关节镜下半腱肌、股薄肌腱重建前交叉韧带

目的关节镜下以半腱肌、股薄肌腱重建膝前交叉韧带,分析影响疗效的因素。方法自2002年12月至2004年6月,关节镜下endobuttonl固定四股腘绳肌腱修复膝前交叉韧带损伤66例72膝。膝前小切口取半腱肌腱、股薄肌腱修整、对折后成四股,分别建立胫骨隧道及股骨隧道,用Endobutton和门形钉固定肌腱,重建ACL的解剖结构和生理功能。术后即行功能锻练。结果66例患者得到随访,随访时间13-30个月,平均22.25个月。术前Lachman征( ),术后Lachman征(-)。术前Lysholm评分从27分到71分,平均53.75分;术后Lysholm评分从70分到99分,平均90.83分,术前、术后评分有显著性差异(t=2.23,P<0.05)。结论腘绳肌腱具有良好的抗拉强度和刚度,在关节镜下用四股腘绳肌腱重建膝前交叉韧带是一种疗效可靠的治疗方式。     

关节镜下LARS人工韧带及4股半腱肌肌腱重建前交叉韧带

目的评价LARS人工韧带和自体4股半腱肌肌腱关节镜下重建膝前交叉韧带（ACL）的临床疗效。方法对28例膝ACL断裂患者行关节镜下ACL重建术,根据重建材料的来源分为LARS人工韧带组（13例）和自体4股半腱肌肌腱组（15例）。采用ACL解剖等长重建技术建立胫骨、股骨骨道。并对两组的关节稳定性和Lysholm膝关节功能评分进行对比研究。结果术后膝关节稳定性LARS人工韧带组优于4股半腱肌肌腱组（P〈0.05）。移植后两组Lyshrolm膝关节功能评分较移植前提高（P〈0.05）。术后6个月LARS人工韧带组Lysholm评分（90.4分±5.3分）高于4股半腱肌肌腱组（81.2分±4.7分）（P〈0.05）。结论在关节镜下重建ACL术中,LARS人工韧带可作为自体材料的良好替代物。     

保留残端半腱肌和股薄肌双股双隧道解剖重建前交叉韧带的临床研究

目的探讨关节镜下半腱肌股薄肌保留残端双股双隧道解剖重建前交叉韧带(ACL)的疗效。方法回顾自2006年1月～2008年1月,本组在关节镜下联合应用半腱肌腱和股薄肌腱双股双隧道重建ACL患者20例其中男18例,女2例,年龄17～46岁(平均31.5岁)。取腱器分别切取半腱肌、股薄肌编织成股,保留前叉韧带在股骨、胫骨的附着点残端,于ACL前内侧束和后外侧束附着部分别钻隧道,用半腱肌腱重建前内侧束,股薄肌腱重建后外侧束,以enderbutton悬吊固定股骨端,挤压螺钉固定胫骨端肌腱。所有患者术前及术后12个月行前抽屉试验、Lachman试验、Lysholm评分方法评定膝关节功能。结果术后随访14～48个月,平均31个月。术前患者前抽屉试验均为阳性,Lachman试验阳性13例,术后前抽屉试验3例屈膝60°位阳性,1例屈膝30°位阳性,其余均转阴性。5例Lachman试验仍阳性,但患者术后无膝关节不稳。2例患者术后胫骨前伤口瘢痕红肿凸起,给予切开引流后良好愈合。用Lysholm膝关节功能评分法评定术后疗效,术前评分为38～49分,平均43.5分,术后14个月为69～92分,平均80.5分,优13例,良5例,可2例,优良率为90.0%。结论应用自体肌腱双股双隧道重建ACL,术后膝关节动态稳定性好,疗效满意。     

关节镜下保留前交叉韧带残端的前交叉韧带重建

目的探讨关节镜下前交叉韧带(ACL)损伤后,保留ACL残端,重建ACL的手术意义。方法对37例ACL损伤者应用自体半腱肌肌腱和股薄肌肌腱重建ACL。ACL股骨髁部应用Rigifix方法固定,胫骨侧应用Transfix方法固定。ACL在胫骨侧的断裂残端全部保留;股骨髁处残端前部保留,后部切除。结果37例均获随访,时间12～28(15.7±3.7)个月。膝关节纵向稳定;Lysholm评分:术前47～64(53.2±6.0)分,末次随访90～98(94.7±3.4)分,提高(41.5±2.6)分。术前术后比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。术前Lachman试验(+)37例,术后Lachman试验(-)33例,弱(+)4例。术前前抽屉试验(+)23例,术后前抽屉试验(-)34例,弱(+)3例;术前轴移试验(+)25例,术后轴移试验(-)37例;IKDC评定:术前C 19例,D 18例。术后A30例,B 7例。结论保留ACL残端重建ACL,有利于移植肌腱的定位;ACL固定于ACL残端后方,避免重建的ACL被股骨髁间窝挤夹;ACL残端纤维缠绕重建的ACL,可以封闭隧道内口,避免关节液对隧道与移植肌腱潜在腔隙的冲刷。     

关节镜下重建膝前交叉韧带位点的选择与固定

目的探讨关节镜下应用半腱肌、股薄肌肌腱重建膝前交叉韧带时等长点及骨隧道角度的选择。方法经临床及膝关节镜检查诊断的膝前交叉韧带损伤者27例。术前、术后用Harner的四分法将Blumensaat线四等分,设计理想的等长点和骨隧道。术后进行分析总结。结果本组27例,患者术后随访6~24个月,Lysholm膝关节功能评分标准,术前(45·5±6·5)分,术后(96·2±2·2)分,(P<0·01)。结论关节镜下重建膝前交叉韧带的手术中,准确定位等长点,良好的隧道角度,术前、术后进行分析,有助于减少因骨隧道位点不正确,而引起术后膝关节功能障碍及髁间撞击征。     

关节镜下多股半腱肌腱与股薄肌腱重建前十字韧带的临床应用

目的探讨应用自体半腱肌腱与股薄肌腱重建前十字韧带(anteriorcruciateligament,ACL)的方法与疗效。方法对30例ACL损伤患者行关节镜下半腱肌腱与股薄肌腱ACL重建术。半腱肌腱与股薄肌腱均取自同侧,其中25例应用半腱肌腱与股薄肌腱进行重建;5例单纯应用半腱肌腱。将肌腱反复折叠为长约8.5cm的4～5股,在距两端2.5cm处分别用丝线编织捆绑缝合,用直径为7～8mm,长20～25mm的SoftSilk型挤压螺钉于屈膝20°～40°位固定,等长重建ACL。合并损伤于先期或同期治疗。结果术后随访7～30个月,平均15.9个月。所有患者术后4周膝关节均达正常活动范围。X线片显示24例内固定物位置良好,5例股骨侧和1例胫骨侧位置明显偏前。12例胫骨隧道和8例股骨隧道轻度扩大,无骨隧道明显扩大的病例。26例术后Lachman试验≤Ⅰ度,27例轴移试验阴性或Ⅰ度,Lysholm评分平均为87.5分,较术前平均54.5分显著增高,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。Tegner运动评级平均为5.2级,较术前平均2.8级有所增高。结论关节镜下挤压螺钉固定自体多股半腱肌腱与股薄肌腱重建ACL是治疗急、慢性ACL损伤的较好的方法。     

关节镜下膝关节前、后交叉韧带重建53例

目的总结关节镜下前、后交叉韧带（ACL、PCL）及膝内外侧复合体重建的经验。方法关节镜下移植中1/3骨-髌腱-骨组织、4股腘绳肌腱及LARS人工韧带重建膝关节ACL、PCL。合并膝内、外侧结构损伤患者在重建的同时进行膝关节侧副韧带和关节囊的修补。术后佩戴可调式膝关节固定带3个月行康复训练。结果53例随访2个月～5年4个月,Lysholm评分由术前平均（20±4.6）分提高到（85±7.3）分。所有患者术前抽屉试验及Lachman试验存在阳性体征,术后1例后抽屉试验阳性,4例Lachman试验弱阳性。所有患者关节功能明显改善。结论在关节镜直视下交叉韧带重建能准确定位ACL、PCL解剖止点,具有损伤小,关节粘连率低,恢复快的优点,能达到坚强固定,早期功能锻炼的目的。     

关节镜下前交叉韧带重建的远期疗效

目的观察关节镜下重建双股半腱肌腱重建膝前交叉韧带(ACL)的远期疗效。方法回顾分析1990年4月-1997年6月间收治并且得到随访的21例ACL损伤后采用关节镜下双股半腱肌腱重建ACL的患者。对其术前和近期的症状、体征及Lysholm膝关节评分的情况进行分析。结果随访98-168个月,平均127．7个月。21例术前弹响、交锁和打软腿的症状均消失,浮髌试验均为阴性,均无过伸痛。关节轻度疼痛11例,Lachman征阳性3例,前抽屉试验阳性8例,但均无关节不稳。无取腱造成的其它并发症。Lysholm膝关节评分由术前(47．4±10．2)分提高到随访时的(76．7±13．7)分。结论采用双股半腱肌腱重建ACL的手术方式是可行的,长期观察疗效肯定。但随着时间的延长,移植肌腱的强度也会有所下降。     

关节镜下联合重建前交叉韧带与内侧副韧带陈旧性损伤

目的探讨关节镜下重建前交叉韧带结合限定切开重建内侧副韧带治疗ACL伴内侧副韧带陈旧性损伤的疗效。方法对51例ACL伴内侧副韧带陈旧性损伤,行关节镜下自体半腱肌肌腱和股薄肌肌腱重建ACL,将重建后的自体肌腱向上反折至内侧副韧带上止点,应用Intrafix将残端固定于股骨内髁部。结果 51例获得随访12~18个月,所有患者膝关节无伸膝受限。屈膝90°时前抽屉试验均阴性,膝关节屈曲活动度120°。Lachman试验术前阳性51例,术后阳性3例,阴性48例;内侧张力试验术前阳性51例,术后阳性1例,阴性50例。术后Lysholm评分(93.22±3.90)分、IKDC评分(94.11±5.50)分,较术前均有较大提高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论针对膝关节韧带复合伤,关节镜下联合限定切开重建韧带,规避了更大的开放性损伤以及使用异体肌腱的费用及可能出现的排异反应,有助于关节部位的康复。     

关节镜下解剖等长重建技术在重建前交叉韧带中的应用

[目的]探讨前交叉韧带(ACL)解剖等长重建技术在关节镜下应用的可行性及近期疗效.[方法]对20例前交叉韧带损伤行关节镜下ACL重建木.采用前交叉韧带解剖等长重建技术钻胫骨、股骨骨道.移植物用LARS人工韧带11例,用四股半腱肌股薄肌腱9例.LARS人工韧带用2枚界面螺钉固定韧带,四股半腱肌股薄肌腱股骨端用Endobutton固定、胫骨端用可吸收界面螺钉固定.[结果]手术时间LARS人工韧带组30～80 min,平均56 min.四股半腱肌股薄肌腱组80～120 min,平均100 min.20例均随访6～12个月,平均9个月.根据Lysholm膝关节功能评分,LARS人工韧带组术前评分22～65分(36.72±15.54)分;术后6个月评分80～98分(90.45±4.68)分(t=10.535,P＜0.01).四股半腱肌股薄肌腱组术前评分20～60分(37.11±12.26)分;术后6个月评分75～87分(80.44±4.16)分(t=9.615,P＜0.01).术后6个月LARS人工韧带组与四股半腱肌股薄肌腱组评分在统计学上有显著差异(t=10.569,P＜0.01).[结论]前交叉韧带解剖等长重建技术在关节镜下重建前交叉韧带术中操作简便,效果可靠,值得推广.LARS人工韧带组近期疗效明显优于四股半腱肌股薄肌腱组.     

Aperture Fixation in Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Double-Bundle Reconstruction

The native anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) consists of 2 bundles, which have distinct biomechanical yet synergistic functions with respect to anterior tibial translation and combined rotatory loads. Traditionally, most ACL reconstruction techniques have primarily addressed the restoration of the anteromedial bundle, and less consideration was given to the posterolateral bundle. Recently, various ACL double-bundle reconstruction techniques have been described. With most of these techniques, however, an indirect extra-anatomic fixation far from the articular surface was performed. Because extra-anatomic fixation techniques, rather than aperture fixation techniques, are associated with graft tunnel motion, windshield wiper action, and suture stretch-out, concerns may arise regarding delayed biological incorporation, tunnel enlargement, and secondary rotational and anterior instability. We, therefore, present a novel arthroscopic technique that reapproximates the footprints of native ACL with the use of double-strand semitendinosus and gracilis autografts for reconstruction of the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles, respectively. A separate femoral and tibial tunnel is drilled for each double-strand autograft. The femoral tunnel for the anteromedial bundle is drilled primarily through a transtibial technique, and the femoral tunnel for the posterolateral bundle is drilled via an accessory anteromedial portal with the use of a 4-mm offset drill guide in the anteroinferior aspect of the femoral tunnel for the anteromedial bundle. Bioabsorbable interference screws are used in aperture fixation for anatomic fixation of each bundle. This technique attempts to reproduce closely the native ligament and its biomechanical function.     

Accuracy in tunnel placement for ACL reconstruction. Comparison of traditional arthroscopic and computer-assisted navigation techniques.

The purpose of this randomized, prospective study was to compare accuracy in tunnel placement as performed with a traditional arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction technique and with KneeNavTM ACL, a computer-assisted surgical navigation technique. Two surgeons experienced in ACL reconstruction, but inexperienced in computer-assisted surgical navigation technique, each randomly used traditional arthroscopic guides or KneeNavTM ACL to drill a tunnel in twenty identical foam knees. Placement of the resulting tibial and femoral tunnels was measured with a computer-assisted digitizing method and compared to traditional biplanar radiographs. Statistical analysis with Student's t-test was used to compare the distance from the ideal tunnel placement to the femoral and tibial tunnels. Accuracy of tunnel placement with KneeNavTM ACL was significantly better than that obtained with the traditional arthroscopic technique. Distances from the ideal tunnel placement to the femoral and tibial tunnels were 4.2 +/- 1.8 mm (mean +/- SD) and 4.9 +/- 2.3 mm, respectively, for the traditional arthroscopic technique, and 2.7 +/- 1.9 mm (femur) and 3.4 +/- 2.3 mm (tibia) for KneeNavTM ACL. These differences were statistically different. Tunnel placement for ACL reconstruction with KneeNavTM ACL, an image-based, computer-assisted surgical navigation device with a simple and intuitive interface, was more accurate than with the traditional arthroscopic technique.     

ACL重建股骨隧道定位及固定方法研究

目的探讨关节镜下应用半腱肌、股薄肌肌腱重建膝前交叉韧带时股骨隧道定位及固定方法。方法经临床及膝关节镜检查诊断的膝前交叉韧带损伤者86例采取镜下修复,分别应用经由内向外及由外向内2种定位方法行股骨隧道定位;股骨隧道固定分别应用Endobutton、Rigidfix及可吸收挤压螺钉3种方法。结果经随访10～26个月,Lachman征、前抽屉试验均为阴性,Lysholm评分从28分到70分,平均56.65分。结论股骨端隧道由内向外定位方法（通过胫骨隧道）创伤略小,适用于Endobutton、Rigidfix等,但受胫骨隧道位置及角度影响,要使股骨端隧道定位点与前交叉韧带股骨外髁解剖止点完全吻合,必须建立精确位置及角度的胫骨隧道。而股骨端隧道由外向内定位方法创伤略大,适用于股骨端挤压螺钉固定,定位点不受胫骨隧道影响,与前交叉韧带股骨外髁解剖止点较易吻合;而各种股骨端固定方法各有利弊,选择最佳的股骨隧道及固定方法将有助于减少术后并发症。     

关节镜下重建前交叉韧带移植物的选择与疗效比较

目的 比较分析膝关节镜下自体和异体骨-髌腱-骨、自体半腱肌腱、异体胫前肌肌腱、LAPS人工韧带五种重建前交叉韧带方法的疗效.方法 回顾分析112例膝关节镜下自体骨-髌腱-骨移植、23例自体半腱肌肌腱移植、87例异体骨-髌腱-骨移植、126例异体胫前肌肌腱、28例LARS人工韧带重建前交叉韧带的情况.采用Lysholm评分、IKDC分级和KT-1000评价疗效.结果 前四组中期关节稳定性及功能差异无统计学意义.LAPS人工韧带近期效果与其他移植物相比有统计学意义.自体骨-髌腱-骨组膝前痛发生率高,异体骨-髌腱-骨排斥反应发生率高于异体胫前肌肌腱.结论 关节镜下前四种前交叉韧带替代物重建前交叉韧带的疗效大致相同,但LARS人工韧带近期效果优于其他移植物.     

前交叉韧带重建术后骨道增宽的临床研究

目的分析前交叉韧带（ACL）重建术后骨道增宽的发生率、增宽程度、骨道形状、相关因素及其与临床效果的关系。方法回顾性研究应用胭绳肌腱重建ACL手术后骨道的变化,通过X线片测量ACL重建术后的骨道直径。对51例患者行ACL重建手术,其中男性30例,女性21例。所有患者均获随访,平均随访时间16个月。主要研究及观察指标：患者性别、年龄、身高等因素,移植物的固定方式,随访时的关节活动度、膝关节稳定性检查（KT2000）及肌力恢复情况,以及股骨和胫骨的骨道直径、骨道位置和角度等。数据分析采用统计学卡方检验及相关性分析。结果前交叉韧带重建术后的骨道增宽率股骨85％-94％,胫骨65％;增宽程度股骨51％-53％,胫骨40％～44％。胫骨骨道增宽的形态以O型（冠位片）及V型（矢位片）最常见。骨道增宽与年龄、身高及体重指数相关。股骨骨道位置偏前会引起股骨骨道的增宽,股骨骨道角或胫骨骨道角越小,则股骨骨道越容易增宽。结论以腘绳肌腱为移植物重建前交叉韧带手术,术后骨道增宽的发生率与程度,股骨骨道较胫骨骨道明显。骨道增宽与患者年龄、身高以及骨道定位相关,其中股骨和胫骨骨道的位置及角度是引起术后骨道增宽的主要因素之一。骨道增宽与KT2000结果和术后肌力恢复情况相关。     

Nonunited avulsion fractures of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia

Summary: We report 3 cases of nonunited avulsion fracture of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia. Characteristics of the clinical symptoms were limitation of knee extension, pain at knee extension, and a small amount of anterior instability. For the patient with a normal anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), the fragment was fixed by sutures with a button after curettage of the fibrous tissue. Two patients underwent endoscopic ACL reconstruction using quadrupled semitendinosus tendon because their ACLs had degenerated. Since the technique of ACL reconstruction under arthroscopic control has been well refined, endoscopic ACL reconstruction is considered to be 1 of the surgical options for nonunited avulsion fracture with symptomatic anterior instability if the ACL is degenerated.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related surgery, Vol 16, No 7 (October), 2000: pp 757–762     

Patellar tendon autograft versus hamstring tendon autograft in arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: appraisal of the evidence

Arthroscopy–assisted reconstruction of a torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a commonly performed surgical procedure. The type of graft used for ACL reconstruction has traditionally been an autograft; the more commonly used grafts are the bonepatellar tendon–bone (BPTP) and hamstring tendons, namely the gracilis and semitendinosus tendons (GST). We surveyed the evidence concerning the outcome of patients treated by arthroscopic reconstruction of the ACL with either BPTP or GST. On basis of several welldesigned studes, specifically 5 meta–analyses and one systematic review, we critically discuss the best evidence available today regarding ACL reconstruction. This evidence suggests that BPTP may be considered for patients performing high–demand activities not involving repetitive kneeling.     

膝关节前交叉韧带翻修及影响首次重建疗效的相关因素分析

目的总结影响关节镜下前交叉韧带重建疗效的相关因素。方法回顾性分析135例前交叉韧带翻修病例的相关临床资料,进行膝关节Lysholm评分综合分析。结果膝关节继发性疾患、骨隧道位置、移植物的张力、髁间窝撞击、所移植肌腱的固定和术后康复训练6大因素是影响关节镜下膝关节前交叉韧带重建疗效的关键因素。结论高度重视以上6方面因素并正确处理,能有效提高关节镜下膝关节前交叉韧带重建的成功率和治疗效果。     

A new arthroscopic method for reconstructing the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments using a single-incision technique: simultaneous grafting of the autogenous semitendinosus and patellar tendons.

We established a simultaneous reconstruction method for ruptured anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (ACL, PCL) using a single-incision technique. Residual PCL was used to determine the position of bone tunnel for ACL reconstruction. The bone tunnel position on the tibia for PCL reconstruction was arthroscopically confirmed by conducting through debridement from the posteromedial portal. Reconstruction substitutes were patellar-tendon bone-tendon-bone for ACL, and semitendinosus tendon for PCL. In the fixation procedure, the PCL substitute was fixed using the Endobutton (Smith & Nephew, Andover, MA) and a ceramic button, and the ACL substitute was fixed with an interference screw. During the surgery, radiographic monitoring and the PCL guide system were not required.