深圳市0～6岁儿童单纯性肥胖症的流行学研究

[目的]探讨深圳市0～6岁儿童单纯性肥胖症的流行学调查特征. [方法]按照随机整群抽样的方法调查1I 454名0～6岁儿童,以WHO身高标准体重标准为肥胖的判断标准. [结果]总的肥胖检出率为4.2%,男童4.9%,女童3.4%,两者差异有显著性(χ2=14.749,P<0.001),总的超重检出率为10.2%,男童10.6%,女童9.8%.两者差异无显著性(χ2=1.954,P>0.05).0岁组超重及肥胖检出率高于1岁组,1～5岁儿童超重及肥胖检出率呈上升趋势,各年龄组之间的超重及肥胖检出率差异有显著性(χ2超重=65.937,χ2肥胖=121.402,P值均<0.001).特区内、外儿童超重及肥胖检出率差异无显著性(χ2超重=0.74,χ2肥胖=3.045,P值均>0.05).出生体重≥4 kg、父亲低学历、父亲肥胖、母亲肥胖、4个月前人工喂养为主、剖宫产、小儿经常看和食品有关的广告、小儿睡前1 h进食奶类、小儿食欲好、吃饭速度快、父亲鼓励小儿多吃、母亲鼓励小儿多吃、小儿每天运动时间<1 h等是儿童单纯性肥胖症的影响因素. [结论] 深圳市儿童单纯性肥胖症的发生率急剧上升,饮食行为、运动及遗传等是影响儿童肥胖的主要因素,应在全市采取统一的儿童单纯性肥胖症干预措施.     

马鞍山市城区学龄前儿童肥胖情况调查

目的 了解马鞍山市城区学龄前儿童超重和肥胖的流行现状及主要影响因素,为制定有效的干预措施提供科学依据。方法 采用整群抽样的方法,对马鞍山市城区13所幼儿园3~6岁儿童3 891名进行测量身高、体重,以实测体重超过标准体重120%,并排除继发性肥胖作为诊断标准。结果 马鞍山市城区学龄前儿童超重的发生率为13.6%,单纯性肥胖的发生率为7.86%,其中男童肥胖发生率明显高于女童(χ²=10.546,P=0.001)。各年龄组间儿童肥胖总发生率差异有高度统计学意义(χ²=19.504,P<0.001),学龄前儿童单纯性肥胖的发生率随年龄递增而增高,5岁上升明显。结论 马鞍山市城区学龄前儿童单纯性肥胖症的发生率较高,预防儿童肥胖重点应放在学龄前期。     

绍兴地区3~6岁儿童单纯性肥胖的流行病学调查

目的 了解绍兴地区3~6岁儿童单纯性肥胖的流行特征及其影响因素, 为肥胖儿的早期干预提供科学依据。方法 采用分层整群随机抽样的方法选取本地区17 640 名学龄前儿童作为研究对象, 进行相关的体格测量、评价和问卷调查。结果 17 640名学龄前儿童中, 单纯性肥胖检出率为4.92 %, 男童为5.72%, 女童为4.04%, 差异有统计学意义(χ²=50.111, P<0.01);超重检出率为11.05 %, 男童为10.96%, 女童为11.52%, 无性别差异(χ²=1.703, P>0.05)。经多因素Logistic回归分析显示:出生体重, 纯母乳喂养持续时间, 看电视时间, 母亲BMI, 进食速度, 甜食摄入频率与肥胖的发生关系密切。结论 本地区学龄前儿童肥胖和超重的检出率处于较高水平。应加强对肥胖和超重的学龄前儿童的综合管理和早期干预, 降低肥胖和超重的发生率。     

长春市2007年0～6岁儿童超重及单纯性肥胖的调查

目的 了解长春市0～6岁儿童超重及单纯性肥胖的检出率、城乡差异及其影响因素,为遏制儿童超重及单纯性肥胖进一步流行制定干预措施而提供依据.方法 采取分层整群抽样的方法确定样本量,测量儿童身高、体重,家长问卷调查了解超重及单纯性肥胖儿童的影响因素.结果 4 468名儿童超重及单纯性肥胖检出率为9.33%,城区高于农村(χ2=18.4084,P<0.001),无性别差异(χ2=0.0256,P=0.8730>0.05).各年龄组超重及单纯性肥胖的检出率有显著性差异(χ2=242.7743,P<0.001),23个年龄段中出现5个高峰,分别为1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月、48个月.父亲职业不同(χ2=44.5033,P<0.001)、母亲职业不同(χ2=28.5443,P<0.001)、父亲文化程度不同(χ2=33.6939,P<0.001)、母亲文化程度不同(χ2=27.6952,P<0.001),其子女超重及单纯性肥胖的检出率亦不同,均有显著性差异.结论 2007年长春市0～6岁儿童超重及单纯性肥胖的检出率高于2006年的全国水平,肥胖的防治工作迫在眉睫,重点在4岁年龄段,应加强对儿童家长超重及单纯性肥胖防治知识和科学喂养知识的普及.     

广州市越秀区(东片)3～6岁集体儿童单纯性肥胖调查及干预措施探讨

目的:了解儿童单纯性肥胖的现状,探索儿童单纯性肥胖症的群体干预措施。方法:按WHO身高标准体重为肥胖判断标准,筛选出112名肥胖儿童。对干预组进行为期9个月(一学年)的群体干预,从2所幼儿园各年龄组的肥胖儿童中选择出男女性别和各肥胖程度均包含的51名肥胖儿童做干预组,选另外2所幼儿园同等条件的45名肥胖儿童做对照组。干预组儿童全部经家长同意参与本次干预方案。结果:儿童单纯性肥胖率为4.64%,超重率为7.62%,轻度肥胖占59.82%,中度占31.25%,重度占8.93%。干预组及对照组肥胖儿童体重控制总体有效率分别为90.20%和26.67%,差异有统计学意义(2χ=46.2,P<0.01)。结论:3~6岁儿童的超重率、肥胖率均已处在较高水平,对学龄前儿童特别是3岁左右新入园的儿童要注意肥胖症的防治。     

嘉兴市秀洲区托幼机构儿童单纯性肥胖现状

了解嘉兴市秀洲区托幼机构儿童单纯性肥胖现状及其影响因素,为儿童肥胖的早期预防提供科学依据.方法 分层随机整群选取嘉兴市秀洲区托幼机构的8 910名学龄前儿童为研究对象,进行体格测量和问卷调查.结果 学龄前儿童中单纯性肥胖检出率为4.01%,肥胖发生率随着年龄的增加而明显增高,3,4,5,6岁组肥胖发生率分别为1.02%,4.04%,5.16%,6.92%,差异有统计学意义(x2=109.08,P<0.01);男童肥胖率为4.57%,女童为3.95%,差异有统计学意义(x2=8.04,P<0.05).多因素Logistic回归分析显示,添加固体食物时间、母亲文化程度、每天看电视时间、进食速度、洋快餐和油炸食品的摄入、户外活动、母亲体质量指数等7个因素与肥胖的关系发生密切(P值均<0.05).结论 学龄前儿童单纯性肥胖发生率处于较高水平.应加强对肥胖学龄前儿童的综合管理和早期干预,降低肥胖发生率.     

学龄前超重、肥胖儿童群体综合干预研究

【目的】探讨群体综合干预措施对超重、肥胖的学龄前儿童生长发育及体重的影响,减少学龄前儿童单纯性肥胖症的发生。【方法】选择超重、肥胖的学龄前儿童按自愿参加的原则分别随机分为干预组和对照组,对干预组进行综合群体干预,措施包括膳食调整、行为矫正、运动处方、健康教育。一年后对两组进行比较分析。【结果】实施干预后研究组儿童28.5%由肥胖转为正常或超重,高于对照组的4.5%(χ2=8.147,P<0.05);干预后干预组Kaup指数平均下降1.5,而对照组平均上升1.3,差异具有显著性(t=5.97,P<0.05),同时对儿童的身高发育没影响。【结论】以膳食结构调整为主的综合干预措施对防治学龄前儿童超重、肥胖状况,是一种有效、可行的方法,值得推广。     

花都区7岁以下儿童单纯性肥胖症调查

目的 了解花都区7岁以下儿童单纯性肥胖症流行现状与影响因素.方法 采用超过WHO推荐身高体重参考值的20%且排除继发性肥胖症作为单纯性肥胖症的诊断标准[1],对花都区36 932例7岁以下儿童进行了测查分析.结果 单纯性肥胖症检出率为1.66%,较1995年(0.51%)增长了3.3倍,男童检出率明显高于女童(p<0.01).4岁以后肥胖患病率与肥胖程度随年龄增长而增加,6岁组最高,是1岁以内的3.6倍,且重度肥胖占总肥胖儿童的55.56%.儿童肥胖年龄1岁以内占23.20%,3岁以后占56.41%,这与遗传、饮食、行为因素及运动过少有关.结论 儿童单纯性肥胖症预防重点应放在学龄前期,不仅家庭要改变肥胖儿童的生活行为模式,而且应加强托幼机构对超重、肥胖儿童的膳食管理.     

某区学龄前儿童单纯性肥胖患病情况调查

目的：了解咸宁市咸安区学龄前儿童单纯性肥胖症的患病率及主要影响因素，为预防儿童肥胖提供依据。方法：采用随机整群抽样法，随机抽取咸安区城区6所幼儿园2～6岁儿童2375名进行肥胖患病情况调查，并对肥胖危险因素进行了分析。结果：该区学龄前儿童单纯性肥胖症患病率为3．58％，其中男童患病率为4．58％，女童患病率为2．56％。男女患病率间差异有统计学意义（x^2=7．01，P〈0．01）。不同年龄组儿童肥胖检出率差异有统计学意义（x^2=14．99，P〈0．01）。Logistic回归分析显示每天看电视时间长（OR=3．5449）、不喜欢体育活动（OR=3．8598）、喜欢吃油腻食物（OR=4．4961）、进食速度快（OR=4．3279）、早餐不正常（OR=1．8815）及父母至少一方肥胖（OR=3．5438）为儿童肥胖的主要危险因素，而父母大专以上文化程度（OR=0．5836）是儿童肥胖的保护因素。结论：学龄前儿童单纯性肥胖患病率较高；儿童肥胖的发生是多因素共同作用的结果。     

滕州市学龄前儿童单纯性肥胖流行病学研究

目的:了解7岁以下学龄前儿童单纯性肥胖流行现状、影响因素及其危害性,为制定相关的干预措施提供科学依据。方法:选取2002年6月～2004年6月滕州市学龄前儿童9605名,并以“同性别、年龄相近、身高相差≤3cm”为标准选择正常儿童进行1∶1配对。采用χ2检验和多因素条件Logisitic回归方法进行资料分析。结果:检出单纯性肥胖儿童137名,患病率为1.43%,男性明显高于女性;超重儿童136名,超重率1.42%。条件Logisitic回归分析结果,蔬菜、活动方式、喂养方式、家族史、进食速度、夜食习惯与肥胖关系最为密切。结论:滕州市学龄前儿童单纯性肥胖患病率较8年前有较大幅度增加。喜吃蔬菜、活动方式、喂养方式(母乳)是肥胖的保护性因素。家族史、进食速度快,目前食欲好、孕期营养状况,夜食习惯是肥胖的危险因素。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.