肥厚型心肌病左室局部与整体舒张功能研究新方法定量组织多普勒速度成像技术

目的　探讨定量组织多普勒速度成像技术(QTVI)评价肥厚型心肌病 (HCM )患者左室局部与整体心肌舒张功能的价值。方法　应用QTVI获取 36例正常人和 4 2例HCM患者左室长轴方向不同室壁心肌多普勒速度曲线。离线分析正常人与HCM患者不同室壁舒张期心肌多普勒运动速度。测量的快速充盈期和心房收缩期速度 (Ve和Va)、Ve/Va比值反映左室局部舒张功能 ,脉冲多普勒测量二尖瓣舒张期血流频谱E/A值、左室等容舒张期 (IRT)反映左室整体功能 ,常规超声心动图测量室壁厚度。结果　①HCM患者肥厚室间隔节段Ve、Va、Ve/Va的测值及二尖瓣血流频谱E/A值均比正常人测值明显降低 ,IRT比正常人明显延长(P <0 0 5 ) ;②HCM患者肥厚室间隔节段Ve、Va、Ve/Va的测值比其他左室节段明显降低 ;③E/A比值异常的HCM患者Ve/Va与E/A有相关关系 (r =0 70 4 )。④非梗阻型HCM患者肥厚室间隔厚度IVSt与Ve/Va有负相关关系 (r =- 0 6 14 )。结论　QTVI定量评价HCM患者左室局部心肌舒张功能以及局部与整体心肌舒张功能关系 ,为进一步了解HCM心肌舒张功能的变化提供较为敏感、精确的方法。     

定量组织速度成像对高血压患者左室心肌功能的评价

目的探讨定量组织速度成像(QTVI)评价高血压患者左室心肌功能的价值.方法于心尖四腔切面,应用QTVI获取20例正常人及66例原发高血压患者不同节段室壁的组织多普勒速度曲线,并测量以下参数不同节段心肌收缩期峰值速度(Vs)、舒张早期峰值速度(Ve)、舒张晚期峰值速度(Va);应用频谱多普勒(PW)获取二尖瓣口舒张早期血流速度峰值E及舒张晚期血流速度峰值A;于左室长轴,应用M型超声心动图获取左室射血分数(LVEF).结果1、高血压患者左室心肌Vs与LVEF呈正相关(r=0.9,P＜0.001).2、当基底部心肌Vs＞7 cm/s、中间部Vs＞5 cm/s、心尖部Vs＞3 cm/s时,判定LVEF＞50%的敏感性87%、特异性85%.3、高血压无左室肥厚时,节段性心肌Vs与血压正常组无变化,Ve/Va比值下降;当左室发生向心性肥厚时,Vs最高,Ve/Va比值倒置;左室离心性肥厚时,Ve/Va比值倒置,而与通过二尖瓣口血流多普勒频谱测定的E/A出现不一致变化.结论QTVI可以简洁、直观、准确评价心肌功能.     

定量组织速度成像对高血压患者左室心肌功能的评价

目的探讨定量组织速度成像(QTVI)评价高血压患者左室心肌功能的价值。方法于心尖四腔切面,应用QTVI获取20例正常人及66例原发高血压患者不同节段室壁的组织多普勒速度曲线,并测量以下参数:不同节段心肌收缩期峰值速度(Vs)、舒张早期峰值速度(Ve)、舒张晚期峰值速度(Va);应用频谱多普勒(PW)获取二尖瓣口舒张早期血流速度峰值E及舒张晚期血流速度峰值A;于左室长轴,应用M型超声心动图获取左室射血分数(LVEF)。结果1、高血压患者左室心肌Vs与LVEF呈正相关(r=0.9,P<0.001)。2、当基底部心肌Vs>7cm/s、中间部Vs>5cm/s、心尖部Vs>3cm/s时,判定LVEF>50%的敏感性87%、特异性85%。3、高血压无左室肥厚时,节段性心肌Vs与血压正常组无变化,Ve/Va比值下降;当左室发生向心性肥厚时,Vs最高,Ve/Va比值倒置;左室离心性肥厚时,Ve/Va比值倒置,而与通过二尖瓣口血流多普勒频谱测定的E/A出现不一致变化。结论QTVI可以简洁、直观、准确评价心肌功能。     

脉冲组织多普勒成像技术检测糖尿病患者左室舒张功能

目的应用脉冲组织多普勒成像技术(PWDTI)检测糖尿病(DM)组和健康对照组左室舒张功能,并与传统二尖瓣血流频谱E/A比较。方法用PWDTI在心尖左室长轴水平二尖瓣环后壁处测量舒张期E峰速度(Ve)、A峰速度(Va),计算Ve/Va比值;在同一切面用彩色多普勒血流显像技术(CDFI)测量二尖瓣口舒张期血流频谱E峰、A峰值,计算E/A比值,并计算E/Ve比值。DM组根据尿蛋白阴性或阳性分为两亚组,并根据糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)浓度≤或>7%分为两亚组。结果DM组和健康对照组Ve/Va比值[(0.87±0.37)、(1.21±0.4)]以及E/Ve比值[(9.24±4.47)、(6.03±1.72)]差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。DM组尿蛋白阴性、阳性亚组的E/Ve比值分别为(7.36±2.46)、(10.5±2.49),DM组HbA1c≤7%和>7%亚组E/A比值分别为(0.64±0.24)、(1.32±0.22),两亚组比较均差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论PWDTI观测DM左室舒张功能较传统二尖瓣口血流频谱E/A具有明显的优越性,两者结合起来能更好地反映左室舒张功能。     

应用多普勒组织成像评价冠心病患者左心室舒张功能

目的 :探讨应用多普勒组织成像 （DTI）检测二尖瓣环运动速度评估冠心病左室舒张功能的临床应用价值。方法 :应用 DTI技术 ,对 5 3例冠心病患者和 48例正常对照者二尖瓣环运动速度进行测定 ,并与常规多普勒超声心动图检查结果对照分析。结果 :与正常组相比 ,冠心病患者舒张早期 DTI速度峰值 （Ve）显著减低 （P<0 .0 1） ,舒张早期与舒张晚期 DTI速度峰值的比值 （Ve/ Va）显著减低 （P<0 .0 5 ）。冠心病患者 Ve/ Va比值异常检出率显著高于二尖瓣血流 E/ A比值的异常检出率 （P<0 .0 5 ）。 Ve/ Va比值与 E/ A比值之间存在高度相关性 （P<0 .0 1）。结论 :DTI技术检测二尖瓣环舒张期运动速度参数可用于无创评价冠心病左室舒张功能 ,尤其对鉴别伪正常具有一定应用价值。     

应用超声定量组织速度成像评价慢性心力衰竭病人左心房功能

目的应用超声定量组织速度成像技术评价慢性心力衰竭病人的左心房功能。方法共纳入48例慢性心力衰竭病人(心衰期)和41名健康人(对照组)。行常规超声心动图检查,应用二维超声测量左房内径,应用定量组织速度成像技术测量二尖瓣频谱E峰值流速(Ve)、A峰流速(Va)、二尖瓣舒张期血流峰值速度比值(Ve/Va);利用定量组织速度成像技术测量二尖瓣环舒张早期运动峰值速度(E’)、舒张晚期运动峰值速度(A’)及二尖瓣环舒张期运动峰值速度比值(E’/A’),并与二尖瓣频谱血流速度各指标做相关性分析。结果与对照组比较,心衰组左房内径、左房内径指数、左房容积指数、左房每搏量、左房射血分数均有统计学意义;与对照组比较,心衰组二尖瓣血流频谱E峰、A峰峰值流速及Ve/Va比值无统计学意义。心衰组E’、A’及E’/A’均显著低于对照组。结论心衰组二尖瓣环舒张期运动速度低于正常人,提示心衰病人左心房功能减低;应用定量组织速度成像技术可评价心衰病人左心房功能。     

Left ventricular regional and global diastolic function assessed using Quantitative Tissue velocity Imaging in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Objectives The study was performed to assess the left ventricular (LV) regional and global diastolic function,left ventricular wall motion features in patients with Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by Quantitative Tissue Velocity Imaging (QTVI) . Methods 42 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and 36 age-matched normal subjects underwent QTVI study. Off-line LV regional muscular tissue velocity Imaging along LV apical long-axis view were obtained. Regional diastolic function was assessed in using peak tissue velocities of LV regional muscular tissue during early diastole (Ve)and LA contraction (Va) , Ve/Va ratio, derived from Tissue Velocity Imaging. Global diastolic function was reflected by isovolumic relaxation time(IRT) and mitral valve peak flow velocity ( E/A ) calculated with pulsed wave doppler.The end-diastolic interventricular septal thickness(IVSt) was measured by conventional 2 -dimension echocardiography. Results ① Ve, Va, Ve/Va inthe segments of hypertrophic interventricular septum(IVS) reduced wlhile E/A ratio significantly reduced and IRT markedly prolonged in HCM patients than in normal subjects.② Ve, Ve/Va were significant reduced in the segments of hypertrophic interventricular septum compared with other LV segments in HCM patients . ③There was a correlation between Ve/Va and E/A in HCM patients with abnormal E/A ratio (r = 0.70). ④ There was a negative correlation between Ve/Va and IVSt in non- obstruction HCM patients (Bgroup ,r= -0.61) Conclusions QTVI offers a newer method in clinical practice which has a higher sensibility and accuracy in evaluating the LV regional and global diastolic function in HCM patients .     

定量组织速度成像评价慢性肺心病右室舒张功能的临床研究

目的 探讨定量组织速度成像(QTVI)技术评价慢性肺心病患者右室舒张功能的临床意义.方法 选取30例慢性肺心病患者,按全国第三次肺心病会议制定的诊断标准分为功能代偿期及失代偿期进行超声检查.其中代偿期组15例,失代偿期组15例;正常对照组30例.常规取胸骨旁四心腔切面应用血流频谱多普勒技术分别测定三尖瓣口舒张期血流频谱:舒张早期血流E峰峰值速度及舒张晚期血流A峰峰值速度,并计算E/A比值.然后应用定量组织多普勒技术测定右室游离壁三尖瓣环运动速度峰值:舒张早期三尖瓣环运动峰值速度Ve及舒张晚期三尖瓣环运动峰值速度Va,并计算Ve/Va比值.结果 慢性肺心病患者较对照组三尖瓣E峰减低,A峰增高,E/A＜1,三尖瓣环Ve减低,Va增高,Ve/Va＜1,肺心病组与对照组比较有显著差异,且失代偿期组(P＜0.01)较代偿期组(P＜0.05)改变更为明显.结论 慢性肺心病患者右室舒张功能减低,失代偿期组更明显;与三尖瓣口血流多普勒充盈参数相比,QTVI法对肺心病功能代偿期患者右室舒张功能异常的检出率更高;在功能失代偿期患者中, 两种方法无显著差别.提示QTVI技术是一项评价慢性肺心病患者右室舒张功能更为敏感的方法,可以早期预测右室舒张功能的变化.     

原发性高血压患者肺静脉血流超声特征

目的 :测量原发性高血压 ( EH)患者肺静脉血流 ( PVF)特征 ,以重新评估左室舒张功能的变化。方法 :使用 HP- 5 5 0 0型彩色多普勒超声诊断仪 ,对 95例 EH患者 ( EH组 ) ,19例正常人 (对照组 )的右上 PVF和二尖瓣血流的频谱进行对照研究。结果 :EH组的心房收缩期逆向 PVF A波速率显著高于对照组〔( 3 7.3 8± 5 .69)cm/ s∶ ( 2 6.16± 3 .12 ) cm/ s,P <0 .0 0 1〕。在 E/ A比值和左室心肌重量指数正常的 EH组 ,A波速率也显著高于对照组〔( 3 8.77± 4 .4 4 ) cm / s,P <0 .0 0 1〕。结论 :测定 EH患者 PVF的 A波速率更能敏感评估左心室舒张功能     

Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞患者高位右室间隔部起搏VAT与DDD模式对左心功能的影响

目的通过研究Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞患者高位右室间隔部起搏(HRVS)时,VAT与DDD模式对心功能的影响,探讨心房的生理收缩和舒张对左心功能的作用。方法 32例Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞患者,在HRVS时,分别给予DDD模式或VAT模式工作,于调控即刻通过超声心动图测定二尖瓣口快速充盈期峰值血流速度(Ep),二尖瓣口左房收缩期峰值血流速度(Ap),二尖瓣环后壁处收缩期脉冲组织多普勒峰值速度平均值(Vs),二尖瓣环后壁处舒张早期脉冲组织多普勒峰值速度平均值(Ve),二尖瓣环后壁处舒张晚期脉冲组织多普勒峰值速度平均值(Va),二尖瓣血流频谱等容舒张时间(IVRT),通过Ep/Ap,Ve/Va,Ep/Ve和IVRT评价左室舒张功能,通过Vs,LVEF和LVFS评价收缩功能。结果 HRVS时DDD较VAT模式Ep/Ap、Ve/Va、Ep/Ve,IVRT差异有显著性(0.97±0.11 vs 1.01±0.11,0.89±0.09 vs 0.97±0.07,6.00±0.45 vs 6.24±0.36,100.4±14.32 vs 89.99±7.94;P均<0.01),Vs、左室射血分数和左室短轴缩短率无显著性差异。结论Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞时,HRVS起搏时,DDD模式较VAT模式使左室舒张功能下降,收缩功能无影响,表明了心房生理性起搏的重要性。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.