Infarctus aigu du myocarde à Charleroi : évolution des facteurs de risque et des pratiques thérapeutiques

Objectives

The aim of the study consists in analyzing the evolution of acute coronary risk factors as well as the 28 days case fatality and the therapeutic practices over 12 years of follow-up in Charleroi. The factors influencing the mortality of these patients are also investigated.

Methods

The Charleroi register of ischaemic cardiopathies is the oldest register of infarctions in the French-speaking community of Belgium. Analyses presented hereafter relate only patients in the 25–69-year age range over time from 1998 to 2009. Some analysis was extended to 25–74-year range. Treatment and risk factors evolutions over time were analysed using Chi² tests. Logistic regression was used to identify factors influencing 28 days mortality.

Results

The analysis shows a significant decline in 28 days mortality. A marked increase in the prevalence of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia is highlighted as well as an increase of utilization of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) between 1998 and 2009. The use of ß-blockers and antiplatelet drugs remained fairly stable between 1998 and 2009 with approximately 75% and 90% of the patients treated, respectively. The factors associated with fatality were specifically age of patients, antecedents of diabetes and antecedents of myocardial infarction, hypercholesterolaemia as well as oral antiplatelet drugs, ß-blockers therapies and PTCA.

Conclusions

The evolution of the therapeutic data on AMI in this register confirms that PTCA becomes the main coronary reperfusion. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors were without effect on mortality.     

La réadaptation cardiaque en postinfarctus du myocarde

Although the proofs of the benefits of cardiac rehabilitation accumulate, many patients are not sent to rehabilitation units, especially younger and very elderly patients. As the length of stay in acute care units decreases, rehabilitation offers more time to fully assess the patients’ conditions and needs. Meta-analyses of randomised trials suggest that mortality can be improved by as much as 20-30%. In addition, rehabilitation helps managing risk factors, including hyperlipidemia, diabetes, smoking and sedentary behaviours. Physical training also helps improving exercise capacity. Because of all of these effects, cardiac rehabilitation for post-myocardial infarction patients has been given a class IA recommendation in current guidelines.     

« Paradoxe des fumeurs » et stratégie de reperfusion à la phase aiguë de l’infarctus du myocarde

Previous studies have shown that smokers with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) treated by thrombolysis have lower mortality rates than nonsmokers, a phenomenon often termed “smoker's paradox”. This “smoker's paradox” has been rarely studied in case of primary angioplasty.

Aim of the study

To evaluate the impact of smoking status on the early mortality of patients admitted with AMI with regard to the strategy of reperfusion (intravenous thrombolysis versus primary angioplasty).

Patients and methods

Study undertaken from the Monsatir registry of ST elevation MI including 688 patients having had either a hospital or a prehospital thrombolysis (n = 397) or a primary angioplasty (n = 291). Among those patients, 482 (70.1%) were active smokers.

Results

In the thrombolysis group, the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes and anterior location of MI was significantly less among smokers. In the group primary angioplasty, only diabetes and hypertension were less frequent. The immediate mortality was significantly less among smokers in case of thrombolysis comparatively to non-smokers (5.3 vs 13%; p = 0.008). By multivariate analysis, cardiogenic shock (p < 0.0001), anterior MI (p = 0.03) and active smoking (p = 0.03) were independent predictive factors of mortality in case of thrombolysis. A trend toward a lower mortality among smokers was observed in the primary angioplasty group (10 vs 17.6%; p = 0.07).

Conclusion

“The smoker's paradox” seems to be observed mainly among patients having had thrombolysis.     

Le profil de risque dans l’infarctus du myocarde : une évaluation indispensable pour la comparaison des populations

Objective

The aim of this study is to show that differences of mortality, in acute myocardial infarction, observed between hospitals are not necessarily linked to a bad application of guidelines but can be linked to differences in the risk profile of the populations.

Methods

Two populations admitted for ST and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction in the same region in 2006 were compared: the population of Chalon-sur-Saône’s hospital with a standard population from the observatoire des Infarctus de Côte d’Or (RICO). The risk profile of the two populations has been realised with the risk scores GRACE, EMMACE and the Simple Risk Index (SRI).

Results

The three scores are applicable for our populations according to the “C statistic”. Moreover, there is a significant difference of in-hospital mortality between Chalon-sur-Saône and RICO. But, the population of Chalon-sur-Saône presents a higher risk. Finally, in-hospital rate mortality expected by the three scores is not different from the actual mortality.

Conclusion

GRACE, EMMACE and SRI are valid scores for the comparison of risk profile of populations in acute myocardial infarction. Comparisons between hospitals are only possible after risk adjustment of the populations.     

Infarctus du myocarde au cours d’une activité sportive. Caractéristiques cliniques et angiographiques en phase aiguë d’une série de 16 cas

Objective

Determination of clinical and angiographic characteristics of myocardial infarctions related to sport.

Methods

Retrospective study of acute coronary syndromes with ST elevation related to sport treated with interventional cardiology from 2006 to 2013.

Results

Sixteen patients were included. They are mostly men (15/16), aged 24–65 years (over 35 years old in 13 cases) with few cardiovascular risk factors, most frequently heredity or smoking. Myocardial infarctions usually occur during the practice of sports (13/16), with serious rhythmic complications in three of the cases. On angiography, most patients have single vessel disease (12/16).

Conclusion

Myocardial infarction related to sports affects a male population aged over 35 years old with few cardiovascular risk factors, most often single vessel disease, making the preventative screening uneasy. Other studies investigating larger populations, assessing previous clinical events (symptoms, results of stress tests), evaluating the impact of competition and integrating sudden deaths would improve the screening and the treatment of sport-related myocardial infarctions.     

Infarctus du myocarde secondaire à l’occlusion aiguë simultanée des portions proximales de la circonflexe et de la coronaire droite : à propos d’un cas

Acute myocardial infarction due to simultaneous occlusion of two major coronary arteries is a rare phenomenon. We report a case of a 53-year-old man with many cardiovascular risk factors, who presented to the emergency with an acute coronary syndrome with ST segment elevation in anterior and inferior leads, complicated by atrioventricular block and cardiogenic shock. The coronary angiogram showed proximal occlusion of left circumflex artery and right coronary artery. Both arteries were treated successfully with thrombectomy followed by coronary stent implantation. Some similar cases have been reported, but the exact physiopathological mechanism is unknown. There is no clear strategy established for the therapeutic coverage, however, percutaneous revascularisation seems to be actually appropriated treatment.     

Infarctus du myocarde après intoxication volontaire par l’association acide acétylsalicylique et dipyridamole

A 60-year-old male presented a myocardial infarction after a voluntary overdose of Asasantine^® started after strokes. He took chronically this association and some psychotropic drugs with vasodilator effects. After an intake of 40 tablets, he presented a cardiogenic shock with a myocardial infarction confirmed by biological samples, EKG, echocardiography and angiocoronarographie. No recent change of his treatment was found and symptoms regressed when dipyridamole was stopped while other vasodilators drugs were continued. Chronological analysis of events led us to suspect dipyridamole as a starter of the myocardial infarction secondary to a coronary artery steal reinforced by the vasodilator effect of combined treatments, in a patient at risk of ischemia. This case shows that, in such particular conditions, a change in dipyridamole dosage can induce a myocardial infarction even if its blood level remains in the therapeutic range.     

Reperfusion des infarctus aigus avec sus-décalage du segment ST dans le RENAU/RESURCOR : des recommandations à la pratique

Background

International guidelines have recommendations for selecting the type of reperfusion (fibrinolysis or angioplasty) in the setting of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), and suggest that emergency-care networks adapt these recommendations according to the local environment.

Aim

To assess the proportions of STEMI patients treated with fibrinolysis or angioplasty in accordance with regional guidelines.

Method

Observational study based on a permanent registry of patients with STEMI of <12 h duration in an emergency network in the French North Alps (Isère, Savoie, Haute-Savoie) from January 2009 to December 2012.

Results

The registry included 2620 patients. Reperfusion was given in 2425/2620 (93%) of patients. Reperfusion type was in accordance with recommendations in 1567/2620 (60%) patients. Guideline-recommended fibrinolysis and angioplasty were performed in 47% (656/1385) and 79% (911/1149) respectively, of patients. In multivariable analysis, variables independently associated with guideline-recommended reperfusion were: an age < 65 years (OR 1.60; 95%CI 1.33–1.90), being managed in Haute-Savoie versus Isère or Savoie (OR 1.38; 95%CI 1.12–1.71), an arterial tension < 100 mmHg (OR 1.73; 95%CI 1.27–2.35), a cardiogenic shock (OR 0.50; 95%CI 0.30–0.84), a pacemaker or left bundle branch block (OR 0.49; 95%CI 0.28–0.88), and an initial management outside the network (followed by treatment in an interventional centre in the network) (OR 0.62; 95%CI 0.40–0.94). Patients initially treated by mobile intensive care units were more often reperfused in accordance with recommendations when admitted < 3 (versus ≥ 3) h following symptom onset (adjusted OR 2.05; 95% CI 1.61–2.59), while those initially treated by in-hospital emergency units were less often reperfused in accordance with recommendation when treated < 3 h following symptom onset (adjusted OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.46–0.97). In-hospital major adverse cardiac events (9.1% vs. 8.5%) and in-hospital mortality (6.4% vs. 5.1%) were not significantly different between patients reperfused in accordance with (versus not) recommendations.

Conclusions

Forty percent of patients with STEMI were not reperfused with fibrinolysis or angioplasty in accordance with regional guidelines. Characterization of this population should allow us to improve guideline adherence.     

Infarctus du myocarde et stimulation ovarienne : à propos d’un cas

Female infertility treated by ovarian stimulation can lead to arterial thrombosis particularly when ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome emerges. Myocardial infarction have been reported thrice, in one case even before artificial ovulation induction. A 25-year-old female with primary infertility underwent ovarian stimulation and eight days after ovulation induction and intra-uterine insemination suffered from a troponin positive non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction of the inferior wall. Coronary angiogram was normal and contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the subendocardial inferior infarct. This protocol included sole triptorelin administration followed by 23 recombinant follicle stimulating hormone injections and concluded by recombinant choriogonadotrophin. There was no ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Large biological screening did not retrieve any predisposition for arterial thrombosis. Clinical outcome was excellent. Despite weak causal link, we emphasize that chest pain during ovarian stimulation protocol should rise clinical concern for acute coronary syndrome.     

Prévalence et facteurs prédictifs du syndrome d’apnée obstructive du sommeil au décours de l’infarctus du myocarde

Background

Obstructive sleep apnea has been implicated in the pathogenesis and aggravation of coronary atherosclerosis. However, it remains underdiagnosed in cardiology practice.

Aim

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea and the predictors of severe sleep apnea in patients admitted for ST elevation myocardial infarction.

Methods

This was a prospective study which has included 120 patients hospitalized for ST elevation myocardial infarction, from April 2011 to March 2012. All patients have undergone an overnight sleep study using a portable polygraphy device, in the 15 days following the acute coronary syndrome. The diagnostic of obstructive sleep apnea was considered as apnea–hypopnea index of ≥ 5 events per hour, severe sleep apnea was defined as apnea –hypopnea index of ≥ 30. Subjective daytime sleepiness was assessed by the Epworth sleepiness scale. All patients have had an oxygen saturation monitoring in the coronary care unit using a pulse oxymeter, before undergoing the sleep study.

Results

The study population was made up of 102 men and 18 women. The mean age was 58 ± 12 years. Smoking was the major cardiovascular risk factor found in 72% of all patients, diabetes and hypertension were represented in 40% and 44% of the population, respectively. Eighty-seven percent of patients were admitted in the first 24 hours of symptom onset. A primary percutaneous coronary intervention was performed in 60% of cases while fibrinolysis was done in 10% of patients. The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea was 79%. Mean apnea–hypopnea index was 15.76 ± 14.93 and severe form was diagnosed in 16% of all patients. Multivariate analysis showed that Epworth sleepiness score of ≥ 4 and nocturnal desaturation below 82% were independent predictive factors for severe obstructive sleep apnea.

Conclusion

Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea was very high in patients admitted for acute myocardial infarction. Epworth sleepiness score of ≥ 4 and nocturnal desaturation below 82% were independent predictive factors for severe form of sleep apnea.     

Delays in the management of AMI: Results of an investigation conducted in Sousse (Tunisia)

The goal of our work was to assess the delays of admission for Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) in Sousse (Tunisia) and to identify predictors of these delays. Our prospective survey was led from January 1999 to December 2001; 232 patients with AMI were included. The onset of symptoms usually occurred in the patient's home (80.6%). The chest pain was atypical in 19.4% of cases; 91% of patients directly consulted the emergency departments, whereas the ambulatory emergency services were used in only in 2.2% of cases. Delays of hospitalization in coronary care units were on average too long (14 h 21 min +/- 19 h 16 min). This prolongation was essentially caused by a too long period between onset of symptoms and first patient call. In bivariate analysis, dyslipidemia, diabetes, absence of smoking and an atypical symptoms were associated with prolonged hospitalization delays. However in multivariate analysis, only diabetes and atypical symptoms were independent factors associated with a hospitalization delay of more than 12 h. In 23% of the patients, a prolonged pre-hospital time period prevented the use of thrombolysis. CONCLUSION: Pre-hospital delays should be shortened by a multidisciplinary action that especially focuses on a better sanitary education of patients to risk.     

Infarctus du myocarde chez le sujet fumeur de moins de 50 ans traité par angioplastie coronaire. Évolution hospitalière et sur le long terme d’une série consécutive de 93 patients

Aims of the study

The study evaluated in-hospital and long-term outcome of patients less than 50 years old with myocardial infarction within 12 hours after symptom onset treated by coronary angioplasty.

Patients and method

This is a retrospective study with survival analysis by Kaplan-Meier method in patients included from December 2003 to February 2008.

Results

We included 93 patients aged 42,8 ± 5,2 years old with smoking estimated at 27,7 ± 12,7 pack-years. Thirty-one patients (33,3%) were dyslipidemic and 36 patients had family history of coronary artery disease. Thirty patients (32,3%) had an anterior myocardial infarction and four patients (4.4%) had Killip greater than 2. Coronary angioplasty was performed within 4.5 ± 3.0 hours after symptom onset with TIMI 3 final flow in the culprit vessel in 96.8%. One patient died from cardiogenic shock. With a follow-up of 85 patients during 20.0 ± 15.6 months, the survival without death was 98.2% and survival without major cardiac complication was 87.9% at 24 months. Seventy-two patients (85.7%) were taking a betablocker, 81 patients (96.4%) aspirin, 75 patients (89.3%) a statin and 64 patients (76.2%) an angiotensin-converting inhibitor. Only 50 patients (58.8%) were nonsmokers.

Conclusion

Thus, young smokers with acute MI treated by coronary angioplasty have a good prognosis during in-hospital stay and long-term outcome. Secondary medical treatment prevention is well followed but there is a low rate of smoking cessation.     

Un cas,une revue : thromboaspiration dans la prise en charge du SCA ST+

Routine manual thrombectomy during primary percutaneous coronary intervention might be intuitively justified. While older registers reported contradictory results, interventional cardiologists remained interested in using such devices during the mechanical treatment of acute myocardial infarction. The first studies were congruent to demonstrate a significant relationship between thromboaspiration and significant improvement of ST-segment elevation, lower distal embolization, despite TAPAS was the only to significantly reduce the mortality. Later studies were unable to confirm these promising data, avoiding routine manual thrombectomy prior to primary angioplasty to decrease cardiovascular mortality, recurrent myocardial infarction, cardiogenic shock or severe heart failure. Moreover, thrombectomy was associated with an increased rate of stroke. Should thrombectomy therefore be conclusively overlooked? It is presumably required to define which patient is eligible for thrombectomy, to define how to perfectly perform manual thrombectomy, to specify how to gently move towards the thrombus, the optimal pharmacological environment, the number of aspirations and the criterion to stop or to repeat aspiration. Indeed, while thrombectomy is nowadays scientifically downgraded, it remains of potential interest in numerous interventional cardiologists.     

Assistance circulatoire dans le syndrome coronaire aigu avec sus-décalage du segment ST

A 49-year-old woman was admitted for an anterior ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). At hospital arrival, she presented with cardiogenic shock. An immediate coronary angiogram showed an occluded ostial left anterior descending artery. During percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), ventricular fibrillation occurred requiring multiple electrical counter-shocks. The coronary artery was opened during cardiopulmonary resuscitation and two drug-eluting stents were implanted. At the end of the procedure, an Impella CP^® mechanical cardiac-assist device was inserted. Rapid and marked improvement in the hemodynamic status was noted in the following days. The Impella CP^® was withdrawn after five days and the patient was discharged two weeks later. Despite limited data, mechanical cardiac assistance is recommended in cardiogenic shock. Several devices are currently available; the choice of the system is based on the clinical presentation and the experience of each center. The Impella CP^® is a microaxial pump which is inserted percutaneously and delivers up to 3.5 L/min of continuous flow. In cardiogenic shock due to STEMI, this device allows temporary support while awaiting left ventricular recovery after primary PCI.     

Le syndrome coronaire aigu avec sus-décalage du segment ST chez la femme

In France, coronary disease is responsible for 11.9 deaths/100,000 women aged 35 to 74 years old every year. In France, the number of hospitalizations and deaths for myocardial infarction (MI) increases more significantly in women, particularly under 65. To date, women with MI were 5–10 years older than men, with more risk factors and comorbidities, especially regarding diabetes, high blood pressure and lipid profile. However, a recent comparative study of the FAST-MI registry notes a change in the characteristics of these patients with more and more young women, active smoking and obesity. Their symptoms include more often atypics ones. They also have the particularity of a higher frequency of MI without obstructive lesion. Though, even at the same age, women have a worse prognosis with significantly higher mortality rate, especially early, in-hospital, than those of men. However, there are means to implement in order to reduce complications rate and improve the prognosis through information campaign and primary prevention screening and appropriate care and correction of risk factors. It is also important to raise awareness of general population and care actors about women MI risk even young, about its atypical forms and the necessity of to rapid and aggressive care processes. A better understanding of specific pathophysiological mechanisms appears mandatory and should be supported by prospective dedicated studies.     

Thrombose coronaire très tardive par fracture du stent actif. Cas clinique et revue de la littérature

The superiority of drug-eluting stents in reducing the risk of in-stent restenosis compared to bare-metal stents is no longer challenged. Nevertheless, the drug-eluting stents may carry long-term risk of late and very late stent thrombosis. The promoting factors of this complication are usually divided into three chapters depending on the patient, the procedure and the stent. Indeed, the literature has reported several parameters related to the stent itself, such as its length, the malapposition, its diameter, but also more rarely the occurrence of stent fracture. We present the case of a patient admitted for myocardial infarction after a very late thrombosis of Cypher drug-eluting stent four years after its implantation and related to stent fracture.     

Un infarctus du myocarde compliqué d’une rupture du pilier antérieur de la valve mitrale au cours d’une corticothérapie prolongée

The authors report anterolateral papillary muscle rupture, occurring in a 67-year-old patient admitted for acute coronary syndrome. Mitral regurgitation, a rare but dramatic complication of myocardial infarction, is most often a consequence of posterior papillary muscle rupture. The ‘protection’ of the anterior papillary muscle is associated with vascularization via a dual coronary artery supply. Possible myocardial weakening associated with long-term corticotherapy is otherwise discussed in this observation.