胆道镜在T型管造影阴性病人的应用价值

自1999至2004年,我科对100例T管造影认为无残石的病人,拔管后经T管窦道胆道镜检查仍发现残石10例（10％）,均经胆道镜一次取出,降低了术后胆道残石的发生,现报告如下。 临床资料 本组胆总管结石100例中,男67例,女33例;年龄18-85岁。均行常规术中经胆道检查,采用经胆总管前壁纵行切开入路,切口长10～15mm,同时放置T管引流。其中胆囊、胆总管结石80例,胆囊切除术后胆总管结石10例,胆总管残留结石6例,左右肝胆管残石4例,     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜经胆囊管胆道探查体会

目的总结经胆囊管腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆道取石临床经验。方法80例胆囊结石可疑胆总管结石采用经胆囊管腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆道探查术。腹腔镜下分离胆囊管至胆总管汇合处,剪开胆囊管前壁,扩张器适当扩张胆囊管,行胆道造影明确胆道结石分布,胆道镜经胆囊管行胆道探查取石后再造影确认结石取净,夹闭胆囊管并切除胆囊。术后不常规放T管。结果6例胆道探查阴性。术中证实74例胆道有结石,0.6~1.0cm18例,<0.5cm56例。31例胆道内1枚结石,43例有2枚以上。18例需用等离子碎石器碎石。67例行胆囊管扩张。胆囊管开口变异6例。胆囊管损伤2例,处理后无术后胆漏。5例可疑肝内胆道结石行胆总管切开T管引流,术后行T管造影和胆道镜检查证实2例左肝管结石行胆道镜取石治愈,3例未发现结石。本组手术时间(168±34)min,出血量(50±8)ml,术后腹腔引流量(30±17)ml。62例术后3个月B超检查,未发现胆管残余结石。结论经胆囊管腹腔镜联合胆道镜取石是治疗继发性胆道结石的一种有效微创方法。     

胆道造影与胆道镜联合应用在胆总管结石手术中的价值

目的探讨术中胆道造影与胆道镜的联合应用在胆总管结石手术中的重要意义。方法回顾性分析104例胆总管结石（或合并胆囊结石）患者的临床资料。其中第一阶段为2005年5月至2010年1月期间完成的74例胆总管结石患者,采用开腹手术,术中胆道镜检查,留置T管,再经T管行术中胆道造影检查。第二阶段为2010年2月至2013年3月的30例患者,在第一阶段经验的基础上分两组：①开腹免T管组,共17例;②腹腔镜组,共13例,其中5例为经胆囊管取石,免T管手术;8例腹腔镜下胆总管切开胆道镜取石、留置T管手术,术中或术后再经T管胆道造影检查。结果第一阶段74例中,术中经常规胆道探查后,再行纤维胆道镜检查发现有结石残留者13例,占18．9％。术后并发切口感染6例,急性心梗1例。全部104例患者均顺利完成手术,在两个阶段中,共有82例行胆囊切除并胆总管切开取石T管引流术,另共有22例行胆囊切除并经胆囊管胆总管切开取出胆总管结石免T管手术。所有患者无死亡,无胆管损伤,无胆管残余结石,均痊愈出院。结论在胆囊切除并胆总管探查术治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石手术中联合应用胆道造影与胆道镜安全可靠,治疗效果满意,能很好地降低残余结石率。     

手术结合胆道镜治疗肝胆管结石750例

目的 总结肝胆结石的外科治疗经验。方法 对750例肝胆管结石病人进行手术治疗及随访,所有病人术后均作胆道镜检查。结果 术后发现残余结石197例。残石率是26.2％。在胆道镜的引导下,181例的残余结石被取净。在随访679例中,治疗效果优良率88.5％。结论 完善的术前检查和准备,适当的手术方法以及熟练技术对手术的成功是非常重要的。为了减少残余结石,在肝胆管结石的病人,手术后常规的胆道镜检查是必要的。     

胆道镜在肝内外胆管结石术中术后应用价值探讨

目的探讨胆道镜在肝内外胆管结石治疗中的临床价值。方法收集2002年至2008年6年来胆道镜检查治疗肝内外胆管结石的191例病例,按术中、术后分为A组和B组,其中A组：术中胆道镜检查取石100例,B组：术后经T管窦道治疗者91例。结果A组结石发现率60％,取尽结石率55％;B组取尽结石率94％。结论胆道镜在肝内外胆管结石的诊治中具有重要的意义,术中检查可以避免结石残留及发现隐匿的疾病,指导选择合理的手术方式;术后检查可以避免T管造影出现的假阴性,可以进一步治疗残石。避免不必要的纠纷。     

胆管残余结石——肝胆管残留结石的原因

残留结石是指肝胆管结石施行手术治疗时 ,因各种原因未能取净肝胆管结石 ,术后短期内又出现术前症状 ,经Ｂ超检查或术后胆管造影 ,证实有结石存在 ,称为残留结石。复发结石指术中或术后胆道造影未发现结石 ,1年以后又出现症状 ,经影像学等检查 ,提示有结石者称为复发性结石。残石率 :因疾病本身的复杂性及经治医生水平的差异 ,各家所采用的复查手段不够统一 ,差别很大。国外报道为 1.4%～ 2 8%。 1988年中华外科学会胆道外科学组全国调查资料中4197例肝胆管结石手术病例 ,术后残石率平均为 30 .36 %。我院总结 1981～ 1989年各种肝胆管结石…     

钬激光联合胆道镜治疗难取性肝胆管结石

目的探讨钬激光联合胆道镜在治疗难取性肝胆管结石的应用价值。方法回顾性分析20例胆石症患者通过胆道镜工作通道,应用钬激光功率为1.0/10 HZ直径为400μm光导纤维,在直视下接触结石,将肝内外胆管结石击碎后注水冲出或用取石篮套出。结果20例取石成功,取石时间10～15 min,平均20 min。1例术后残余结石因窦道过细,胆道镜不能通过,只能开腹手术,术中用钬激光碎石成功。术后无胆道出血、胆漏。术后随访6个月,腹部B超或经"T"管胆道造影检查,未发现结石复发及残留,无胆道狭窄。结论钬激光联合胆道镜治疗难取性肝胆管结石,具有创伤小、恢复快、碎石确切、安全有效等优点,为治疗肝胆管结石开辟了一条新的治疗途径。     

经T管介入治疗胆道术后残留结石的方法探讨

胆道残留结石是胆道探查取石术后最常见的后遗症。临床上虽采取多种措施 ,但国内文献报告肝胆管术后残余结石率仍高达 3 0 % 〔1〕。近 2年来我院对 9例胆道术后残留结石病人 ,应用介入技术在ＤＳＡ监视下经Ｔ管取石治疗 ,取得了满意的疗效 ,现报告如下。本组病人 9例 ,男 6例 ,女 3例。年龄平均 45岁。均为胆道探查取石术后经Ｔ管造影证实有残留结石的病人。方法 :术后 3周病人禁食水 4ｈ,Ｔ管及局部皮肤常规消毒 ,在ＤＳＡ荧屏观察下 ,由Ｔ管注入泛影葡胺造影剂 ,显示肝内外胆管树的分布情况及残留结石的位置。从Ｔ管插入取石网篮 ,在荧屏…     

术中术后使用纤维胆道镜辅助治疗复杂肝胆管结石的临床分析（附66例报告）

目的探讨术中、术后应用纤维胆道镜辅助治疗复杂肝胆管结石的价值。方法自2003年9月～2009年12月我院手术配合纤维胆道镜探查胆道、取石332例,对其中66例复杂肝胆管结石的治疗方法和效果进行回顾性分析。结果本组66例复杂肝胆管结石病例,术后结石残留21例,结石残留率31.8%。术后经反复胆道镜取石,结石取出率达97%（64/66）。结论复杂肝胆管结石手术中,使用胆道镜取石结合术后用胆道镜经＂T＂管窦道取石可有效清除胆道中的残留结石。     

纤维胆道镜治疗术后胆管残留结石(附62例报告)

使用纤维胆道镜治疗了62例术后胆管残留结石的病人。57例病人结石取净,取净率91.94％。肝胆管结石病人术后残石率高是目前胆道外科难题之一,术后通过胆道镜从T管窦道取石是一个切实有效的途径。T管的放置直接影响术后胆道镜取石的顺利进行。为方便术后取石应选择较粗的T管,T管的放置以“短、直、宽”为原则。术后要注意T管的保护,T管造影、B超、CT等的检查使胆道镜取石前有一个初步的定位诊断,减少漏诊。胆道镜操作技巧的熟练和取石器械的进步是提高结石取净率的有效保证。随着纤维胆道镜技术的发展必能促进肝胆管结石的治疗不断完善。     

腹腔镜下胆道镜探查取石术在高龄患者中的应用

目的:探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗高龄胆总管结石致梗阻性胆管炎患者的应用价值.方法:为27例胆总管结石并胆道梗阻的高龄患者施行腹腔镜联合胆道镜胆囊切除、胆总管切开取石、"T"管引流术.结果:27例患者均一次性取石成功,无中转开腹,出院后1个月彩超检查示无残石.结论:腹腔镜胆道镜联合应用具有患者创伤小、康复快等优点;丰富的临...     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜行胆道再手术治疗肝外胆管结石的临床疗效

目的探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜行胆道再手术治疗肝外胆管结石的疗效。方法回顾性分析2009年9月至2011年12月第三军医大学西南医院收治的41例肝外胆管结石患者的临床资料,其中单纯胆总管多发结石30例,胆总管结石合并残余胆囊及胆囊管结石11例;1次手术史者23例,2～3次手术史者18例。采用腹腔镜联合胆道镜进行再次手术取石。采用电话方式进行随访,随访时间截至2012年6月。结果39例患者成功完成腹腔镜联合胆道镜行胆道再手术,手术成功率为95．1％（39／41）。2例患者因胆管狭窄及肝门部致密粘连中转开腹手术。术中出血量为（33±10）mL,手术时间为（150±39）min,术后胃肠功能平均恢复时间为2d,术后住院时间为（6．5±2．5）d。患者术后无严重并发症发生,全部痊愈出院。39例患者平均随访时间为7个月（2～27个月）,无结石残留及复发,无胆管狭窄。结论腹腔镜联合胆道镜行胆道再手术治疗肝外胆管结石安全有效,具有创伤小、恢复快及并发症少的优点。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中隐匿性胆总管结石的微创治疗

目的：探讨对腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ laparoscopic cholecystectomy ,LC）中隐匿性胆总管结石行微创治疗的可行性。方法2007年7月-2012年5月对27例LC术中发现的隐匿性胆总管结石采用微创治疗。胆囊管内径＞5 mm者经胆囊管胆道镜取石;胆总管内径＞6 mm者行胆囊管汇入胆总管处微切开后胆道镜取石,一期缝合或留置造影管;胆囊管内径≤5 mm、胆总管内径≤6 mm者直接留置造影管,术后再次造影,必要时行十二指肠镜乳头括约肌切开（ endoscopic sphincterotomy ,EST）取石。结果手术均获成功。8例直接经胆囊管胆道镜取石;11例行胆囊管汇入胆总管处微切开后胆道镜取石,一期缝合7例,留置造影管4例,1周后造影均阴性;8例直接留置造影管,1例术后36 h滑出,1周后ERCP造影胆囊管残端无渗漏,EST取石,术后1周再次造影3例结石消失,4例仍有结石,均经EST取出。无出血、胆漏、腹腔感染等并发症。24例随访6-24个月,平均16个月,无结石残留、胆管狭窄及胆管炎发生。结论熟练运用腹腔镜、胆道镜、十二指肠镜技术,对LC术中发现的隐匿性胆总管结石实施微创治疗是安全、可行的。     

Operative common bile duct imaging by operative cholangiography and flexible choledochoscopy.

A consecutive series of 108 common bile duct (CBD) explorations was studied to examine the efficacy of routine operative cholangiography and flexible choledochoscopy in the identification of choledocholithiasis. CBD exploration was performed according to the findings of routine operative cholangiography. Nine negative explorations were performed, only one of which would have been avoided had selective cholangiography been employed. Eight patients had unsuspected choledocholithiasis that would have been missed if selective operative cholangiography had been used. Flexible choledochoscopy identified CBD stones on 97 occasions; no additional retained stones were found on subsequent T tube cholangiography. In two cases stones were seen but could not be removed; immediate identification allowed planning for early removal. Flexible choledochoscopy is the most effective method of CBD exploration and should be used in all patients with suspected choledocholithiasis.     

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目的 探讨内镜治疗肝内外胆管残余结石的效果。方法 对1990年1月至2000年1月间的306例胆道残余结石的治疗效果进行回顾性分析,采用十二指肠镜127例,胆道镜116例,经皮经肝胆道镜（PTCS）63例。结果 306例中有286例成功（93.46%）。十二指肠镜治疗127例,成功125例;胆道镜经T管窦道治疗116例,成功109例;PTCS治疗肝内结石63例,成功52例。结论 内镜治疗肝内外胆道结石效果显著,可使绝大多数病人避免再次手术。     

The Value of Choledochoscopy in Exploration of the Common Bile Duct

Direct visualization of the biliary tree using choledochoscopy has been recommended as a technique to improve the accuracy of common duct exploration. In several series the incidence of retained biliary calculi has been dramatically reduced using choledochoscopy, and some authors have reported the findings of other unsuspected benign and malignant lesions as well. During an eight-year period 288 patients underwent exploration of the common bile duct specifically for calculous disease. Operative rigid choledochoscopy was performed in 140 patients in this group, with 79 found to have choledocholithiasis; seven retained stones occurred in this group for an incidence of 8.9%. Routine common duct exploration in the other 148 patients revealed 67 to have choledocholithiasis; six retained stones occurred in this group for an incidence of 9.0%. Though there was no difference in the incidence of retained stones with or without choledochoscopy, 20 patients were found to have stones missed during routine exploration once the rigid choledochoscope was inserted. In addition to the obvious value of the choledochoscope in identifying and removing common duct stones, it was also found to be an aid in removing stones in the intra-hepatic ducts and in clarifying atypical anatomy. Other causes of biliary obstruction such as a liver fluke, benign polyp, benign strictures, and ductal carcinomas were identified by use of biopsy forceps inserted through the choledochoscope. It is recommended that routine choledochoscopy be performed during common duct explorations and that surgical training programs insure that residents learn the technique of operative choledochoscopy.     

纤维胆道镜观察胆管异位开口与残石

８５０例胆管结石术后患者．在因疑有残石或胆总管远端不明原因的梗阻而经Ｔ管窦道行纤胆镜检查与治疗过程中，发现５２例胆管异位开口．其中存有残石者５０例。异位开口和残石以右肝尤其是右后叶肝胆管为多见．右后叶肝胆管开口于左肝胆管，左尾叶肝胆管开口于右前叶肝胆管，这些异位开口给纤胆镜检查取石带来很大的难度和盲目性．     

Choledochoscopy in common bile duct surgery for choledocholithiasis: A must: Eight years experience in 441 consecutive patients

Between 1975 and 1983, 441 choledochoscopy were performed in a series of 451 consecutive patients undergoing surgical common biliary duct exploration for choledocholithiasis. In 127 patients (27.8%), no stones were found. Forty-five cases (10%) of choledocholithiasis missed by surgical and radiologic exploration methods were found by choledochoscopy. Therefore the retained stone rate decreased from 10 per cent to 2 per cent. Fourteen patients (3%) died at surgery, ten of whom (2%) were over 70. Postoperative biliary tract was drained in 98 patients (8%) using external drainage. Biliary tract patency was checked on the tenth postoperative day by the tube cholangiography. When retained stones were not found, T-tube was removed on the 20th day after surgery. When retained stones were found (11 patients, 2%) an endoscopic papillotomy was performed. Choledochoscopy is a significant addition in biliary surgery. It reduces operative mortality and morbidity, decreases retained stone rate, diminishes indications for biliary anastomosis and sphincterotomy, and is easy to perform without specific training. Its extensive and systematic use is advocated when- ever common bile duct patency has to be surgically demonstrated in choledocholithiasis.     

Choledochoscopy and common bile duct exploration

Common bile duct (CBD) exploration is often indicated when cholecystectomy is performed for gallstone disease. Choledochoscopy may help to decrease the incidence of retained common duct stones. The present study reviews 97 consecutive CBD exploration cases performed between 1980 and 1988, in order to evaluate the authors' experience with flexible choledochoscopy and CBD exploration. Fifty-nine patients had CBD exploration plus flexible choledochoscopy and 38 underwent CBD exploration alone. Retained stones were found postoperatively in ten per cent of the patients who had only CBD exploration versus four per cent in the choledochoscopy group. The retained stones in five patients were later removed by percutaneous basket retrieval (3), flush irrigation (1), and choledochoscopy (1). Flexible choledochoscopy detected additional stones after routine CBD exploration in 12 patients, clarified T-tube cholangiograms in four patients, and aided stone extraction in two patients. For these reasons, and because choledochoscopy was associated with a lower incidence of retained stones, the authors believe this procedure is a worthwhile addition in most cases of CBD exploration.     

Intraoperative flexible choledochoscopy for intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary calculi

This prospective study evaluates the use of intraoperative flexible choledochoscopy in the detection and removal of additional stones after conventional bile duct exploration. The biliary system of 109 patients was examined with an Olympus CHF-B4 choledochoscope after conventional methods of exploration. Sixty-five patients had only common duct stones and 44 patients had intrahepatic stones with or without stones in the common duct. Additional stones were detected in 11 patients (16.9%) in the group with common duct stones; eight of these patients had their stones completely removed. Unsuspected residual stones were discovered by means of postoperative cholangiography in three more patients (4.6%); thus the total number of patients with residual stones was six (9.2%). Additional stones were detected in 39 patients (88.6%) in the group with intrahepatic stones. Of these, only 13 patients managed to be freed of stones with the use of the choledochoscope. A further 10 patients underwent liver resection to achieve stone clearance. Unsuspected retained stones were found postoperatively in seven of the 28 patients (25%) whose biliary systems were considered clear of stones. The overall number of patients with retained stones in the group with intrahepatic stones was 23 (52.3%). We concluded that intraoperative flexible choledochoscopy is useful in detecting intrahepatic stones left behind after conventional exploration. However, complete removal of the stones is difficult to achieve.