急性肾衰血液透析62例治疗体会

目的 :探讨血液透析 (HD)治疗急性肾功能衰竭 (ARF)的临床特点。方法 :将 6 2例ARF患者分为 2组 ,A组为急性肾衰无并发症组 ,B组为急性肾衰有并发症组 ,对透析反应、诱导透析及透析时机进行分析。另外 ,随机抽取同期的 6 0例慢性肾功能衰竭 (CRF)患者 ,维持性HD 180例次 ,与其进行透析反应发生率的比较。结果 :6 2例ARF透析反应发生率为 36 41% ,6 0例CRF透析反应发生率为 16 11% (P <0 0 1)。ARF中 ,首次诱导透析的透析反应发生率为 6 0 87% ,透析反应中低血压反应占 71 6 4% ,无症状低血压和非典型症状低血压占低血压反应的6 6 6 7%。A组治愈率明显高于B组 (P <0 0 1) ,A组病死率明显低于B组 (P <0 0 1) ,A组透析反应发生率低于B组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,因透析反应而死亡占死亡病例总数的 2 3 0 8%。结论 :ARF血液透析的透析反应发生率高 ,低血压是主要透析反应 ,低血压以无症状及非典型症状为主要表现。透析反应不是死亡主要因素。早期预防性HD可增加ARF治愈率 ,减少病死率及透析反应发生率。做好诱导透析及防治低血压反应对于ARF患者的HD治疗有重要作用。     

135例老年急性肾功能衰竭患者的前瞻性研究

目的 探讨住院患者中老年急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)患者的病因、预后及影响预后的因素.方法 前瞻性研究我院2003年12月至2006年12月老年ARF患者的临床资料,并与同期非老年患者进行比较.结果 观察期间老年ARF患者共135例,占总ARF例数(320例)的42.2%.老年组主要病因为感染、肾后梗阻性疾病.青年组死亡51例(29.7%),60～79岁组死亡31例(32.6%),≥80岁组死亡20例(50.0%).3组病死率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).Logistic回归分析显示少尿、原有肾功能不全以及心力衰竭是与预后相关的危险因素.结论 住院患者中老年ARF的发生率及痛死率高,且随着年龄增长.病死率有升高趋势,及时透析可改善其预后.     

原发性肾病综合征并发急性肾功能衰竭临床特点与病理分析

目的 :探讨原发性肾病综合征 (PNS)并发急性肾功能衰竭 (ARF)的临床特点、肾脏病理特征、治疗方法和预后情况。方法 :回顾分析本院近 10年间 2 4例PNS并发ARF患者的临床特征、实验室检查、肾活检病理结果、治疗方法及预后情况。结果 :ARF多发生于肾病活动期早期或激素减药期 ,多以感染为诱因 ,占 66 67% ,大多数表现为少尿型肾衰 ,占 79 1% ,病理类型以轻微病变为主 ,占 61 1%。经治疗后 2 2例肾功能恢复正常 ,占79 1% ,PNS 15例完全缓解 ,4例部分缓解 ,5例无效。发现肾病到肾衰发生的平均时间为 ( 4 6± 2 4)d ,从肾衰发生到临床恢复的平均病程为 ( 5 7± 3 1)d。结论 :PNS合并ARF易发生于肾小球病变轻微患者 ,绝大多数患者ARF是可逆的 ,及时发现并予正确治疗 ,预后较好     

肾病综合征并少尿型急性肾功能衰竭的临床与病理分析

目的探讨肾病综合征 (NS)并少尿型急性肾功能衰竭 (ARF)临床与病理的特点。方法对NS并少尿型ARF 11例患者临床资料进行回顾分析。结果发病率 3.4 5% ,发病年龄 ( 41.0± 13.1)岁 ,90 .9%有明显诱发因素 ,临床表现较严重 ,肾病理类型非轻微病变性肾小球病变占 4 0 % ,经CRRT、MP冲击等综合治疗肾功能恢复时间为 ( 17.0± 3.4 )天。结论NS并少尿型ARF发病年龄有、中青年化倾向 ,并多有明显诱发因素。应注意肾小球活动性病变在ARF发病中的地位。合理运用CRRT技术、MP冲击疗法 ,可获良好效果     

腹膜透析抢救急性肾功能衰竭30例临床分析

1　引　言急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)是常见的内科危重急症之一,由于病情发展快,并发症多,其病死率高达49%～71%[1]。我院从1994～1997年应用Baxter公司产生“0”型腹膜透析装置和腹膜透析液治疗30例少尿型ARF疗效好,现报告如下。2　临床资料2.1　一般资料30例均为本院住院患者,男性18例,女性12例,男女之比为1.5∶1,平均年龄38.6岁(5个月～70岁)其中大于60岁12例。从发病到开始腹膜透析治疗平均3.8天(2～10天),单纯肾功能衰竭20例(66%),2个器官功能衰竭6例(20%),3个器官功能衰竭4例(13%)。2.2　病　因原发性肾小球疾病12例(40%),急性药物中毒8…     

312例急性肾功能衰竭患者的临床特征与预后的关系

[目的]探讨急性肾功能衰竭(acute renal failure,ARF)的病因特点、治疗情况及其与预后的关系,为临床治疗ARF 提供依据.[方法]回顾性分析312例ARF的临床资料,采用逻辑斯蒂回归分析方法分析各种因素与患者预后的关系.[结果]312例ARF中内科病因引起的占55.4%,其次为外科病因,占29.8%,肿瘤病因占10.9%,儿科和妇产科病因所占的比例较低.老、少患者的病死及未愈率之和均高于青壮年(P＜0.05);少尿型、非少尿型ARF死亡及未愈率合计分别为60.1%和34.7% ,两者相比差异有显著性(P＜0.01);无并发症与合并多脏器功能衰竭的ARF病死及未愈率合计分别为43.9%和90.2% ,两者相比差异有显著性(P＜0.01).[结论]内科病因引起的ARF居首位,其次为外科病因和肿瘤;老、少患者,少尿型患者,合并多脏器功能衰竭患者病死率较高;透析可降低ARF患者的病死率.     

药源性急性肾功能衰竭的治疗与教训

药物所致急性肾功能衰竭 (acute renal failure,ARF)日渐增多。本文对 2 4例药物性 ARF作了回顾性分析和讨论 ,旨在提高用药的合理性 ,以防 ARF的发生。1　临床资料1.1　一般资料　 2 4例药物所致的 ARF的临床资料详见表1。 1例有中型手术创伤史 ,余 2 3例均无休克、心力衰竭、肾灌注不足 ,尿路梗阻、糖尿病、肾炎等病史。表 1　 2 4例急性肾功能衰竭临床资料病例年龄 (岁 )原发病 ARF类型应用药物药量 (天 )治疗方法16 5前列腺增生无尿型庆大霉素 2 4万 U ( 7)保守2 5 6上呼吸道感染少尿型庆大霉素 48万 U ( 3)血液透析3～ 9 5 6～ …     

甘露醇致不同年龄蛛网膜下腔出血患者急性肾损害的对比分析

目的对比分析不同年龄首次发生蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）患者应用甘露醇致急性肾损害的临床特点。方法选择1989年2月2005年12月收治的SAH患者1361例，有94例合并甘露醇肾病，其中中年组（〈60岁）35例，老年组（〉60岁）59例。观察应用甘露醇后急性肾损害出现的时间、肾损害的预后、应用肾毒性药物情况以及甘露醇应用剂量和时间。结果老年组患者尿常规出现异常时间为应用甘露醇后4d（中位数），肾功能异常出现时间为5d（中位数），急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）出现时间为5d（中位数），ARF发生率为20．3％；中年组分别为7d、11d、9d和2．8％（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），说明老年患者对甘露醇的耐受性差，甘露醇肾病出现早、肾损害重、预后差。老年组有43例使用了速尿（占72．9％），总剂量为400mg（中位数）；中年组35例使用了速尿（占100．0％），总剂量为800mg（中位数），两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；大剂量甘露醇联合应用速尿的患者甘露醇肾病发生率低。老年组病死率为3．4％（2／59例），中年组无死亡病例。结论老年SAH患者应用甘露醇易于诱发急性肾损害，联合使用速尿对防止急性肾功能衰竭具有重要意义。     

腹膜透析治疗小儿先心病术后急性肾功能衰竭

目的 探讨腹膜透析(PD)对小儿先天性心脏病术后急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)的治疗效果。方法 对36例先心病术后ARF行腹膜透析治疗患儿的临床资料进行透析效果、转归合并症进行回顾性分析。结果 单纯ARF的死亡率12.5％,显著低于合并其它系统器官衰竭组的45％(P<0.05),腹膜透析3～30天内肾功能恢复,其中1～2天内血钾[K~ ]恢复正常,2～5天内血碳酸氢根[HCO_3~-]恢复正常,4～6天内血尿素氮(BUN)下降49.2％,血肌酐(Cr)下降42.6％。结论 对小儿先心病术后ARF,及早进行腹膜透析具有较好的治疗效果。     

不同透析方法治疗颅脑外伤合并急性肾功能衰竭

目的　探讨不同透析方法治疗颅脑外伤合并急性肾功能衰竭 (ARF)的疗效。方法　颅脑外伤合并ARF行血液净化治疗患者共 4 3例 ,分为三组 ,血液滤过 (HF)组 14例 ,腹膜透析 (PD)组 13例 ,连续性肾脏替代治疗 (CRRT)组 16例。结果　HF组死亡率 71.4 % ,明显高于PD组的 30 .8%及CRRT组的 5 .0 % ,P <0 .0 5。HF组透析中脑脊液压力升高幅度及血浆渗透压下降幅度与CRRT及PD组比较差异显著 ,P <0 .0 5 ;CRRT组透析相关性出血率为 5 6 .3% ,HF组为 2 8.6 % ,PD组为 7.7% ,三组间透析相关性出血率有显著差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。透析相关感染的发病率 ,三组间无显著差异。结论　PD及CRRT治疗颅脑外伤并发急性肾功能衰竭优于血液滤过 ,但也应当注意预防感染及出血 ,并根据具体情况选择 ,早期治疗 ,提高生存率。     

慢性肾衰竭急性加重的临床特征及相关因素分析

目的：探讨慢性肾衰竭（CRF）急性加重因素及其治疗措施对预后的影响。方法：对2001年1月～2005年6月住院治疗的CRF急性加重患者42例，按其加重原因、基础疾病、治疗方式和疗效进行回顾性总结。结果：CRF急性加重因素依次为各种感染（45．2％）、原发病加重（19．0％）、高血压未控制（14．3％）、水电解质紊乱（11．9％）、肾毒性药物（11．9％）、心功能不全（9．5％）、尿路梗阻（4．8％）、血高粘滞状态（2．4%），7例同时存在≥2种上述病因（16．7％）。CRF急性加重原发病以慢性肾小球肾炎（52．4％）和糖尿病肾病（11．9％）为主。积极治疗后肾功能恢复达到或接近原来水平者40例，死亡2例，死亡2例的年龄均在60岁以上。结论：对于CRF肾功能急剧恶化的患者，应积极寻找其加重因素，并采取非透析和透析相结合治疗，改善肾功能，降低病死率，延长患者生命。     

86例急性肾损伤患者的临床特征及分析

目的 探讨急性肾损伤（AKI）的病因、临床特点及预后。方法 回顾性分析我院86例AKI患者的临床特点。将其分为恢复组（包括肾功能完全恢复及部分恢复）及未恢复组（包括死亡、自动出院及长期透析）,两组年龄、性别、血红蛋白、血白蛋白、血尿酸、基础病（高血压、糖尿病、冠心病等）、少尿发生率、透析率等方面进行分析,并分析患者预后不良的危险因素。结果 86例患者中死亡4例（4.65%）,自动出院13例（15.12%）,长期透析2例（2.33%）,好转67例（77.90%）,病因主要包括：肾前性灌注不足、感染、肾后性梗阻、心功能不全、药物等,其中以肾前性灌注不足及感染为主要原因。两组年龄、性别、血红蛋白、血白蛋白、基础病、透析率方面差异均无统计学意义（P>0.01）,未恢复组血尿酸水平及少尿发生率高于恢复组（P<0.05）。少尿是AKI患者预后不良的独立危险因素。结论 AKI临床发病率及病死率高,肾前性灌注不足及感染是引起AKI的重要原因;少尿是AKI患者预后不良的独立危险因素。     

Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis with extensive glomerular crescent formation

Thirty-nine patients with severe crescentic glomerulonephritis and rapidly progressive renal failure were reviewed. Nineteen patients had a focal necrotizing glomerulonephritis, they usually presented with signs of multi-system disease, and eight had histologically-proven microscopic polyarteritis. A second group of 20 patients presented with an acute nephritic syndrome, often with nephrotic features, and had only minor prodromal symptoms. Renal biopsy material showed various forms of proliferative glomerulonephritis in addition to crescents. The most important prognostic feature at admission was renal function: only four of 21 patients who required dialysis recovered any renal function. The prognosis was worse for those with necrotizing glomerulonephritis, of whom two-thirds had oliguria on admission. All patients who were not oliguric, and some with oliguria, were treated with high doses of corticosteroids, usually accompanied by azathioprine and anticoagulants. Seventeen of 18 patients who were not oliguric initially retained or regained renal function, although three subsequently went into renal failure, and three others died of non-renal causes. At the most recent review, 25 of the 39 patients were either dead (16 patients) on dialysis or transplanted (nine patients). Ten were alive with diminished renal function, one had normal renal function but persisting proteinuria, and three were well. Prompt treatment may have contributed to these favourable results in a very severe disease.     

重症急性胰腺炎的腹腔镜治疗:手术时机及手术方式探讨

目的探讨腹腔镜治疗重症急性胰腺炎(severeacutepancreatitis,SAP)的手术时机、方法及疗效。方法腹腔镜下分离胃结肠韧带,进入网膜腔暴露胰腺,清除渗出液、浓液,通畅脓腔分隔,但不必进行彻底的胰腺坏死组织清创。网膜囊及盆腔置入灌洗管和多根引流管,术后用大量生理盐水持续灌洗引流至引出的灌洗液澄清,并急性肾功能衰竭病人同时盆腔内置入腹膜透析管行腹膜透析。选择腹腔镜手术时间为发病后18h￣26d不等。结果治愈17例,1例死于多器官功能衰竭,住院时间28￣86d,平均46d。结论采用腹腔镜治疗重症急性胰腺炎对机体的创伤打击小、干扰少,冲洗引流可靠,可有效地改善重症急性胰腺炎的预后,是现行一种安全有效的治疗方法。其手术时机、适应证的选择与传统开腹手术有所不同。     

Renal Disease in Essential Mixed Cryoglobulinaemia: LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP OF 44 PATIENTS

The mode of presentation of renal disease in 44 patients withessential mixed cryoglobulinaemia (EMC) was: acute renal failure(two patients), acute nephritic syndrome (six patients), nephroticsyndrome (eight patients), proteinuria and/or haematuria (28patients). Renal biopsy, performed in 35 patients, showed proliferativelesions in 33, while only minimal glomerular changes were seenin the remaining two. Immunofluorescence studies showed: IgG(85 per cent), IgA (36 per cent), IgM (90 per cent), C3 (90per cent), Clq (47 per cent), and C4 (33 per cent) deposits,mainly located in subendothelial position. On electron microscopy,crystalloid structure of deposits and monocyte infiltrationof capillary loops were the outstanding feature. The survivalrate was 75 per cent at 10 years from the onset of clinicalsymptoms. Thirty-nine patients were followed for three to 146months (mean 53·8). Twelve patients died, cardiovasculardisease and infection being the commonest cause of death. Thirteenpatients showed acute renal failure or acute nephritic syndrome:nine recovered completely, whereas the remaining four died duringthe acute renal episode. Three patients developed chronic renalfailure, but only one required chronic dialysis. The ominoussignificance of renal impairment in EMC should therefore berevaluated. The high prevalence of hypertension (28/44 patients)which was refractory to treatment in six, may be important tothe clinical outcome.     

Acute renal failure in critically ill patients: prognosis for recovery of kidney function after prolonged dialysis support

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the prognosis for eventual recovery of kidney function in patients who experience prolonged dialysis dependence after acute renal failure (ARF). DESIGN: Retrospective, chart review. SETTING: Inpatients of a large, referral-based hospital. PATIENTS: Twenty-six consecutive survivors of ARF who required greater than 4 wk of dialysis support. RESULTS: All 26 patients were critically ill and developed ARF during treatment in an ICU. The clinical course of these patients was characterized by multiple episodes of renal ischemia or nephrotoxin exposure during dialysis dependence. However, despite multiple renal insults and prolonged dialysis support (mean duration 8.4 +/- 0.7 wk), 23 (88%) of the 26 patients recovered sufficient kidney function to discontinue dialysis. Preexisting renal impairment was associated with a greater risk of irreversible renal failure, and, in patients able to discontinue dialysis, renal recovery was often incomplete. CONCLUSIONS: Despite some renal damage, most critically ill patients who survive ARF requiring prolonged dialysis support recover life-sustaining kidney function.     

连续性肾脏替代与间歇性血液透析治疗重症急性肾衰的比较研究

目的：回顾性对比研究连续性肾脏替代治疗与间歇性血液透析治疗重症急性肾衰的疗效。方法：重症急性肾衰患者85例，其中45例行肾脏替代，40例行血液透析，对比分析两组患者的临床资料、疗效和预后。结果：肾脏替代组病情明显重于血液透析组（P〈0．01）。肾脏替代组血流动力学稳定。对氮质血症和水电解质控制优于血液透析组（P〈0．05）。肾脏替代组存活35例（77.8％），死亡10例（22．2％）；血液透析组存活21例（52．5％），死亡19例（47．5％）。两组存活率比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论：肾脏替代治疗重症急性肾衰的疗效优于血液透析，能提高重症急性肾衰患者的存活率，改善预后。     

Chronic dialysis in patients with multiple myeloma and renal failure: a worthwhile treatment

Severe renal failure is a life-threatening complication of multiple myeloma. Aggressive treatment can reverse acute renal failure in many cases but the prognosis for those who require chronic renal replacement therapy is not clear. We have reviewed the treatment of these patients in the Brighton, Dulwich and Guy's Hospitals renal units. Twenty-three patients were treated for a total of 385 months. Over half presented with end-stage renal failure and required dialysis immediately. Fifteen patients died during the study period and actuarial survival was 45 per cent at one year; six have survived for longer than two years. No prognostic features at presentation were identified but those who responded to chemotherapy survived significantly longer than those who did not. Haemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) appeared to be equally effective treatments. Complications from dialysis were more common than in patients with renal failure from other causes. Infection in those treated by CAPD was a serious problem and may be exacerbated by aggressive chemotherapy. Maintenance dialysis offers some patients with multiple myeloma long-term survival and should be offered to all patients who are considered to warrant continuing treatment for their underlying disease.     

含三聚氰胺奶粉相关小儿尿路结石及急性肾衰竭的特征与救治

目的 探讨含三聚氰胺奶粉导致小儿尿路结石特点及最佳治疗方案.方法 回顾性分析2008年1～11月份首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院收治的47例奶粉相关尿路结石及31例合并急性肾衰竭患儿诊断治疗过程.结果 三聚氰胺相关结石平均发病年龄11个月,男女比例2.6:1,结石多为多发.非肾衰竭组保守治疗有效率(81.3%).肾衰竭组结石治愈率(83.9%)肾功能100%恢复正常,透析组、置管组及保守治疗组两两比较,肾功能恢复时间差异无统计学意义(P=0.683～0.846).结论 三聚氰胺相关结石好发丁小婴儿,发病率男多于女,结石多为多发.未合并肾衰竭患儿应首选内科保守治疗,合并肾衰竭者应根据患儿情况积极透析治疗及经膀胱镜输尿管放置引流管解除尿路梗阻.该病经积极治疗多预后良好.