Pediatric anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

An increasing number of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are seen in children now than in the past due to increased sports participation. The natural history of ACL deficient knees in active individuals, particularly in children is poor. Surgical management of ACL deficiency in children is complex due to the potential risk of injury to the physis and growth disturbance. Delaying ACL reconstruction until maturity is possible but risks instability episodes and intra-articular damage. Surgical options include physeal-sparing, partial transphyseal and complete transphyseal procedures. This article reviews the management of ACL injured skeletally immature patients including the functional outcome and complications of contemporary surgical techniques.     

Pathogenesis of anterior cruciate ligament injury

Pathology, part of the basic science of medicine and nursing, is an understanding of how cellular mechanisms and organ systems function conjointly in the physical body. An awareness of the biomechanics and pathophysiology related to a particular mechanism of injury (MOI) provides a more appreciative sense of how tissues become damaged. Cognizance of the variables and risk factors involved in MOI specific to anatomic structures not only helps the Health Care Provider (HCP) decide which treatment options are necessary, but knowing risk factors helps in preventive tactics, counseling an athlete for optimal training, and rehabilitation of the injured athlete. This article discusses the pathophysiology related to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, one of the most common and costly ligamentous knee injuries. The differentiation between contact versus noncontact mechanisms and risk factors plaguing women athletes will be listed.     

关节镜下前交叉韧带重建材料及其重建的理论研究与临床应用

背景:前交叉韧带是膝关节内的核心结构,近年来前交叉韧带损伤的发生率逐渐增高.目的:就前交叉韧带的损伤机制、手术方法、移植物选择、等长重建、重建韧带翻修等问题进行综述,为临床治疗前交叉韧带损伤提供一定的参考.方法:应用计算机检索Medline数据库(1996-01/2009-03),以Anterior cruciate ligament.implant、reconstruction、repair为检索词;应用计算机检索重庆维普数据库(1996-01/2009-03)、清华同方数据库(1996-01/2009-03),以前交叉韧带、移植物、重建、修补为检索词.结果与结论:共收集200篇关于关节镜下前交叉韧带重建的文献,排除发表时间较早、重复及类似研究,纳入18篇符合标准的文献.前交叉韧带是稳定膝关节的重要结构,运动及日常生活中多种因素可导致其损伤,治疗不当将严重影响运动能力或丧失运动能力.为恢复膝关节结构和功能,对损伤的前交叉韧带需要进行重建已成为共识.随着技术的不断进步和手术器械的研制创新,关节镜下重建术已成为当今治疗前交叉韧带损伤的主流方法.尽管治疗前交叉韧带损伤的手术方法很多,但还没有哪一种能完全复制前交叉韧带的解剖关系,手术是否能减少前交叉韧带伤后的继发损害目前还没有定论.对手术方式、移植物的选择、术后康复以及其他辅助治疗等方面仍有大量工作需要完善.     

前交叉韧带重建后的感染

背景：前交叉韧带重建后感染的发生率比较低,但这种感染会导致灾难性的结果,目前对这种感染的诊断和治疗还没有取得一致的意见。目的：探讨导致前交叉韧带重建术后感染的原因、如何早期诊断,并探讨合适的治疗方案,以尽量保护膝关节的功能。方法：以＂anterior cruciate ligament,reconstruction,infection＂为检索词,检索Pubmed数据库（2007至2012年）;以＂前交叉韧带,重建,感染＂为检索词,检索万方数据库（2007至2012年）。以与前交叉韧带重建后感染的相关文献为评价指标,纳入与前交叉韧带重建后感染相关的内容,排除重复研究。结果与结论：细菌污染手术工具或者韧带移植物是导致前交叉韧带重建后感染的最常见原因,移植物固定的方式和重建后感染之间可能有一定的关系。典型的前交叉韧带重建术后感染的症状和普通的化脓性关节炎的症状类似,但有的前交叉韧带重建后感染的病例并没有感染的典型表现。前交叉韧带重建后感染的诊断需要依靠临床症状、实验室检查（C-反应蛋白和血沉）、膝关节穿刺等方法。大多数外科医师选择静脉使用敏感的抗生素、膝关节灌洗并保留移植物作为自体移植物重建前交叉韧带后感染的首选治疗方法。当感染难以控制或者移植物看起来确实有感染迹象时应该考虑取出移植物。     

Pediatric anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction outcomes

Treatment of pediatric anterior cruciate injuries have become an area of controversy sparking much debate about best management strategies. Delaying surgery until skeletal maturity has often been shown to result in unfavorable outcomes due to concomitant meniscal and chondral injuries in this population. There have been numerous techniques used to reconstruct the ACL in the skeletally immature patient; however, most studies are limited by small patient numbers and other methodological concerns. With recent publications reporting failure rates as high as 15–25 % and growth disturbances being uncommon but now reported within almost every technical category, patient and caregiver education become of paramount importance. Key principles will be outlined that may help to avoid some of the pitfalls that occur when dealing with this unique population.     

Approaching the ruptured anterior cruciate ligament

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) disruptions are common injuries that currently hold a fearsome reputation among athletes of all abilities and disciplines. Indeed, if the diagnosis is missed at first presentation, it is difficult to attribute ongoing instability and recurrent injury to an ACL tear. Classically, patients then often improve shortly before repeatedly reinjuring their knee. At some point, the knee may lock, necessitating an arthroscopic meniscectomy. Tragically, this then hastens the progression of joint arthrosis and the decline of the joint function. While the burden of responsibility does not lie solely with the junior doctor or the general practitioner, it is often at the first consultation that the natural history of this devastating injury is decided. The ability to recognise, institute early management and reassure patients with ACL tears about the future is an invaluable asset to the non-specialist junior doctor. Once diagnosed, the responsibility of advising and further counselling of patients with ACL injuries is best left to the orthopaedic knee specialist. Family practitioners and emergency room doctors should not feel pressured to offer advice on specialist areas such as return to sports without reconstruction or indeed the need for reconstruction. Indeed, decisions to return to sports with ACL-deficient knees have all too often led to disastrous reinjury events to the articular cartilage and/or the menisci.     

关节镜下前交叉韧带重建保留残端的临床效果分析

目的 对比在镜下重建前交叉韧带是否保留残端的两种方法,分析术后膝关节功能及本体感觉恢复的临床效果。方法 将即将手术的50例前交叉韧带重建手术的患者随机分成观察组（n =25）和对照组（n =25）。观察组在进行前交叉韧带重建中采用保留残端在鞘内重建;对照组在进行前交叉韧带重建中清除残端。均选择自体腘绳肌腱作为移植物。术前、术后及定期随访患者进行膝关节功能（Lysholm、IKDC）的评估、膝关节的（Lachman试验、轴移试验、KT-2000测量）客观稳定性的评价及本体感觉功能的测定。结果 患者随访12~24个月,平均18个月。术后3、6、9和12个月及末次随访：Lysholm评分对比两组比较差异有显著性（P <0.05）;IKDC评分对比两组比较差异有显著性（P <0.05）;两组比较测量侧-侧（患侧及健侧KT-2000）的差值<3 mm,差异有显著性（P <0.05）;本体感觉的角度重复试验差异有显著性（P <0.05）。术后两组Lachman试验、轴移试验对比差异无显著性（P >0.05）。结论 在镜下重建前交叉韧带保留残端术后膝关节的功能、稳定性及本体感觉恢复好,可以获得满意的临床效果。     

Biomechanical comparison of anterior cruciate ligament repair with internal brace augmentation versus anterior cruciate ligament repair without augmentation

BackgroundNewer repair techniques of anterior cruciate ligament tears, including augmentation with internal brace, have shown promising clinical results. Few biomechanical studies exist comparing anterior cruciate ligament repair only versus repair with internal brace. The purpose of this study was to compare the load to failure and stiffness of anterior cruciate ligament repair with internal brace augmentation versus repair-only.MethodsProximal femoral avulsion type anterior cruciate ligament injuries were created in 20 cadaver knees. Anterior cruciate ligament repair-only or repair with internal brace was performed using arthroscopic tools. Load to failure and failure modes were collected, with calculations of stiffness and energy to failure performed.FindingsThe average load to failure for the internal brace group was higher than the repair-only group: 693 N (SD 248) versus 279 N (SD 91), P = .002. The stiffness and energy to failure values were higher for the internal brace group than the repair-only group: 83 N/mm versus 58 N/mm, P = .02 and 16.88 J (SD 12.44) versus 6.91 J (SD 2.49), P = .04, respectively. Failure modes differed between groups (P = .00097) with 80% failure in the repair-only due to suture pull through the anterior cruciate ligament and 90% failure in the internal brace group due to suture button pull through the femur.InterpretationThere was higher load to failure, stiffness, and energy to failure for the internal brace group compared to the repair-only group, and a high positive correlation between bone density and load to failure for the internal brace group.Clinical significanceAnterior cruciate ligament repair with internal brace augmentation demonstrates significantly higher load to failure. It may be a useful adjunct to protect the anterior cruciate ligament repair from failure during the early stages of healing.     

前交叉韧带损伤的功能重建

目的：前交叉韧带损伤是一种常见的膝关节运动创伤。前交叉韧带形态学特点、损伤机制、手术重建、损伤康复的运动疗法以及运动疗法的基本程序等方面对损伤修复和功能重建有直接的关系。资料来源：应用计算机检索NCBI Entrez Pubmed和CNKI 1974-02／2004-07间关于前交叉韧带相关文献，检索词：前交叉韧带损伤（injures of anterior crueiate ligament）。资料选择：对资料进行初审，纳入标准：①有关前交叉韧带的手术重建的时机、材料和方法等。②有关前交叉韧带损伤康复的运动疗法。排除标准：文献中有重复研究、综述、Meta分析类文章。未排除文章中资料是否应用了随机、对照和盲法。资料提炼：共收集57篇相关文献，36篇符合纳入标准，排除21篇文献，其中10篇系重复研究，5篇为综述，6篇为前交叉韧带损伤的检查方法。资料综合：28篇文献中，7篇文献讨论前交叉韧带的形态特点，6篇实验性文章分析前交叉韧带的损伤机制，9篇通过临床或动物实验，研究不同手术重建的时机、材料和方法等治疗前交叉韧带损伤，6篇文献报道前交叉韧带损伤后的运动治疗方法。结论：为实现前交叉韧带的功能重建，不同方法各有优缺点，关键是掌握好不同的适应症，提高治疗和康复效果，恢复患者膝关节功能。     

组织工程学前交叉韧带人工韧带的特征

目的:总结并分析当前组织工程学前交叉韧带的相关特征,探讨其研究方向,以期进一步在该领域得以发展。资料来源:应用计算机检索Medline和Elsevier1993-01/2006-12相关组织工程学前交叉韧带的文章。检索词“tissue engineering,ACL,scaffold”,并限定文章的语言种类为English。同时利用计算机检索中国期刊全文数据库1994-01/2006-12相关组织工程学前交叉韧带的文章,检索词“组织工程学,前交叉韧带,支架材料”,限定文章语言种类为中文。资料选择:对资料进行初审,选取包括组织工程前交叉韧带人工韧带方面的文献,开始查找全文。纳入标准:相关的论著和综述。排除标准:重复性和较陈旧的文章。资料提炼:共检索到125篇关于组织工程学前交叉韧带人工韧带方面的文献,最终纳入32篇符合标准的文献。资料综合:组织工程学前交叉韧带人工韧带是目前研究的热点方向,人们在支架材料的选择和构建的具体方法,种子细胞的分离和培养方法,细胞因子和表面修饰的应用等方面做了大量的研究,目前在生物力学上和体外实验上都获得了比较好的效果,但是仍然存在相当多的疑问,主要问题包括具体种子细胞的选择,支架材料的组织相容性和力学性质的统一,细胞和支架材料界面生物相容性的不确定性,因此仍然处于一个初步探索的阶段,离临床应用阶段还有一定距离。结论:组织工程学前交叉韧带人工韧带具有良好的应用前景,但在实际运用中,必须将种子的分离培养,支架材料的选择和构建,以及辅以细胞因子和表面修饰这三者有机的融合起来,才能达到良好的效果。     

前交叉韧带损伤的功能重建

目的:前交叉韧带损伤是一种常见的膝关节运动创伤。前交叉韧带形态学特点、损伤机制、手术重建、损伤康复的运动疗法以及运动疗法的基本程序等方面对损伤修复和功能重建有直接的关系。资料来源:应用计算机检索NCBIEntrezPubmed和CNKI1974-022004-07间关于前交叉韧带相关文献,检索词:前交叉韧带损伤(injureofanteriorcruciateligament)。资料选择:对资料进行初审,纳入标准:①有关前交叉韧带的手术重建的时机、材料和方法等。②有关前交叉韧带损伤康复的运动疗法。排除标准:文献中有重复研究、综述、Meta分析类文章。未排除文章中资料是否应用了随机、对照和盲法。资料提炼:共收集57篇相关文献,36篇符合纳入标准,排除21篇文献,其中10篇系重复研究,5篇为综述,6篇为前交叉韧带损伤的检查方法。资料综合:28篇文献中,7篇文献讨论前交叉韧带的形态特点,6篇实验性文章分析前交叉韧带的损伤机制,9篇通过临床或动物实验,研究不同手术重建的时机、材料和方法等治疗前交叉韧带损伤,6篇文献报道前交叉韧带损伤后的运动治疗方法。结论:为实现前交叉韧带的功能重建,不同方法各有优缺点,关键是掌握好不同的适应症,提高治疗和康复效果,恢复患者膝关节功能。     

膝关节前交叉韧带的MRI三维成像研究

目的 探讨MRI三维成像技术(M3D/cube T2WI)在膝关节前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)正常显示和损伤诊断的价值.方法 选取30例正常自愿者(对照组)及11例ACL损伤病例(损伤组),在GE 1.5 T磁共振分别行MRI常规膝关节矢状面T1WI、FSE压脂T2WI(f...     

膝关节前交叉韧带撕裂的MRI诊断

膝关节交叉韧带对保持关节的稳定性和关节的正常活动起着重要的作用，前交叉韧带（ACL）是膝关节损伤中最容易发生损伤的韧带之一。MRI由于具有较高的软组织对比，已成为诊断ACL损伤的重要手段。ACL撕裂的MRI表现包括直接征象和间接征象，MRI诊断ACL损伤主要依靠直接征象进行判断。本研究对46例经手术或关节镜证实的ACL撕裂病例的MRI征象进行分析，并与正常ACL进行对照，明确各个征象对ACL撕裂的诊断价值。     

本体感觉训练在膝前交叉韧带重建术后康复中的应用

目的探讨本体感觉训练在前交叉韧带重建术后康复中的作用。方法将前交叉韧带重建术后患者42例按病区分为本体感觉促进组(26例)和对照组(16例),对照组应用一般康复训练方法,本体感觉促进组应用一般康复训练方法和本体感觉强化训练。术后6个月进行患者位置觉测定、膝关节功能评分及关节稳定性检查。结果在被动角度重现测试中,本体感觉促进组患侧膝的总平均偏差为(4.10±1.38)°,健侧膝的总平均偏差为(3.76±1.93)°,两侧膝比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。对照组患侧膝的总平均偏差为(4.85±1.55)°,健侧膝的总平均偏差为(3.56±1.72)°,患侧膝的总平均偏差显著大于健侧(P<0.01)。本体感觉促进组的Lysholm评分显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。2组患侧膝Lanchman和Pivotshift检查均为阴性。结论前交叉韧带重建术后应用强化本体感觉训练能促进下肢功能的恢复。     

Graft healing in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Objective

To determine the relationship between lower extremity alignment and MTSS amongst non-professional athletes

Design

In a prospective Study, sixty six subjects were evaluated. Bilateral navicular drop test, Q angle, Achilles angle, tibial angle, intermalleolar and intercondylar distance were measured. In addition, runner's height, body mass, history of previous running injury, running experience was recorded. Runners were followed for 17 weeks to determine occurrence of MTSS.

Results

The overall injury rate for MTSS was 19.7%. The MTSS injury rate in girls (22%) was not significantly different from the rate in boys (14.3%). Most MTSS injuries were induced after 60 hours of exercise, which did not differ between boys and girls. There was a significant difference in right and left navicular drop (ND) in athletes with MTSS. MTSS had no significant correlation with other variables including Quadriceps, Tibia and Achilles angles, intercondylar and intermaleolar lengths and lower extremity lengths.

Limitation

All measurements performed in this study were uniplanar and static. The small sample size deemed our main limitation. The accurate assessment of participants with previous history of anterior leg pain for MTSS was another limitation.

Conclusion

Although a significant relationship between navicular drop and MTSS was found in this study; there was not any significant relationship between lower extremity alignment and MTSS in our sample study.     

Gait retraining after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effects of 2 gait retraining protocols on the gait patterns of patients with bone-patellar tendon-bone anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. DESIGN: Randomized control, repeated-measures design. SETTING: Private orthopedic center and research facility. PARTICIPANTS: Sixteen patients with bone-patellar tendon-bone ACL reconstruction, randomly subdivided into 2 groups (group 1, n=8; group 2, n=8), and a healthy control group of 8 subjects. INTERVENTION: The 16 subjects with ACL reconstruction were randomly assigned to 2 different gait retraining protocols over a 6-week training interval: (1). a protocol using a predicted stride frequency calculated from the resonant frequency of a force-driven harmonic oscillator (FDHO) model or (2). a protocol using the preferred stride frequency (PSF). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Gait analyses examining the lower-extremity kinematic, kinetic, and energetic gait patterns of each group. RESULTS: Gait retraining with the FDHO model showed improvements in lower-extremity positions, hip and knee extensor angular impulse, and work parameters. Gait retraining with the PSF demonstrated no statistical improvements. The FDHO training protocol facilitated a greater midstance knee range of motion (ROM) and greater rates of improvement for midstance ROM, hip extensor angular impulse, and concentric hip extensor work. CONCLUSIONS: Gait retraining with the resonant frequency of an FDHO model facilitated a greater recovery of gait function compared with training with the PSF.     

Anatomical single bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

We present a review of the literature looking at the anatomy of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament, the biomechanical aspects of ACL reconstruction, review the outcomes of single and double bundle ACL reconstruction and present the current techniques for anatomic single bundle reconstruction.     

Mechanical properties of the human anterior cruciate ligament

The aim was to measure the stiffness and strength of the femur-anterior cruciate ligament-tibia complex tested in a physiological manner with a force exerted anteriorly on the tibia, at knee joint flexion angles of 0 degrees, 10 degrees and 30 degrees and at speeds of 50 and 500 mm/min. Ligaments were preconditioned by cycling five times, with data from the fifth cycle used to determine the stiffness of the ligament in a low-load range. The ligaments were then tested to failure with the knee at 30 degrees flexion. The specimens were divided into two groups, middle-aged (40-60) and old (>60). For each group no statistical difference was observed between stiffness of the ligament at different joint flexion angles or speeds. Seven of the 21 specimens in the older age group failed by avulsion at the bone-ligament interface. All the other specimens failed by tears in the substance of the ligament. Ultimate failure load was found to have a significant correlation with bodyweight. It was 1.6 and 1.3 times bodyweight for the middle-aged and older age groups respectively. This study has highlighted the importance of identifying different modes of failure, of making corrections for bodyweight and testing in a physiological manner. The results allow a better understanding of the mechanical behaviour of the anterior cruciate ligament and provide design data for anterior cruciate ligament grafts and prostheses. RELEVANCE:--Our clinical experience indicates that the anterior cruciate ligament is frequently ruptured during uncoordinated contraction of the quadriceps mechanism. The results of this study, in which the mechanical properties of the anterior cruciate ligament have been measured with force exerted anteriorly on the tibia, allow a more complete understanding of the mechanical behaviour of the anterior cruciate ligament and provide design data for anterior cruciate ligament grafts and prostheses.     

前交叉韧带重建与移植物的选择

背景:前交叉韧带重建移植物的选择以及重建后移植物的组织学转归一直是前交叉韧带修复与重建领域的一个重要的研究课题.目的:就前交叉韧带的结构,移植物的选择问题进行综述.方法:以Anterior cruciate ligament、implant、reconstruction为检索词,检索Medline数据库1980-01/2010-01相关文献.纳入标准:①前交叉韧带损伤重建手术相关文献.②前交叉韧带移植物选择相关文献.排除标准:①较陈旧的文献.②重复研究.共收集250篇关于关节镜下前交叉韧带重建的文献,排除发表时间较早、重复及类似研究,纳入33篇符合标准的文献.结果与结论:目前,前交叉韧带断裂主要治疗方法为关节镜和关节镜辅助下前交叉韧带重建术.前交叉韧带重建术临床应用的移植物很多,包括自体移植物、同种异体移植物、异种异体移植物、生物材料、人工材料和组织工程学移植物.应用自体半腱肌腱和股薄肌腱或者应用自体骨-髌腱(中1/3)-骨(BPTB)重建前交叉韧带的方法是国内外重建前交叉韧带的主要方法.