金湖地区儿童和成人膳食汞摄入量的双份饭研究

目的了解金湖地区儿童、成人膳食汞的摄入量,并评价其安全性。方法收集62名研究对象连续3天的双份饭样本,使用原子荧光光谱分析法测定汞含量。采用联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织食品添加剂联合专家委员会推荐的暂定每周可耐受摄入量(PTWI)评价金湖地区儿童、成人膳食汞摄入量的安全性。结果金湖地区儿童、成人每周每公斤体重膳食汞摄入量的第97.5百分位数分别为2.92μg/kgbw和1.67μg/kgbw,各占PTWI的58.4%、33.4%。儿童每周每公斤体重膳食汞的摄入量高于成人(z=4.0406,P<0.0001)。结论金湖地区儿童、成人膳食汞的摄入量是安全的,但仍有进一步降低的必要。     

大学生膳食中铅摄入量及食用安全性评价

目的了解辽宁省锦州市在校大学生膳食中铅污染状况及食用安全性,为合理膳食提供依据。方法采用双份饭法收集489名大学生连续3 d食物,经湿法消化后,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定12类膳食中铅的含量,并估算其每天实际摄入量,与世界卫生组织(WHO)/联合国粮农组织(FAO) 食品添加剂联合专家委员会(JECFA)推荐的暂定每周可耐受摄入量(PTWI)相比较,评价大学生膳食中铅摄入量的安全性。结果在12类膳食中铅平均含量较高的是蛋类、蔬菜类、水产类,分别为0.321、0.116和0.097 mg/kg;大学生膳食中铅的主要摄入来源为蔬菜、蛋类和谷类,分别占每日总铅摄入量的39.12%、17.58%和16.29%;铅摄入量的平均值、中位数值和P_97.5值均低于PTWI值,但P_97.5极端值超过了PTWI值1.39倍。结论大学生膳食中铅的摄入量相对安全,但存在铅摄入量较高的个体,并且大量摄入含铅量较高的食物仍存在潜在危害,因此有必要降低高铅食物摄入量。     

江苏省居民膳食毒死蜱农药暴露评估

目的 了解和评估江苏省居民膳食毒死蜱农药暴露情况。方法 整合江苏省居民24h膳食回顾调查和农产品毒死蜱监测数据,运用2种模型估算毒死蜱暴露量,评价膳食风险。结果 点评估毒死蜱长期和短期暴露量分别为每天6.05,17.47μg/(kg.bw),分别低于每日允许剂量(ADI)和急性参照剂量(ARfD);食物贡献度前3位为油菜(38.29%)、桃子(24.24%)和菠菜(11.73%);各年龄组暴露风险指数均<100;简单分布评估人群暴露量范围为每天0.00～8.80μg/(kg.bw),暴露量中位数、均值分别为每天0.05,(0.23±0.53)μg/(kg.bw),均低于ADI和ARfD;各年龄组间暴露量差异有统计学意义(P<0.0001),暴露量随年龄增加而降低。结论 江苏省居民膳食毒死蜱暴露水平可接受,但儿童暴露值得重视,叶菜类蔬菜和水果的毒死蜱残留仍需降低。     

江苏省不同年龄儿童膳食铅摄入量

了解和评估江苏省不同年龄组儿童铅膳食暴露情况.通过整合2002年江苏地区3-12岁儿童24 h膳食回顾资料和2001-2006年江苏省农产品铅污染监测数据,计算江苏不同年龄组(3～,6～,9～12岁)儿童膳食铅摄入量,与FAO/WHO推荐的铅暂定每周可耐受摄入量(PTWI,25μg/kg)比较,评价其危险性.江苏各年龄组儿童每周膳食铅暴露量中位数范围为9.0～11.7 μg/kg,各年龄组膳食铅摄人量统计量随年龄增加而下降,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).各年龄组95%以上儿童每周膳食铅摄入量低于PTWI.     

镇江市某大学学生膳食汞摄入量调查

目的了解镇江市大学生膳食汞摄入量水平,并评价其安全性。方法在镇江市某大学随机选择24名大学生作为研究对象,用双份饭法收集其连续3d(包含一个周末)的全部食物(包括饮水、饮料、零食等),利用冷原子吸收光谱法(直接汞测定仪)测定膳食样品中总汞含量,根据联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)食品添加剂联合专家委员会(JECFA)推荐的总汞暂定每周可耐受摄入量(PTWI)值(5μg/kg BW),评价大学生膳食中总汞摄入的安全性。结果被调查大学生膳食总汞平均摄入量为1.68μg/d,平均每天膳食汞的摄入量为0.031 7μg/kg BW,每周膳食汞的摄入量为0.22μg/kg BW,远低于PTWI。结论该校大学生调查期间膳食总汞摄入量未超过PTWI,处于安全水平。     

上海市6区县食用菌中铅含量测定及暴露评估

目的了解上海市食用菌中铅的污染状况及对人体健康的影响。方法对952件食用菌样本进行铅含量测定,并结合食用菌的消费量,计算不同人群因摄入食用菌导致的铅暴露量。结果 952件样品中有6件铅超标,超标率为0.63%。干制食用菌中铅含量最高,平均为0.220 mg/kg;食用菌罐头次之,平均为0.124 mg/kg;新鲜食用菌中铅含量最低,平均为0.093 mg/kg。未成年人、成年人和孕妇平均每周通过食用菌摄入的铅分别为0.49μg/(kg·bw)、0.37μg/(kg·bw)、0.37μg/(kg·bw),占暂定每周可耐受摄入量(PTWI)的1.96%、1.48%和1.48%。而3类人群的食用菌高消费人群(食物消费量第97.5百分位数,P97.5)每周通过食用菌摄入的铅分别为3.23μg/(kg·bw)、2.08μg/(kg·bw)和2.50μg/(kg·bw)。结论食用菌中铅含量存在一定程度超标,因摄入食用菌导致铅暴露的总体风险处于可接受水平,但食用菌高消费人群的铅暴露量相对较高,存在一定的健康风险,应引起重视。     

江苏省项目地区妊娠及哺乳期妇女碘营养调查

目的了解江苏省加碘食盐干预项目地区[5个县(区)]妊娠和哺乳期妇女碘营养状况。方法对近半月内未服用富碘药物的妊娠和哺乳期妇女同时测定尿碘、食盐碘含量;以尿碘值×成人每天平均排尿量作为推算的碘摄入量,以WHO推荐的碘摄入量作为评估标准。结果调查妊娠和哺乳期妇女1243人,推算的碘摄入量中位数为285.0μg/d,与WHO推荐的碘摄入量200μg/d比较,高出42.5%,但仍有382人的推算碘摄入量中位数<200μg/d,比例高达30%;妊娠和哺乳期妇女环境碘摄入量平均78μg/d,加碘食盐供给的碘摄入量达到210μg/d。非碘盐率为11.4%~12.0%。结论江苏省加碘食盐干预项目地区(县、区)妊娠和哺乳期妇女碘摄入量水平基本上达到消除碘缺乏病(IDD)标准,但非碘盐比例有回升趋势,存在潜在危险。     

2013－2016年南京市民膳食中镉暴露风险评估

目的 了解南京市居民主要膳食消费量及市售食品中镉含量,对居民通过膳食镉暴露健康风险进行初步评估。 方法 2013－2016年监测全市10大类共计1 181份样品镉含量,结合2012年南京市居民膳食消费量调查,应用食品中化学污染物膳食暴露点评估法,初步评估南京市居民主要食品的镉暴露风险。 结果 市售食品中镉含量较高的食品是茶叶、面粉、菌藻类、水产品和动物内脏, 镉含量的中位数分别为:0.0300、0.0249、0.0203、0.0285、0.0327 mg/kg;各类蔬菜中叶菜类平均镉含量最高(中位数为0.0100 mg/kg),镉含量最低的食品是新鲜水果(0.0003 mg/kg)和畜肉(0.0024 mg/kg)。居民平均每月膳食镉暴露量为0.0087 mg/(kg·bw),占每月可耐受摄入量的34.6%;膳食摄入量采用P₅₀时,膳食中镉的每月暴露量为0.0027 mg/(kg·bw),占每月可耐受摄入量的10.8%,膳食摄入量采用P₉₀时,膳食中镉的每月暴露量为0.0188 mg/kg·bw,占PTWI的75.0%。大米、菌藻类、蔬菜和水产品是镉摄入的主要来源,从粮谷类食品、蔬菜、水产品中摄入的镉分别占膳食镉暴露量(膳食摄入量采用P₉₀时)的35.91%、13.98%、19.10%。居民膳食中每月镉暴露量均值占PTMI百分数的顺序依次为6~17岁年龄组(45.3%)、18~44岁年龄组(36.0%)、45~60岁年龄组(34.4%)和60岁以上年龄组(32.2%)。 结论 南京市居民膳食镉暴露水平总体安全,但仍有必要加强食品中镉含量监测,从源头上控制镉污染,进而减少居民膳食中镉暴露水平。     

2000年中国总膳食研究——不同性别年龄组人群膳食铅摄入量

目的评估中国不同性别年龄组人群铅的膳食摄入水平。方法采用中国总膳食研究方法,利用中国第三次总膳食研究采集的代表性膳食样品及膳食调查数据,测定样品中的铅含量,并计算10个性别年龄组人群铅的摄入量、分布状况及膳食来源。结果中国各类食品中铅的平均含量为0.118mg/kg,中位数含量为0.052mg/kg,含量最高的食品为松花蛋,单个样品最高含量为8.964mg/kg,平均含量为2.577mg/kg。各省市的样品中,以湖北省的蔬菜样品污染最为严重,平均含量达到0.512mg/kg。中国10个性别年龄组的铅摄入量为54.9~112.7μg/d,各年龄组铅的摄入量占暂定每周可耐受摄入量(PTWI)的42.8%至86.1%。2~7岁年龄组儿童铅的摄入量已经达到了PTWI的86.1%,并且有约30%的个体铅摄入量在PTWI以上。各组人群膳食铅的来源基本一致,均以谷类和蔬菜为主,贡献率为72%~80%。结论中国各性别年龄组人群的膳食铅摄入量均低于PTWI,但仍有进一步降低的必要。而且,2~7岁儿童及个别省市人群的铅摄入量过高的问题不容忽视。     

南丹矿业活动影响区蔬菜重金属含量及健康风险

  目的  评估广西矿区居民通过膳食摄入铅的健康风险。  方法  于2013 — 2014年在广西某矿区3个村选取5～14岁儿童作为调查对象,同时将长期同住的父母和/或祖父母纳入研究,对调查对象进行问卷调查并采集静脉血。采集当地237份自产大米和蔬菜样品进行铅含量检测。根据食品添加剂联合专家委员会（JECFA）提出的暴露风险比（MOE）评价方法进行风险评价,采用多因素模型分析膳食铅暴露对血铅水平影响。  结果  矿区居民食物铅含量中值为0.14 mg/kg,超标率为22.4 %（53/237）;儿童和成人膳食铅日暴露中位数分别为2.04、1.43[μg/（kg·d）],儿童和成人膳食铅暴露不良效应的风险均较高,MOE中位数分别为0.286及0.866。当地人群血铅水平高于我国一般人群血铅平均暴露水平,儿童和成人血铅水平均与膳食铅暴露呈正相关（P < 0.05）;校正年龄、性别、行为习惯及环境因素后,膳食铅摄入对儿童和成人血铅水平仍有显著影响。  结论  广西矿区农村居民膳食铅暴露不良效应的风险相对较高,尤其是儿童,需持续关注并采取措施降低该地区居民膳食铅暴露水平。     

Dietary intake of mercury by children and adults in Jinhu area of China

Dietary intakes of mercury by children and adults in Jinhu area of China were determined using a duplicate diet approach. A total of 176 duplicate diet portions were collected from 60 individuals in November and December of 2007. Mercury levels in duplicate samples were measured by atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The daily mercury intakes (median and range) from consumption days without fish or shellfish for children and adults were 0.13 (0.05-0.78) μg(kg(bw))(-1) day(-1) and 0.07 (0.04-0.18) μg(kg(bw))(-1) day(-1), respectively, which were significantly lower than those from consumption days with fish or shellfish for both children and adults whose daily intakes (median and range) were 0.16 (0.11-0.84) μg(kg(bw))(-1) day(-1) and 0.09 (0.05-0.46) μg(kg(bw))(-1) day(-1), respectively. The exposure level of children was significantly higher than that of adults. The 50th and 99th percentile of the usual mercury intake from all consumption days for children were 0.14 and 0.22 μg(kg(bw))(-1) day(-1) and for adults were 0.09 and 0.14 μg(kg(bw))(-1) day(-1), where the between-person variance in dietary mercury intake for children and adults were 0.038 and 0.036, respectively. Comparing with the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) divided into daily intake (PTDI) of 0.57 μg(kg(bw))(-1) day(-1), it is concluded that the average daily intakes and the usual intakes to mercury can be considered safe for both children and adults in Jinhu area by the duplicate diet study. But the maximum daily intakes for children exceeding the PTDI deserve a close attention.     

Dietary intake of lead and cadmium by children and adults – Result calculated from dietary recall and available lead/cadmium level in food in comparison to result from food duplicate diet method

The dietary intakes of lead and cadmium by 30 children and 30 adults living in Jinhu area in China were determined by the duplicate method with a 3-day sampling period. Dietary recall and available lead/cadmium level in food were also used to calculate dietary intakes.     

Dietary intake of lead by children and adults from Germany measured by the duplicate method

The dietary lead intake was studied among children and adults from Germany. Two different age groups of children (A: 1.8, 1.3 – 3.0 years, B: 3.8, 1.8 – 5.2 years) and one group of adults (D: 40.9, 24 – 64 years) were from the highly industrialized Ruhr district and one group of children from the North Sea island Amrum (C: 3.9, 1.5 – 5.3 years). A total of 229 duplicate food portions were collected from 49 individuals between December 1994 and May 1995. Sampling period for each participant was either 3 (groups B and D) or 7 days (groups A and C). Lead levels in duplicate samples were measured by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The lead intakes (median, range) for the different groups were as follows: Group A: 0.21 (0.05 – 1.5) μg/(kg _bwday), group B: 0.68 (0.06 – 1.6) μg/(kg _bwday), group C: 0.29 (0.04 – 1.6) μg/(kg _bwday) and group D: 0.26 (0.07 – 0.83) μg/(kg _bwday). No value exceeded the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of 25 μg/(kg _bwweek) proposed by the WHO. The median and maximum of the different groups amounted to 7.2 – 16% and 16 – 36% of the PTWI, respectively. It is concluded that health risks due to dietary lead intake seem to be low in Germany.     

富铬豆芽粉对糖尿病小鼠血糖调节作用的研究

目的 观察富铬豆芽粉对糖尿病小鼠的血糖调节作用.方法 用40mg/kg的CrCl₃溶液一次性浸泡绿豆24小时,在25℃发芽5天获得富铬豆芽,60℃干燥至水分含量低于11%,粉碎得富铬豆芽粉样品,总铬含量为72.6mg/kg,铬有机化程度达95%左右.对其毒性和对四氧嘧啶高血糖模型小鼠的血糖调节作用进行研究.结果 所研制的富铬豆芽粉小鼠经口LD₅₀>10000mg/kg·bw,属无毒级,骨髓微核、精子畸形试验表明无突变效应.给四氧嘧啶高血糖模型小鼠3个剂量的富铬豆芽粉(按其总铬含量计):低剂量组8.3μg/kg·bw/d、中剂量组16.67μg/kg·bw/d、高剂量组33.33μg/kg·bw/d,灌胃30天后,中剂量组和高剂量组动物空腹血糖值、血糖降低的绝对值与对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05),而低剂量组与对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05).结论 富铬豆芽粉具有降低糖尿病小鼠血糖的作用,值得进一步研究开发利用.     

Exposure assessment of lead among Japanese children

Objective Lead intake from possible exposure routes among children residing in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area was estimated. Methods Lead concentrations in house dust samples collected from the houses of the children and those in 24-h duplicate diet samples of the children were determined. The daily lead intake was estimated by multiplying the lead concentrations in the house dust, diet, soil and ambient air (the latter two were from the literatures) by the corresponding intake and/or inhalation rates, and summing all of the products. Bioaccessibility tests were performed on the house dust, soil and diet samples to determine the lead uptake level. Results Children residing in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area were estimated to be exposed to 21.5 μg of lead on a daily basis, with a maximum intake of up to 70.4 μg. The average weekly intake per kg body weight for a 5-year-old Japanese child was found to be 8.0 μg/kg bw/wk, which is below the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) of 25 μg/kg bw/wk. However, the maximum weekly intake was found to be 26 μg/kg bw/wk. Conclusions House dust and soil ingestion can be the predominant routes of exposure to lead among children in Japan, and the source(s) of lead in such media must be specified to reduce the lead intake level of the children.     

海洋胶原肽对剖宫产大鼠伤口愈合促进作用

目的 观察海洋胶原肽对大鼠剖宫产术后恢复的促进作用.方法 将96只SD孕鼠在孕19 d时进行剖宫产手术,随机分为4组,3个剂量组术后每天给予0.13,0.38,1.15 μg/(kg.bw)剂量的海洋胶原肽灌胃,空白对照组等体积生理盐水灌胃;在术后7,14,21 d每组分别处死8只大鼠,观察切口愈合情况,测定皮肤切口和子宫切口的抗张力强度、羟脯氨酸含量.结果 给予海洋胶原肽1.15 μg/(kg.bw)组大鼠皮肤伤口中羟脯氨酸含量在3个时间点上均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);在7,21 d时,给予海洋胶原肽1.15 μg/(kg.bw)组大鼠皮肤张力为(354.45±200.45),(978.23±20.40)g/mm²,子宫压力为(874.63±293.51),(818.20±227.52)mmHg,均大于空白对照组的(165.44±29.82),(379.21±171.46)g/mm²和(684.52±220.16),(511.92±86.48)mmHg,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);21 d时,给予海洋胶原肽0.38g/(kg.bw)组大鼠的皮肤张力为(936.59±56.27)g/mm²,大于空白对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 海洋胶原肽能够促进伤口胶原蛋白合成,促进大鼠剖宫产术后伤口的愈合.