自制胶原膜在兔眼小梁切除术中的应用价值

目的探讨自制胶原膜在兔眼小梁切除术中应用防止巩膜瓣下滤道瘢痕的效果及不良反应。方法采用胃蛋白酶限制性降解法从牛跟腱中提取、制备胶原膜。12只家兔行双眼小梁切除术,左眼(实验组)巩膜瓣下均植入自制胶原膜,右眼(对照组)不植入自制胶原膜。比较2组术后第50天及实验组术前与术后第50天角膜内皮细胞平均密度、平均细胞面积、六角形细胞百分比;应用裂隙灯检查术后第2、5、7天角膜水肿、前房闪辉等情况;2组术后第50天取巩膜瓣下滤道处组织行HE染色,观察组织病理改变。结果实验组术前角膜内皮细胞平均密度[(2 622.93±185.08)个/mm~2]、平均细胞面积[(395.14±27.47)μm~2]、六角形细胞百分比[(45.66±3.36)%]与术后第50天[(2 560.79±145.28)个/mm~2、(389.15±16.52)μm~2、(45.26±4.19)%]比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。2组术后第50天角膜内皮细胞平均密度、平均细胞面积、六角形细胞百分比比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。2组术后第2、5、7天裂隙灯检查角膜水肿程度、前房闪辉等相一致。组织病理结果显示,实验组巩膜瓣下滤道开放,无成纤维细胞增生;对照组巩膜瓣下滤道堵塞,大量成纤维细胞增生。结论自制胶原膜可有效防止小梁切除术后巩膜瓣下滤道堵塞,且对角膜内皮无毒性作用。     

巩膜瓣制作对小梁切除术后患者早期滤过功能影响的随访与护理

目的探讨小梁切除术中改良巩膜瓣的制作方法,观察术后巩膜瓣的大小及缝合与房水滤过量和滤过泡形成的关系及护理方法。方法对11例(20只眼)不同类型的青光眼行小梁切除,术中制作4 mm×6 mm巩膜瓣,巩膜瓣的后缘与巩膜床间作三针跨度为4 mm的闭合式缝合,并形成前房,观察术后早期房水滤过量和滤过泡的形成。术后进行随访,做好相关护理。结果术后随访半年,术后末次随访平均眼压1.14±0.33 kPa,与术前平均眼压3.31±2.04 kPa比较,差异有显著意义(t=4.889,P=0.0001)。滤过泡:7 d内Ⅰ型15只眼,7 d后~半年Ⅰ型13只眼。术后均无前房形成迟缓。结论小梁切除术中大巩膜瓣的制作及闭合式缝线技术的应用可使术后早期前房自然恢复快,功能性滤过泡形成早,眼压控制效果明显。     

小梁切除联合巩膜瓣下羊膜植入治疗青光眼的疗效

目的探讨小梁切除联合巩膜瓣下羊膜植入治疗青光眼的临床疗效。方法对完成随访观察的76例（89眼）青光眼患者施行小梁切除联合巩膜瓣下羊膜植入。结果术后随访6~24月,92%的患者眼压得到良好控制,功能性滤过泡形成率为92%,无明显严重并发症发生;1例新生血管性青光眼分别于术后2月眼压复升,手术失败。结论小梁切除联合巩膜瓣下羊膜植入手术,功能性滤过泡形成良好,眼压控制满意,可作为治疗青光眼一种新的、有效的尝试术式。     

小梁切除术联合丝裂霉素C及可调整缝线在青光眼术中的应用

目的:探讨小梁切除术联合丝裂霉素C巩膜瓣可调整缝线在青光眼术中的应用及术后效果.方法:采用小梁切除术联合丝裂霉素C巩膜瓣可调整缝线治疗56例(62眼)青光眼患者.术中应用丝裂霉素C及可调整缝线1～2条.结果:术后眼压控制良好,Ⅰ、Ⅱ度浅前房发生率低,滤过泡形成良好.术后并发症明显减少.结论:小梁切除术联合丝裂霉素C及可调整缝线能有效降低眼压.控制术后滤过水平,减少术后并发症,提高成功率.     

羊膜在青光眼小梁切除术中的应用

目的:研究冷藏羊膜在青光眼滤过术中的抗增生作用.方法:48例(48眼)青光眼患者分为移植组和对照组各24眼,均施行小梁切除术,移植组术中在巩膜瓣下植入羊膜移植片,而对照组术中未行羊膜移植,两组术后随访观察1年.结果:移植组和对照组的功能性滤过泡的生成率分别为88%和67%(P＜0.05),术后平均眼压分别为(2.0±0.7)kPa和(2.7±1.0)kPa(P＜0.05),手术成功率分别为88%、67%(P＜0.05),而两组并发症差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:羊膜移植可减少滤过道瘢痕的形成,显著提高青光眼滤过术的成功率.     

丝裂霉素联合巩膜瓣调节缝线在婴幼儿青光眼滤过术中的应用

目的研究丝裂霉素联合巩膜瓣调节缝线在婴幼儿青光眼滤过术中的应用。方法观察16例26眼婴幼儿青光眼采用小梁切除术联合丝裂霉素和巩膜瓣可调节缝线的治疗效果，分析术后并发症。结果26眼婴幼儿青光眼术后一周眼压控制率为96．15％，术后半年眼压控制率为88．46％，术后3年眼压控制率为76．92％。术后并发症包括：术后浅前房、术后滤过泡漏、术后低眼压、术后滤过泡纤维化等。结论尽管小梁切除术联合丝裂霉素和巩膜瓣可调节缝线在婴幼儿青光眼的治疗中仍然存在一些并发症，但不失为一种行之有效的治疗手段。     

小梁切除术联合羊膜移植治疗难治性青光眼20例分析

目的：探讨小梁切除术中应用羊膜移植治疗难治性青光眼的临床疗效。方法：将临床收治的20例（20眼）难治性青光眼患者施行小梁切除术联合巩膜瓣下生物羊膜植入术,术后观察其视力、前房、滤过泡和眼压等情况。结果：术后眼压明显降低,视力稳定或提高,功能性滤过泡形成良好,并发症仅为早期浅前房和低眼压。结论：羊膜移植应用于难治性青光眼小梁切除术可有效地防止滤过泡的瘢痕组织形成,并发症少,是治疗难治性青光眼安全、有效的手术方法。     

胶原蛋白基质在非穿透性小梁切除术中的应用

目的:评估非穿透性小梁切除术中植入胶原蛋白基质对降低眼压的有效性及安全性.方法:对21例(30眼)青光眼患者行非穿透性小梁切除术,术中将视原胶原蛋白基质植于巩膜瓣上(研究组).以20例(24眼)作为对照组.术后在180 d内定期检查眼压、视力、滤过泡及不良反应.结果:术后3个月、6个月研究组的眼压较对照组明显降低,术后的功能性滤过泡为93.4%,与对照组均有显著差异(P<0.05);手术的完全成功率为93.4%,两组的术后并发症无显著差异.结论:视原胶原蛋白基质植入物可为眼内纤维母细胞提供了良好的生长环境,引导纤维母细胞离散的依附在基质的孔洞上生长,从而抑制组织瘢痕化,提高手术成功率.     

羊膜移植应用于青光眼手术的临床及护理研究

目的研究分析羊膜移植应用于青光眼手术的临床效果及护理经验。方法对32例(32眼)原发急性闭角型青光眼,随机分成16例(16眼)治疗组,行小梁切除联合巩膜瓣下羊膜移植术,并设16例(16眼)对照组,行小梁切除术。并介绍人羊膜的制作和保存等护理方法。结果术后治疗组功能性滤过泡的形成及眼压控制率均高于对照组,P<0.05,差异有显著性。结论将无菌处理、无传染病、低温保存的羊膜应用于小梁切除术,可有效防止滤过泡的瘢痕组织形成,进一步提高青光眼手术成功率。     

小梁切除术后结膜下注射结缔组织生长因子抗体对兔眼滤过泡形态的影响

目的:探讨结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)抗体对兔青光眼小梁切除术后滤过泡增殖的抑制作用。方法:家兔双眼制作小梁切除术模型,随机选取家兔一眼作为抗体组,分别于手术完成当时和术后第5天予以结膜下注射CTGF抗体。另一眼作为对照组在相同时间点予以结膜下注射PBS。术后1、3、5、7、10、14d分别观察滤过泡形态。结果:术后1、3、5d两组滤过泡均弥散隆起。术后7、10和14d对照组滤过泡逐渐扁平、局限、瘢痕形成,而抗体组滤过泡维持较好、瘢痕形成时间较晚。结论:CTGF抗体结膜下注射可抑制兔眼小梁切除术后滤过泡纤维化,CTGF抗体可能成为一种提高滤过手术成功率的新药物。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.