧病灶未行手术治疗。结果：26例颞叶癫痫中，发现^18F-FDG PET对癫痫灶检出的灵敏度为92%（24/26），特异度为87%(21/24)。结论：从颞叶癫痫的定性定位诊断来看，发作间期^18F-FDG PET脑显像对癫痫灶的检出率较高，但^18F-FDG PET显示的低代谢区与癫痫灶的位置并非完全重叠，尚需要其他的诊断措施加以肯定，^18F-FDG PET和皮层脑电图或深部脑电图对癫痫病灶定位的一致性是手术成功的关键。     

脑深部电刺激对帕金森病患者基底节环路的影响及其作用机制

目的研究双侧丘脑底核(STN)慢性电刺激术(DBS)对晚期帕金森病(PD)患者静止期脑局部糖代谢的影响,并探讨DBS的作用机制.方法对7例进行双侧STNDBS的晚期PD患者,在术前和术后1个月电刺激条件下,分别进行18F-脱氧葡萄糖(FDG)/PET检查和UPDRS评分,并通过SPM99统计学软件进行数据分析,研究双侧STNDBS对PD患者脑内代谢的影响.结果双侧STN DBS使PD患者临床症状明显改善,同时脑局部糖代谢也发生了明显变化双侧豆状核、脑干(中脑、脑桥)、双侧顶枕部、运动前区(BA6)及扣带回的脑代谢增加;前额叶底部、海马的脑代谢减少(P＜0.05).结论双侧STN DBS可能通过兴奋STN轴突的方式,使轴突投射区域的基底节上行和下行通路代谢改善,并增加相应的额叶高级运动中枢的代谢,使PD患者临床症状改善.     

阿尔茨海默病~(18)F-FDG PET显像诊断的研究

目的 探讨阿尔茨海默病（AD）脑葡萄糖代谢及其18F-脱氧葡萄糖正电子发射计算机断层扫描（18F-FDG PET）显像的影像学特征和PET诊断标准。方法 静脉注射18F-FDG后行脑断层显像,检查13例 AD、13例非AD痴呆及13例正常人。获得纹状体、丘脑、黑质、顶叶、颞叶、额叶、枕叶、海马单位面积放射性计数与小脑计数的比值（Rcl/cb）,进行半定量分析,并与MR进行对照。结果AD患者PET异常率为100％,MR异常者占10/13。PET显像特征:①对称性双侧颞顶叶及海马伴额叶或枕叶代谢减低占9例（9/13）;②双侧颞叶对称性代谢减低伴海马或额叶代谢下降占3例（3/13）;③双顶叶对称性代谢降低1例（1/13）。12例（12/13）非AD痴呆表现为不对称、多发性代谢降低,降低区位于黑质、纹状体、丘脑及脑皮质区,MR异常率为11/13。结论 在除外脑内结构特异性损害基础上,PET发现对称性双颞顶叶、海马或颞叶、顶叶,伴或不伴枕叶、额叶代谢下降,可诊断AD。PET对AD早期诊断及鉴别诊断具有临床意义。     

[~(18)F]FDG脑代谢联合[~(11)C]CFT脑多巴胺转运体PET显像对帕金森病的临床研究

目的探讨[18F]FDG脑代谢联合[11C]CFT脑多巴胺转运体(DAT)正电子发射断层显像(PET)对帕金森病(PD)诊断及病情严重度评估的应用价值。方法对30例PD患者(PD组)进行[18F]FDG脑代谢显像和[11C]CFT脑DAT PET显像检查,同时采用帕金森病统一评分量表第三部分(UPDRSⅢ)的运动评分和Hoehn-Yahr(H-Y)分期对纳入研究PD患者的临床症状进行评分,分析[18F]FDG PET、[11C]CFT PET和临床评分之间的相关性。选取年龄匹配的健康受试者10名为对照组。结果 [18F]FDG PET提示PD组普遍存在苍白球、丘脑、脑干、小脑、感觉运动皮质区代谢增强和运动前皮质、顶枕区代谢减弱的PD相关代谢模式(PDRP),PDRP评分与发病年龄和H-Y分期评分存在显著正相关。[11C]CFT PET提示PD组存在尾状核、壳核DAT摄取值较对照组下降,纹状体DAT摄取值和UPDRSⅢ评分、H-Y分期和PDRP评分存在显著负相关。结论 [11C]CFT与[18F]FDG PET显像联合检查有助于PD诊断和病情严重度的评估。     

阿尔茨海默病的18F-FDG PET脑显像特征及意义

目的探讨轻、中、重度阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者的脑~(18)F-FDG正电子发射断层显像(PET/CT)特点。方法对10例AD患者和10例健康对照的脑~(18)F标记的脱氧葡萄糖正电子发射断层显像(~(18)F-FDG PET)进行视觉分析,测量感兴趣区的FDG标准化摄取值(SUV),并通过计算获得其与同侧小脑FDG的SUV的比值,比较组间是否有显著性差异。结果轻度AD患者的FDG摄取代谢降低区为后扣带回及楔前叶,且呈双侧不对称性,中度AD患者的颞叶、顶叶FDG代谢降低双侧对称且降低明显,重度AD患者全脑皮质代谢明显降低。结论 AD患者的~(18)F-FDG PET脑显像特征反映认知功能的损害程度,是临床诊断和评估AD的有力工具。     

丘脑底核脑深部电刺激治疗帕金森病的功能显像研究

目的通过单光子放射计算机断层扫描(SPECT)功能显像研究探讨丘脑底核脑深部电刺激(STN DBS)对纹状体多巴胺系统代谢的影响。方法对2只偏侧帕金森病(PD)模型猴及4例临床PD患者在施行单侧STN DBS手术前后给予SPECT检查,测定纹状体区域多巴胺转运体(DAT)及多巴胺D2受体(D2R)含量变化。结果STN DBS电刺激后2只偏侧PD模型猴及3例疗效较好的PD患者纹状体区DAT含量明显增加,2只PD模型猴D2R含量逐渐下降,4例患者D2R检测与术前无统计学意义。结论STN DBS可以明显改善PD症状,SPECT检查显示刺激侧纹状体区DAT含量升高,提示STN DBS可能改善了刺激侧纹状体区多巴胺的代谢,这可能是STN DBS的作用机制之一。     

颅内胶质瘤手术加放射治疗后18F-FDG PET影像学分析

目的 分析颅内胶质瘤手术并放射治疗后18F-FDG PET影像学特点及临床应用价值.方法 选取2008-03-2011-04在我院行颅内胶质瘤手术加放射治疗的50例患者,分别使用18F-FDG PET和CT检查,比较两种方法的效果.结果 18F-FDG PET影像和 CT检查的图像显示效果以及残存肿瘤或复发病灶的检查结果比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;手术及放射后出现脑损伤的组织与正常脑白质组织的放射性摄取（L/WM）的比值与残存肿瘤或肿瘤复发病灶测定（T/WM）值比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 18F-FDG PET检查能够清楚显示出颅内胶质瘤手术并放射治疗后的脑损伤和肿瘤复发情况,具有明显优势.     

FDG positron emission computed tomography in a study of aphasia

Positron emission computed tomography (PECT) using 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) was used to investigate the correlations between clinical status, anatomy (as described by CT), and metabolism in five patients with stable aphasia resulting from ischemic cerebral infarction. Local cerebral metabolic activity was diminished in an area larger than the area of infarction demonstrated by CT. In one patient, FDG PECT revealed a metabolic lesion that probably caused the aphasic syndrome and was not apparent by CT. The data suggest that reliance on CT in delineating the extent of the brain lesion in aphasia or other neuropsychological defects can be misleading; FDG PECT may provide important additional information. Two patients with similar metabolic lesions had very different clinical syndromes, showing that even when currently available methods are combined, major gaps remain in clinicoanatomical correlations in aphasia.     

The metabolic anatomy of Parkinson's disease: complementary [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose and [18F]fluorodopa positron emission tomographic studies

We studied the metabolic anatomy of typical Parkinson's disease (PD) using [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and [18F]fluorodopa (FDOPA) and positron emission tomography (PET). Fourteen PD patients (mean age 49 years) had FDG/PET scans, of which 11 were scanned with both FDOPA and FDG. After the injection of FDOPA, brain uptake and arterial plasma radioactivity were monitored for 2 h. Striatal FDOPA uptake was analyzed with regard to a two-compartment model, and target-to-background ratios (TBRs) and TBR-versus-time slopes were also calculated. Regional patterns of metabolic covariation were extracted from FDG/PET data using the Scaled Subprofile Model (SSM). SSM pattern weights, FDOPA uptake constants (Ki), TBRs, and TBR slopes were correlated with clinical measures for bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor, gait disturbance, left-right asymmetry, dementia, and overall disease severity. In PD patients, rate constants for FDOPA uptake correlated with individual measures of bradykinesia (p = 0.001) and gait disability (p less than 0.05). SSM analysis revealed a distinct pattern of regional metabolic asymmetries, which correlated with motor asymmetries (p less than 0.001) and left-right differences in Ki (p less than 0.01). Our data suggest that in PD patients, FDG/PET and FDOPA/PET may provide unique and complementary information about underlying disease processes.     

320排动态容积CT在脑静脉窦血栓形成诊断中的应用

目的评价320排动态容积CT在脑静脉窦血栓形成（CVST）诊断中的应用价值。方法对12例CVST患者行320排头颅CT一站式检查,包括CT平扫、各期增强,然后将动态容积原始数据重建出容积图像,传入Vitreafx工作站,处理获得动脉期、动静脉混合期、静脉期及静脉窦期血管重建图像。结果12例CVST中10例累及多个静脉窦,2例为单个静脉窦受累。CVST直接征象有：CT平扫显示为“高密度三角征”（3例）,“带征”（1例）,CT增强显示“空三角征”（4例）;间接征象有：血栓形成部位邻近脑组织水肿（3例）,静脉性脑梗死（4例）,静脉性脑出血（5例）。12例CVST中静脉期图像均可见静脉窦不规则狭窄或闭塞,可见特征性的“空槽征”。12例患者的CVST均经3D—DSA证实。结论与传统影像学检测方法比较,320排动态容积cT检查无创伤、时间短和辐射剂量少,对CVST的诊断具有重要价值。     

Typical cerebral metabolic patterns in neurodegenerative brain diseases

The differential diagnosis of neurodegenerative brain diseases on clinical grounds is difficult, especially at an early disease stage. Several studies have found specific regional differences of brain metabolism applying [¹⁸F]‐fluoro‐deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET), suggesting that this method can assist in early differential diagnosis of neurodegenerative brain diseases. We have studied patients who had an FDG‐PET scan on clinical grounds at an early disease stage and included those with a retrospectively confirmed diagnosis according to strictly defined clinical research criteria. Ninety‐six patients could be included of which 20 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), 21 multiple system atrophy (MSA), 17 progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), 10 corticobasal degeneration (CBD), 6 dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), 15 Alzheimer's disease (AD), and 7 frontotemporal dementia (FTD). FDG PET images of each patient group were analyzed and compared to18 healthy controls using Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM5). Disease‐specific patterns of relatively decreased metabolic activity were found in PD (contralateral parietooccipital and frontal regions), MSA (bilateral putamen and cerebellar hemispheres), PSP (prefrontal cortex and caudate nucleus, thalamus, and mesencephalon), CBD (contralateral cortical regions), DLB (occipital and parietotemporal regions), AD (parietotemporal regions), and FTD (frontotemporal regions). The integrated method addressing a spectrum of various neurodegenerative brain diseases provided means to discriminate patient groups also at early disease stages. Clinical follow‐up enabled appropriate patient inclusion. This implies that an early diagnosis in individual patients can be made by comparing each subject's metabolic findings with a complete database of specific disease related patterns. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society     

Regional metabolic changes in parkinsonian patients with normal dopaminergic imaging.

Dopaminergic imaging has been found to be normal in approximately 15% of parkinsonian patients enrolled in neuroprotective trials. We used (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) to determine the metabolic basis for this finding. We reviewed scans from 185 patients with clinical signs of Parkinson's disease (PD) who underwent (18)F-fluorodopa PET imaging for diagnostic confirmation. Of this group, 27 patients (14.6%) had quantitatively normal scans; 8 of these patients were additionally scanned with FDG PET. Pattern analysis was performed on an individual scan basis to determine whether the metabolic changes were consistent with classic PD. Computer-assisted single-case assessments of the FDG PET scans of these 8 patients did not disclose patterns of regional metabolic change compatible with classical PD or an atypical parkinsonian variant. Similarly, network quantification revealed that PD-related pattern expression was not elevated in these patients as it was in an age- and duration-matched cohort with classical PD (P < 0.0001). None of these patients developed clinical signs of classical PD or of an atypical parkinsonian syndrome at a follow-up visit conducted 3 years after imaging. The results suggest that parkinsonian subjects with normal dopaminergic imaging do not have evidence of classical PD or an atypical parkinsonian syndrome.     

CT灌注成像应用于早期缺血性脑血管病的相关研究

目的探讨CT灌注成像（CTPI）对早期缺血性脑血管病的应用价值。方法45例早期急性缺血性脑血管患者中（发病时间≤24h）,行头部常规CT平扫后,立即行CTPI及TCD检查,24-72h后复查颅脑CT。对所得灌注扫描源数据用Adw 4.2软件行后处理得CT灌注参数图并进行诊断,最后对灌注及CT、TCD结果进行分析并行统计学处理。结果CT平扫：敏感度44.44%,特异度68.97%。CTPI：敏感度91.11%,特异度95.35%。TCD：敏感度71.11%。四格表χ2检验证明CTPI较CT平扫、TCD检出早期脑内缺血病灶均敏感（χ2=9.257,χ2=5.874,P〈0.01）;而单纯TCD检查与CT平扫对检出早期脑内缺血病灶无明显差异（χ2=0.458,P〉0.05）。结论脑CT灌注成像的敏感度、特异度及诊断率均明显高于CT及TCD,能很好地评价脑血流动力学改变,准确显示缺血脑组织的部位和范围,可早期诊断急性缺血性脑梗死,并评价其血流灌注情况,为临床早期诊断、预防及治疗脑梗死提供影像学依据,同时对于早期选择治疗方案、指导临床有重要意义。     

建立急性缺血性卒中的临床/多模式CT预后评分系统

目的 建立一个简便、有效的临床/多模式CT评分系统,用以指导急性缺血性卒中患者的临床治疗和评估90 d后临床功能恢复情况。方法 选择49例急性缺血性卒中（发病时间＜9 h）的患者行“多模式CT”扫描,包括平扫CT（non-contrast enhanced computed tomography,NCCT）、CT灌注成像（computed tomography perfusion,CTP）和CT血管成像（computed tomography angiography,CTA）;评价患者基线NCCT、动脉期CTP原始图（arterial phase CTP source images,ACTP-SI）、静脉期CTP原始图（venous phase CTP source images,VCTP-SI）、CTA卒中溶栓分级（thrombolysis in cerebral ischemia scale,TICI）、Alberta卒中项目早期CT评分（Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score Study,ASPECTS）及基线美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（National Institute of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS）评分,并应用受试者工作特征曲线（receiver-operating characteristics,ROC）分析,判断90 d临床功能恢复良好［采用改良的Rankin量表（modified Rankin Scale,mRS）<2作为评判标准］的临床和CT参数阈值;按照获得的阈值进行评分,将多模式CT各参数的阈值评分整合在一起获得多模式CT评分系统,将基线NIHSS阈值评分加入多模式CT评分系统中获得临床/多模式CT评分。最后应用ROC曲线分析比较各评分模式预测临床功能恢复的效能。结果 判断90 d临床功能恢复良好的阈值：临床/多模式CT评分>1,多模式CT评分>1,基线NCCT ASPECTS>9,动脉期CTP原始图ASPECTS>6.5,静脉期CTP原始图ASPECTS>8.5,CTA TICI>1及基线NIHSS≥7;临床/多模式CT评分ROC曲线下面积最大（0.87,95%可信区间0.75～0.95),其预测急性缺血性卒中患者90 d临床功能恢复的效能最高,接下来依次是多模式CT评分、ACTP-SI、VCTP-SI、NIHSS、NCCT及CTA,除临床/多模式CT评分与ACTP-SI（P=0.226）及NIHSS阈值评分（P=0.174）的差异显著性外,其余各参数阈值评分与临床/多模式CT评分的差异均有显著性（P＜0.05）。结论 应用临床/多模式CT评分系统比多模式CT及NIHSS各参数单独预测90 d急性缺血性卒中患者的临床功能恢复的效能均高,临床/多模式CT评分系统是预测患者预后的有效评分方法。     

超薄多层螺旋CT与脑灌注成像在颅脑损伤早期诊断中的对比研究

目的探讨超薄多层螺旋CT和脑灌注成像在急性颅脑外伤(TBI)早期诊断中的临床应用价值。方法收集2010年12月~2012年10月我院收治的200例急性颅脑外伤患者检查资料,均于伤后6 h内行超薄多层螺旋CT(MSCT)和CT脑灌注成像(CTP)检查,全部病例于伤后2~3 d动态复查MSCT明确诊断,将数据进行回顾性分析,采用卡方检验评价。结果在MSCT与CTP这两种检测方法中,CTP在脑挫裂伤、硬膜下血肿和脑内血肿的诊断中优于超薄MSCT(P0.05),并且病灶周围低灌注区域大于超薄MSCT。结论 CTP对于急性颅脑外伤早期和微小损伤的诊断优于超薄MSCT,同时可以反映脑组织的灌注情况,具有可靠的临床价值。     

The metabolic landscape of cortico-basal ganglionic degeneration: regional asymmetries studied with positron emission tomography.

Regional metabolic rate for glucose (rCMRGlc) was estimated using [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and positron emission tomography (PET) in five patients (four men, one woman; mean age 68; mean disease duration 2.4 years) with clinical findings consistent with the syndrome of cortico-basal ganglionic degeneration (CBGD). Left-right rCMRGlc asymmetry, (L-R)/(L + R) x 100, was calculated for 13 grey matter regions and compared with regional metabolic data from 18 normal volunteers and nine patients with asymmetrical Parkinson's disease (PD). In the CBGD group mean metabolic asymmetry values in the thalamus, inferior parietal lobule and hippocampus were greater than those measured in normal control subjects and patients with asymmetrical PD (p less than 0.02). Parietal lobe asymmetry of 5% or more was evident in all CBGD patients, whereas in PD patients and normal controls, all regional asymmetry measures were less than 5% in absolute value. Measures of frontal, parietal and hemispheric metabolic asymmetry were found to be positively correlated with asymmetries in thalamic rCMRGlc (p less than 0.05). The presence of cortico-thalamic metabolic asymmetry is consistent with the focal neuropathological changes reported in CBGD brains. Our findings suggest that metabolic asymmetries detected with FDG/PET may support a diagnosis of CBGD in life.