微创经皮肾取石术治疗独立肾结石

目的：探讨微创经皮肾取石术治疗孤立肾结石的临床疗效与手术技巧。方法：利用微创经皮肾取石术治疗孤立肾结石18例，14例患者行一期微创经皮肾取石．4例行经皮肾穿刺造瘘术，5～7天后行二期取石术。结果：结石清除15例（83．3％）。在结石残留的3例患者中，1例残留结石下移至输尿管下段，用输尿管镜将结行取出；余2例结石残留。肾内，未作进一步处理，本组患者术后肾功能基本恢复正常或好转。结论：微创经皮肾取石术治疗独立肾结石是一种安全、有效的方法。     

微创经皮肾镜取石术联合Ⅱ期逆行输尿管软镜治疗复杂性肾结石96例

目的 探讨微创经皮肾镜取石术联合Ⅱ期逆行输尿管软镜治疗复杂性肾结石的安全性及有效性.方法 对九江学院附属都昌医院泌尿外科2012年1月至2014年12月收治的96例复杂性肾结石采用微创经皮肾镜取石术联合Ⅱ期逆行输尿管软镜治疗,并对临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 所有手术均成功建立工作通道并有效行Ⅰ期微创经皮肾镜取石术,术后3～5d行二期逆行输尿管软镜治疗,Ⅱ期结石清除率为95.8％ (92/96).5例患者于术后行辅助体外冲击波碎石治疗,4例碎石后结石完全排出,1例结石残留,残留结石直径＜ 5mm.其中出现1例并发输尿管穿孔,1例感染,均予保守治疗后治愈.未出现气胸、大出血等重大并发症.结论 微创经皮肾镜取石术联合Ⅱ期逆行输尿管软镜治疗是一种复杂性肾结石安全、有效的方法,具有术中损伤小、住院时间短、恢复快、结石清除率高、并发症低等优点.     

微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾结石疗效观察

目的探讨微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾结石的临床效果。方法将122例肾结石患者随机分成对照组和治疗组两组,每组61例。对照组患者采取传统开放手术取石,治疗组患者采取微创经皮肾镜取石术。对两组手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间、并发症发生率、结石清除率等进行对比。结果治疗组手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间、并发症发生率、结石清除率均优于对照组,两组差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采取微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾结石,创伤小、并发症发生率低、疗效肯定。     

学龄前儿童尿路结石的腔内治疗

目的 评价学龄前儿童尿路结石腔内治疗的疗效与安全性.方法 2004年8月至2008年8月,28例学龄前尿路结石患儿接受腔内治疗,其中11例输尿管结石患儿接受输尿管镜取石术,17例肾结石患儿接受微创经皮肾镜取石术.结果 11例输尿管结石患儿中,5例一期输尿管镜取石术,6例一期输尿管置管被动扩张1～3周后二期8/9.8 Fr输尿管硬镜下取石成功;17例肾结石患儿均一期微创经皮肾镜取石术.结论 对有手术指征的学龄前儿童尿路结石,采用微创腔内治疗是安全可靠的.     

微创经皮肾镜取石术联合Ⅱ期逆行输尿管软镜治疗复杂性肾结石的疗效观察

目的探讨微创经皮肾镜取石术联合Ⅱ期输尿管软镜治疗复杂性肾结石的安全性及可行性。方法收集2010年1月至2014年12月收治的122例复杂性肾结石患者的资料,其中78例多发性肾结石,44例肾铸型结石,结石直径范围为1.5~5.0cm,其中74例患者出现不同程度的尿素氮及肌酐水平升高;所有患者均行Ⅰ期微创经皮肾镜碎石术,术后3~5d再行Ⅱ期逆行输尿管软镜取石术,收集所有患者术前、术后各项生化指标并获取随访资料。结果患者Ⅰ期微创经皮肾镜手术时间为30~180min,术后均有结石残留;Ⅱ期输尿管软镜手术时间20~100min,Ⅱ期结石总清除率为93.44%(114/122),余8例患者术后行体外冲击波碎石治疗后结石均排出;随访1~18个月后,所有患者均未见残余结石梗阻、石街及移位等。结论微创经皮肾镜取石术联合Ⅱ期逆行输尿管软镜可以应用于复杂性肾结石的临床治疗。     

多通道微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗复杂性肾结石的效果观察

目的探讨多通道微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗复杂性肾结石的效果。方法将2014-01—2015-12间治疗的198例复杂性肾结石患者根据治疗方式不同分为2组。单通道组(96例)行单通道微创经皮肾镜取石术,多通道组(102例)行多通道微创经皮肾镜取石术。比较2组患者手术情况、Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期结石清除率及术后并发症发生率。结果 2组患者手术时间、术中出血量及住院时间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。多通道组患者Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期结石清除率明显高于单通道组,术后并发症发生率低于单通道组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论多通道微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗复杂性肾结石,能提高结石清除率及降低术后并发症发生率。     

微创经皮肾镜取石术联合负压装置一期治疗结石性脓肾的疗效分析

目的 探讨微创经皮肾镜取石术联合负压装置一期治疗结石性脓肾的有效性和安全性. 方法 回顾性分析2008年6月至2011年6月应用微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗的83例结石性脓肾患者的临床资料,其中输尿管上段结石15例、肾盂结石9例、多发性肾结石28例、铸型肾结石31例,结石直径1.2～6.3 cm,均有肾盂出口梗阻.术中C臂X线机或B超引导行经皮肾穿刺.患者经皮肾穿刺时均抽出脓性尿液,应用筋膜扩张器一步扩张建立20 F工作通道,12 F李氏微创肾镜连接负压装置,先吸出肾内脓液,行一期碎石取石,术中通过间歇性负压吸引保持肾内低压. 结果 83例均成功建立20 F通道并一期碎石取石,手术时间(34±19)min.24例输尿管上段结石及肾盂结石均一期取净结石;59例多发肾结石及铸型结石患者结石一期取净33例,结石残留26例,行二期取石术.一期结石总清除率为68.7％(57/83),二期结石清除率为91.6％(76/83).术后发热7例,血培养未见致病菌生长,经对症抗炎治疗1～3d后体温恢复正常,未发生败血症或感染性休克等并发症. 结论 微创经皮肾镜取石术中,20 F单通道联合负压装置一期治疗结石性脓肾安全、有效.     

泌尿外科

肾脏、输尿管：输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术与ESWL治疗输尿管结石的疗效比较；微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗小儿复杂性肾结石；钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石；微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗鹿角状结石；采用微创经皮肾穿刺输尿管镜碎石取石术治疗复杂性上尿路结石……     

微创经皮肾镜取石术与标准通道经皮肾镜取石术的临床效果分析

目的比较微创经皮肾镜取石术与标准通道经皮肾镜取石术的临床效果。方法回顾性分析284例肾结石患者,其中136例采用微创经皮肾镜取石术,148例采用标准通道经皮肾镜取石术,比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间、并发症发生率等,术后3月随访并评价结石清除率。结果微创经皮肾镜取石术手术时间较标准通道经皮肾镜取石术时间延长（P〈0．05）,两者术后住院时间、并发症发生率及结石清除率等均无显著差异性（P〉0．05）。结论微创经皮肾镜取石术与标准通道经皮肾镜取石术均具有术中损伤小、住院时间短、恢复快、结石清除率高、并发症低等优点。     

微创经皮肾穿刺取石术治疗马蹄肾结石

目的：探讨微创经皮肾穿刺取石术治疗马蹄肾结石的可行性与效果。方法：回顾性分析在2001年3月～2004年5月期间接受微创经皮肾穿刺取石术治疗的10例马蹄肾结石患者的疗效及并发症。结果：在10例患者中,4例为双侧马蹄肾结石。本组结石一期清除率为80％（8／10）,2例需要二期取石。所有患者均为单通道取石,仅1例患者为上盏通道,其余患者均为中盏通道。平均手术时间110min,术中平均出血量115ml,平均住院天数17d,没有患者需要输血,没有大的并发症出现。结论：采用微创经皮肾穿刺取石术治疗马蹄肾结石是安全有效的。     

微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗马蹄肾结石9例报告

目的:探讨微创经皮肾镜取石术(MPCNL)治疗马蹄肾结石的可行性、安全性及有效性。方法:2008年11月~2013年6月采用MPCNL治疗马蹄肾结石患者9例11侧。结石直径平均2.1(1.1~3.1)cm。拔出输尿管支架管1个月后行彩超、腹部平片检查无残石或结石残块3mm视为取石成功。结果:9侧肾结石一期碎石清石取得成功,1侧肾结石行二期手术,1侧肾结石术后结石直径较小,未做处理。9例患者术后均未出现大出血、邻近器官损伤等情况。结论:采用MPCNL治疗马蹄肾结石是一种安全、有效的手术方式。     

经皮肾穿刺微造瘘输尿管镜取石术治疗马蹄肾结石（附4例报告）

目的探讨经皮肾穿刺微造瘘输尿管镜取石术治疗马蹄肾结石的可行性与效果。方法回顾性分析在2005年1月～2008年2月期间接受经皮肾穿刺微造瘘输尿管镜取石术治疗的4例马蹄肾结石患者的疗效及并发症。结果本组结石一期清除率为75％（3／4），1例需要二期取石。所有患者均为中盏单通道取石。平均手术时间120min，术中平均出血量100mL，平均住院天数14．5d，无需要输血患者，无大的并发症。结论经皮肾穿刺微造瘘输尿管镜取石术是治疗马蹄肾结石安全有效的方法。     

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy for calculi in horseshoe kidneys

Between 1983 and 1988, 15 patients (18 kidneys) underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy at this unit for calculi in horseshoe kidneys. A standard 1-stage percutaneous access technique with minor modifications was used. In situ disintegration with ultrasound or electrohydraulic lithotripsy was necessary in 15 moieties (83.3%) and nephrostomy drainage was required in 12 (66.7%). Percutaneous access was not a problem and there were minimal perioperative problems. Blood transfusion was required postoperatively in 2 patients. A total of 14 kidneys (77.8%) were rendered free of stone with percutaneous nephrolithotomy alone and 2 kidneys were left with asymptomatic stone fragments of 2 mm. or less. Another 2 kidneys became free of stone after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, thus giving an over-all stone clearance rate of 88.8%. We conclude that percutaneous nephrolithotomy is an acceptable treatment for stones in horseshoe kidneys and it is the treatment of choice for patients in whom imaging is difficult or impossible.     

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in patients with kidney malformations

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) for complex calculi within malformed kidneys can be challenging because of the abnormal anatomy. We present our 7-year experience with PCNL in such patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed PCNL on 16 patients with complex calculi and anomalous kidneys, including 7 with horseshoe kidneys, 5 with rotation anomalies, 3 with ectopic kidneys, and 1 with a small kidney. After appropriate preoperative evaluation, the procedure was performed by choosing either anterior or posterior approaches depending on the kidney anomaly. When required, ultrasonography, laparoscopy, or both were used, as well as fluoroscopy to control the procedures. RESULTS: A single-stage PCNL resulted in complete clearance in 13 patients (81%). A second-look procedure, alone or followed by shockwave lithotripsy, conferred stone clearance in one patient with a malrotated kidney and two with staghorn calculi in horseshoe kidneys. More than one tract was needed in two patients. The procedure was guided by laparoscopy in two patients with calculi in ectopic left kidneys. Serious complications were not encountered. CONCLUSION: Patients with malformed kidneys and complex calculi can be managed safely and effectively with PCNL when they are properly selected and appropriately assessed before operation.     

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in horseshoe kidneys. Applied anatomy and clinical experience

The arterial supply of horseshoe kidneys was studied in 6 anatomical specimens to establish whether there is a risk of haemorrhage when performing percutaneous nephrolithotomy. The anatomy of the collecting system was studied on patients' X-rays, taken in different planes to obtain a three-dimensional view. It was found that there is no increased risk of arterial bleeding in horseshoe kidneys compared with normal kidneys. The orientation of the collecting system offers good access. Eight patients with horseshoe kidneys and 1 with a malrotated kidney were treated with percutaneous nephrolithotomy because of solitary or multiple renal pelvic and caliceal stones and 1 ureteric stone. Four patients had had previous operations for calculi. All of the stones were removed without complications.     

单一标准通道经皮肾镜治疗马蹄肾复杂性结石1例报道及文献复习

目的:探讨单一标准通道经皮肾镜钬激光联合EMS碎石术治疗马蹄肾复杂性结石的临床效果和手术操作经验。方法:回顾性分析我院采用经皮肾镜钬激光联合EMS碎石术治疗1例马蹄肾复杂性结石患者的临床资料和手术操作经验,并结合相关文献进行讨论。结果:经该手术治疗后,患者预后良好。结论:B超引导下穿刺建立单一标准通道的经皮肾镜下钬激光联合EMS碎石清石术是治疗马蹄肾复杂性结石的首选方法。     

Laparoscopically guided transperitoneal percutaneous nephrolithotomy for calculi in pelvic ectopic kidneys

Although percutaneous nephrolithotomy is a well-established endourological modality for the management of calculi in the normally placed kidney, it is not easy to apply in the management of calculi in pelvic ectopic kidneys. We report the cases of three patients who were found to have large calculi in pelvic ectopic kidneys and subsequently underwent laparoscopically guided transperitoneal percutaneous nephrolithotomy, all with successful outcome. In all patients, complete stone clearance was achieved in a single operation with no intraoperative or postoperative morbidity. They remain asymptomatic and recurrence-free at a follow-up ranging from 2 to 38 months. Laparoscopic guidance allows the transperitoneal route to be used safely for percutaneous nephrolithotomy in patients with calculi in pelvic ectopic kidneys. We believe it to be a feasible, safe, and valid minimally invasive management option for this uncommon but challenging urological condition.     

微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗异常肾肾结石

目的探讨微创经皮肾镜取石术（minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy,mPCNL）治疗异常肾肾结石的疗效与安全性。方法异常。肾肾结石患者共41例,其中马蹄。肾23例,解剖性孤立肾9例（其中合并脓肾、双J管遗留并巨大结石1例）,功能性孤立肾7例,重复肾畸形并上肾结石2例。均采用实时B超引导mPCNL治疗。结果共进行49次mPCNL,均为单通道取石。除1例脓肾患者先穿刺引流后择期手术,其余均一期建立通道。手术时间70～105min,平均（81．9±10．6）min。27例一期取石成功,首次手术净石率65．9％（27／41）,8例行二期mPCNL,mPCNL净石率85．4％（35／41）,6例因结石残留行ESWL。2例患者较严重感染,积极治疗后恢复;1例患者并发大出血,行介入栓塞止血。所有患者术前外周血血红蛋白浓度（106．3±4．7）g／L,术后（98．5±5．7）g／L;所有孤立肾患者术前肾功能检查肌酐浓度（103．1±9．4）μmol／L,术后（134．1±11．5）μmol／L,手术前后比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。本组患者未出现结肠、胸膜等周围脏器损伤等。结论mPCNL是治疗异常肾肾结石安全、有效的方法。