门腔静脉侧侧分流加肝动脉强化灌注对肝硬变肝脏影响的实验研究

目的门腔分流术严重影响肝脏血循环，为改善术后肝供血，设计并进行了门腔分流加肝动脉强化灌注术的实验研究。方法４８只Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠被随机均分为：正常对照组（Ⅰ组），肝硬变对照组（Ⅱ组），肝硬变分流组（Ⅲ组），肝硬变分流加肝动脉强化灌注组（Ⅳ组）；行肝功能检查，肝活检及核素动态肝胆显像。结果Ⅳ组较Ⅲ组肝功能明显改善（Ｐ＜００５）。核素显像：高峰时间提前（Ｐ＜００５）；排泄率增高（Ｐ＜００１）。光镜：肝纤维结缔组织增生减轻（Ｐ＜００５）。电镜：肝纤维化程度减轻。结论该术式通过强化肝动脉灌注增加肝血供，相对增加肝营养因子的供给，对肝功能有一定维护作用，减轻术后肝纤维化程度；一定程度上克服了门腔分流术和断流术的不足，有望成为治疗门静脉高压症的新的实用术式。     

门腔静脉侧仙分流加肝动脉强化灌注对肝硬变肝脏影响的实验研究

目的 门腔分流术严重影响肝脏血循环,为改善术后肝供血,设计并进行了门腔分流加肝动脉强化灌注术的实验研究。方法 ４８只Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠被随机均分为：正常对照组（Ⅰ组）,肝硬变对照组（Ⅱ组）,肝硬变分流组（Ⅲ组）,肝硬变分流加肝动脉强化灌注组（Ⅳ组）;行肝功能检查,肝活检及核素动态肝胆显像。结果 Ⅳ组较Ⅲ组肝功能明显改善（Ｐ〈０．０５）。核素显像：高峰时间提前（Ｐ〈０．０５）;排泄率增高（Ｐ〈０．０１     

附加限制环的限制性门腔静脉侧侧分流术

介绍附加限制环的限制性门腔静脉侧侧分流术的手术方式，报告了对１１０例接受该手术病人的随访结果。该手术方式临床效果满意，特别是术后脑病的发生率明显低于以往报道，其原因可能是由于该手术中放置的限制环，真正起到了持久限制分流的作用。附加限制环的限制性门腔静脉侧侧分流术是我科治疗门静脉高压症的首选手术方式。     

附加限制环的门腔静脉侧侧分流术

附加限制环的限制性门腔静脉侧侧分流术的目的是在降低门静脉压力的同时保持一定的门静脉向肝血流量。作者自１９８８年１２月至１９９４年１２月间，共为１５４例患者进行了该手术。其中：ＣｈｉｌｄＡ级９１例，ＣｈｉｌｄＢ级４１例，ＣｈｉｌｄＣ级１８例。在平均３．２年的随访期间内，住院死亡率为１．３％，总的死亡率为２．６％，再出血率为１．９％，术后肝性脑病、脊髓病发生率为４．１％，术后２、３、４、５、６年生存率分别为９８．３％、９６．６％、９３．７％、８９．２％、８３．３％。该手术方式临床效果满意，特别是术后脑病的发生率明显低于以往报道。其原因可能是由于该手术中放置的限制环，真正起到了持久限制分流的作用。附加限制环的限制性门腔静脉侧侧分流术是我科治疗门静脉高压症的首选手术方式。     

门腔静脉架桥分充术与侧侧分流术疗效比较

门腔静脉侧侧分流术治疗门静脉高压闰胃底食道曲张静脉破裂出血，虽能有效降低门静脉压力，再出血率低，但因分流量大，术后脑病和肝功能衰竭的发病率高。限制性门腔分流术后大多数吻合口仍然会随着时间的推移而扩大，部分还可能因吻全口张力较大而最终发生狭窄或形成血栓。本文报告使用带外支撑环的８ｍｍ口径Ｇｏｒｅ－Ｔｅｘ人工血管行门腔静脉架桥分流术治疗门静脉高压症病人２５例，并与同期门静脉侧侧分流组１４例比较。结果显     

门腔静脉架桥分流术与侧侧分流术疗效比较

门腔静脉侧侧分流术治疗门静脉高压症胃底食道曲张静脉破裂出血，虽能有效降低门静脉压力，再出血率低，但因分流量大，术后脑病和肝功能衰竭的发病率高。限制性门腔分流术后大多数吻合口仍然会随着时间的推移而扩大，部分还可能因吻合口张力较大而最终发生狭窄或形成血栓。本文报告使用带外支撑环的８ｍｍ口径Ｇｏｒｅ－Ｔｅｘ人工血管行门腔静脉架桥分流术治疗门静脉高压症病人２５例，并与同期门静脉侧侧分流组１４例比较。结果显示门腔侧侧分流组门静脉压力下降数值稍大于架桥分流组，但两组比较没有统计学意义（１．０４±０．４４ｋＰａ和０．８７±０．２６ｋＰａ，Ｐ＞０．０５）。两组术后再出血率及手术死亡率差异无显著性意义，但门腔静脉人工血管架桥分流术后脑病发生率显著低于门腔侧侧分流术组（８．０％和３５．７％，Ｐ＜０．０５），术后经下腔静脉行门静脉造影证明人工血管通畅率为９６％。初步结果表明门腔静脉人工血管架桥分流术对病人创伤较小，操作简便，术后脑病发生率低，是一种值得推荐的治疗门静脉高压症的手术方法。     

不断发展和改良的门腔静脉侧侧分流术——努力降低术后脑病的发生率,维持和保护肝脏功能

限制性门腔静脉侧侧分流术是在门腔静脉侧侧分流术的基础上 ,通过对吻合口径的限制 ,在有效地降低门静脉压力的同时 ,保持一定的门静脉向肝血流量 ,维持一定的肠系膜静脉压力 ,以便在达到迅速、有效、持久地控制出血目的的同时 ,尽可能减轻对肝细胞功能的损害 ,减少术后肝性脑病的发生〔1,2〕。临床实践表明 ,限制性门腔静脉侧侧分流术与以往不加限制的门体分流手术相比术后肝性脑病的发生率明显降低 ,特别是近年来通过对该手术后肝性脑病发生机制的研究 ,认识到其发生部分与术后门、腔静脉吻合口的扩大有关 ,并在此基础上对该术式进行了改…     

改良的限制性门腔静脉侧侧分流术

目的: 探讨防止限制性门腔静脉侧侧分流术后吻合口扩大的方法. 方法: 对16例肝硬化门脉高压症病人行限制性门腔静脉分流术时,采用不吸收线连续缝合吻合口形成自然的限制环. 结果: 所有病例随访6~39个月,随访率达100%.术后未有再出血和肝性脑病的发生,经彩超检查发现术后吻合口无扩大,术后肝功能均有不同程度的改善(P<0.001). 结论: 改良的限制性门腔静脉侧侧分流术是治疗肝硬化门脉高压症的有效方法.     

不同手术方式对门体分流率和肝功能影响的实验研究

目的 通过动物实验检测肠腔侧侧分流术(MCS)、远端脾腔分流术(DSCS)及门奇断流术(PAD)对门体分流率和肝功能的影响，为合理选择手术方式提供理论依据。方法 采用CCI4／乙醇诱导的肝硬变门脉高压大鼠模型行肠腔侧侧分流术(MCS)、远端脾腔分流术(DSCS)及门奇断流术(PAD)。观察术前及术后1、2、3周时的自由门脉压力(FPP)、门体分流率(PSS)和肝脏功能的变化。结果 MCS组术后FPP明显下降，PSS显著升高，肝脏功能进一步恶化，至术后3周仍未恢复；DSCS组和PAD组术后FPP及PSS变化较小；DSCS组肝脏功能无明显下降；PAD组术后1周肝功能明显下降，2周后逐渐恢复到术前状态。结论 远端脾腔分流(同时施行彻底的脾胰断流)术有助于维持向肝血流，保护肝功能。     

附加限制环的门腔静脉分流加肝动脉鞘切除术治疗门静脉高压症

目的 探讨提高肝硬变门静脉高压症治疗的新术式。方法 采用附加限制环的门脉静脉侧侧分流加肝动脉鞘切除术治疗肝硬变门静脉高压患者30例。结果 29例术后自由门静脉压（FPP）下降25%，术后均获随访6～28个月，平均17个月，大部分肝功能均有不同程度恢复，9例肝功能Ⅲ级者中有3例恢复到I级，4例恢复到Ⅱ级。术后半年死亡1例，死亡率为3.3%(1/30），术后脑病发生率为3.3%(1/30）。食管胃底静脉曲线消失率为83.3%(25/30）。出院后29例患者均获一次以上超声多普勒检查，随访超过18个月，吻合口均通畅，有向肝血流。结论 附加限制环的门腔静脉侧侧分流加肝动脉鞘切除术对患者创伤小，操作简便、术后脑病发生率低，是一治疗门静脉高压症较好的手术方法。     

Changes in serotonin and histamine levels in blood and liver after acute hepatic ischemia

To clarify the changes of vasoactive amines associated with acute hepatic failure, ammonia, tryptophan, serotonin (5-HT) and histamine in the blood and liver were studied in dogs (n = 22) of each three group of acute hepatic ischemia; occlusion of hepatic artery (controls), occlusion of hepatic artery and portal vein (THI), and portocaval shunt with THI (PCS + THI). These biochemical changes were studied in each group at six time intervals: Preocclusion, 15 and 30 minutes postocclusion, and 30, 60 and 120 minutes after release of occlusion. A rapid rise of blood ammonia levels was observed in groups of THI and PCS + THI after occlusion. Blood 5-HT increased in postocclusion of both controls and THI. However, a decrease of 5-HT was observed in PCS + THI. Hepatic 5-HT also increased after occlusion in THI and PCS + THI as compared with a decrease in controls. Plasma histamine rose significantly in all groups after the occlusion. These data demonstrated that the changes of vasoactive amines in hepatic ischemia and/or splanchnic pooling appeared to affect microcirculation of the liver and play a role of pathogenesis of hepatic failure after hepatic ischemia.     

Liver arterialization prevents thrombocytopenia after portacaval shunt in rats

A low platelet count is a common finding in liver cirrhosis. Clinical practice has shown that a variable number of cirrhotic patients in whom portasystemic shunting procedures have been performed does not recover from thrombocytopenia: this observation questions the role that portal hypertension may have in maintaining the low platelet count. We have previously described the appearance of thrombocytopenia in rats submitted to portacaval shunt 1 month after the operation. In the present study we have investigated a supposed protective influence of a good liver function in maintaining a normal thrombocytopenia: 56 male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: group A (15 rats) sham-operated; group B (16 rats) submitted to portacaval shunt (PCS); group C (17 rats) submitted to PCS plus arterialization of the portal stump by the right renal artery, and group D (8 rats) submitted to PCS plus right nephrectomy. Group B (PCS) and D (PCS plus right nephrectomy) showed a marked thrombocytopenia, whereas group A (sham-operated) and C (PCS plus liver arterialization) evidenced a normal platelet count. These results strongly support the hypothesis that a low platelet count can ensue during a chronic liver disease in the absence of portal hypertension and that restoration of the hepatic blood flow can prevent thrombocytopenia.     

Hepatic function after porto-systemic shunt.

Advanced hepatic injury can be identified by the appearance of jaundice, coagulopathy, or encephalopathy but these conditions are late, irreversible findings and represent the end stage of a long insidious process. Currently available methods for assessing "liver function" (SGOT, SGPT, GGT, LDH, etc.) do not actually measure liver function. In this study we prospectively evaluated "true" liver function in patients undergoing porto-systemic shunt. Effective hepatic blood flow [low dose galactose clearance (EHBF)], hepatocyte transport (theophylline levels at 24 hr), and hepatic conjugation ability [acetaminophen metabolism to its glucuronide and sulfate conjugates ( (S + G)/A) and acetaminophen remaining at 24 hr (A24)] were measured in normal males (NL) and in patients pre- and post-8-mm H-graft portacaval shunt (PCS). All data are means +/- SEM, analyzed by Student's t test, and significance was accepted if P less than 0.05. There were no significant differences in EHBF even after PCS. Hepatocyte transport was decreased in pre-op (1.43 +/- 0.16 vs 0.74 +/- 0.08) and post-op (1.79 +/- 0.34) PCS patients. Hepatic conjugating ability was also decreased in pre-op PCS patients [A24 was increased (0.24 +/- 0.11 vs 0.01 +/- 0.01) while the ratio of conjugation products to acetaminophen remained the same]. The ability of the liver to conjugate substrate was severely compromised postoperatively [A24 - 1.27 +/- 0.67, (S + G)/A - 1.19 +/- 0.34]. We believe that changes in liver function can be accurately measured using these noninvasive methods, and in using these methods we have identified altered hepatocyte transport and conjugating ability in patients undergoing porto-systemic shunt surgery.     

Liver bacterial clearance following hepatic artery ligation and portacaval shunt

The reticuloendothelial system (RES) plays an important role in removing bacteria, endotoxins, and immune complexes from the circulation. Hepatic phagocytosis accounts for more than 80% of RES function. The dual hepatic blood supply (hepatic artery/portal vein) may be altered by pathologic states and surgical procedures. This study evaluates and compares the effect of hepatic artery ligation and portacaval shunt on hepatic trapping of viable Escherichia coli. Thirty rats were placed in three groups: Group I was composed of sham operated controls; Group II underwent end-to-side portacaval shunt (PCS); and in Group III, hepatic artery ligation (HAL) was performed. At 2 weeks following the operation 10(9) 35S-radiolabeled viable E. coli were injected via the tail vein. At 10 min, bacterial distribution in the different organs was determined. Tissue samples were processed for liquid scintillation counting. The final distribution of bacteria was calculated from the input specific activity (dpm/bacteria) and expressed as the mean percentage of injected viable E. coli per gram of tissue and per organ weight. There was a significant decrease of bacterial trapping by the liver in rats following PCS (Group II), 45.0 +/- 10.4% vs controls 77.1 +/- 3.73% (P less than 0.005). This was partially compensated for by a significant increase of bacterial trapping by the lung. The decreased clearance in PCS rats is due to a reduction in liver mass compared to that in controls. Bacterial localization in HAL (Group III) rats was similar to that in controls. These data show that PCS decreases hepatic clearance and increases pulmonary localization of viable E. coli. This phagocytic dysfunction may contribute to increased susceptibility to infection following portacaval shunt.     

Beneficial effect of syngeneic pancreatic islet transplantation on liver atrophy and hepatocellular function after portacaval shunt.

BACKGROUND. Hepatic insufficiency, which continues to be a source of morbidity after portacaval shunt (PCS), can be prevented by syngeneic pancreatic islet transplantation into the portal vein before PCS. This study investigated the ability of syngeneic pancreatic islet transplantation after PCS to prevent hepatic atrophy and rescue hepatocellular function. METHODS. Approximately 1200 to 1400 syngeneic rat pancreatic islets were transplanted through a heparinized catheter into the left lobes of the liver 3, 7, and 21 days after end-to-side PCS. Normal rats received no treatment, and PCS control rats received PCS only, without islet transplantation. Hepatocellular function (caffeine clearance) and hepatic blood flow (indocyanine green clearance) were analyzed at 42 and 49 days after PCS. On day 51 after PCS, the left and right lobes of the liver were divided, weighed, and sectioned for histologic studies. RESULTS. Caffeine clearance in the animals at 3 days (p less than 0.05) and at 7 days (p less than 0.05) after end-to-side PCS was significantly improved versus control PCS animals, indicating that hepatocellular function could be rescued after creation of a PCS. Indocyanine green clearance of all groups with PCS was significantly (p less than 0.001) decreased versus normal animals, showing that hepatic blood flow was uniformly decreased by PCS in all groups. The weight of the transplanted left lobes was significantly greater than the untransplanted right lobes of the groups at 3 days (p less than 0.01) and at 7 days (p less than 0.05) after end-to-side PCS compared with control animals, indicating that liver atrophy was prevented in the islet-transplanted lobes but not in those lobes without a transplant. CONCLUSIONS. Islet transplantation early after PCS can prevent liver atrophy and significantly improve hepatocellular function.     

肝切除时门静脉血部分动脉化的研究

目的 研究犬门静脉血部分动脉化的肝保护作用。方法 建立大保留肝（占全肝６０％）暂时性血流阻断、肝固有动脉切断并切除未阻断肝的急性肝衰模型（对照组）,并行肝总动脉与胃十二指肠静脉吻合（Ａ－Ｐ组）,观察生存率并定时测定丙氨酸转氨酶（ＡＬＴ）、动脉血酮体比（ＡＫＢＲ）及肝动脉脉、门静脉血气分析。结果 对照组７天生存率为３７．５％,Ａ－Ｐ组均较差异有非常显著性（Ｐ〈０．０１）,门静脉和肝静脉血氧分压均较术     

门静脉动脉化加门腔分流对肝硬化大鼠肝储备功能的影响

目的研究入肝门静脉动脉化加门腔分流术对肝硬化大鼠肝脏储备功能的影响。方法 100只肝硬化大鼠随机分为A组（n=40）,入肝门静脉完全动脉化＋门腔分流;B组（n=40）,仅行门腔完全分流;C组（n=20）,门静脉阻断30min＋右肾切除。分别检测术前和各组大鼠术后1周、2周、4周及8周动脉血酮比（AKBR）及吲哚氰氯15min潴留率（ICGR15）。结果术后A组大鼠的AKBR较术前及B、C两组均有明显升高,差异有明显统计学意义（P〈0.01）,并于术后2周,可达到稳态;术后A组大鼠ICGR15较术前及B、C两组明显降低,差异也有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,并于术后2周可达到稳态。结论入肝门静脉动脉化能明显促进肝硬化大鼠肝脏储备功能恢复,有助于预防门腔分流术后肝衰竭。     

Improvement of morphological changes after 70% hepatectomy with portocaval shunt: preclinical study in porcine model

BACKGROUND: After extensive hepatectomy, excessive portal venous flow (PVF) and elevated portal venous pressure (PVP) may lead to postoperative liver damage. We have evaluated the use of portocaval shunt (PCS) to control PVF and PVP following partial hepatectomy (PH) to reduce the postoperative liver damage. METHOD: Twenty-four pigs were divided into two Groups: Group C (n = 10) underwent 70% PH alone and Group S (n = 14) underwent 70% PH with PCS. The changes in PVF, PVP, serum liver function tests, and histology were evaluated. RESULTS: PVP and PVF per unit of remnant liver weight and serum total bilirubin levels in Group S were significantly lower than those in Group C postoperatively (P < 0.05). Histology showed that there were significant differences in hepatocyte ballooning, necrosis, and neutrophil aggregation between the two groups (P < 0.05). In particular, hepatic necrosis was observed in zone 3 of Group C as centrilobular necrosis. These results suggest that hepatic and sinusoidal damage after 70% PH were more severe in Group C than in Group S, with the latter group maintaining an almost normal ultrastructural appearance. Hepatocyte apoptotic index differed significantly between the two groups (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: After 70% PH, extensive centrolobular necrosis and neutrophil aggregation were present and may have caused liver damage, manifested as hyperbilirubinemia and coagulopathy. The delayed liver regeneration with PCS may reduce the postoperative liver damages rather than the rapid liver hypertrophy. The diversion of PVF with PCS to maintain adequate PVP is a very effective procedure for avoiding the postoperative liver failure after extensive hepatectomy.     

Hepatocyte transplantation. Treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. An experimental study in the rat

The aim of this work was to assess the effect of intrasplenic liver cell transplantation (ILCT) on hepatic insufficiency induced by a terminolateral portocaval shunt (PCS) in rats. Thirty syngenic Wistar Furth rats were divided up into three groups: (a) rats with PCS (n = 10); (b) rats with PCS then ILCT of 10(7) liver cells isolated from the livers of syngenic rats (n = 10); (c) operated control rats (n = 10). Double-blind behavior tests were carried out two weeks, two months and six months after surgery. The spontaneous motor activity and the exploring activity of each rat were studied in automated cages fitted with infrared diodes. Each interruption of the infrared beam was automatically recorded by a computer and converted into an activity score (number/hour). The spontaneous motor activity and the exploring activity were poor in the rats with PCS. The ILCT significantly increased the spontaneous motor activity and the exploring activity 2 months and 3 weeks after transplantation, respectively. Three months after transplantation, the spontaneous motor activity and the exploring activity in the PCS/ILCT group were not significantly different from those of the control rats. This study shows that ILCT can correct the neurological signs of hepatic encephalopathy in an experimental model of chronic hepatic insufficiency, and suggests that ILCT may produce therapeutic benefits in chronic hepatic insufficiency.