健康成人和急性有机磷农药中毒患者全血、红细胞和血浆ChE的测定

血液胆碱酯酶（ＣｈＥ）活性测定是急性有机磷农药和神经毒剂中毒的诊断及疗效观察之重要指标。国内既往测定全血ＣｈＥ常用的羟肟酸铁比色法不仅费时,而且稳定性较差。国外从６０年代起,已不用此法作常规测定。ＷＨＯ推荐的改良Ｅｌｍａｎ法［１,３］,可同时测定全...     

急性有机磷农药中毒致大鼠肌无力的实验研究

目的探讨急性有机磷中毒致肌无力的机制。方法以乐果作为受试物,建立染毒后肌无力大鼠模型,测定血液、脑组织、肌肉组织胆碱酯酶（ＡＣｈＥ）活力。结果腹腔注射乐果后,大鼠全血、红细胞、血浆ＡＣｈＥ活力持续下降,至２４小时时,这三部分血液成分的ＡＣｈＥ活力分别由染毒前的（２３．４±４．６）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ、（１８．７±３．４）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ、（６．０±１．１）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ降至（２．１±１．６）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ、（１．５±１．１）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ、（０．８±０．５）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ。大鼠肌无力表现与血液ＡＣｈＥ活力变化不平行,二者相关程度较低（ｒ＝０．６４,Ｐ＞０．０５）。大鼠发生肌无力时,中枢及外周组织ＡＣｈＥ活力亦显著下降,但不同组织中ＡＣｈＥ活力下降的程度及趋势各不相同。肌肉组织与血液ＡＣｈＥ活力变化趋势较为一致。结论ＡＣｈＥ持续抑制可能不是肌无力的主要原因,其在肌无力发病中的意义需进一步研究。     

红细胞胆碱酯酶活性的快速测定——介绍WHO推荐的简捷测定箱

红细胞胆碱酯酶活性的快速测定——介绍ＷＨＯ推荐的简捷测定箱上海市劳动卫生职业病防治研究所（北京西路，２００００３）韩毓珍王佩丽中国预防医学院劳动卫生与职业病研究所陈巍曾洁波黄金祥山东省滕州市中心医院张琴血液胆碱酯酶（ＣｈＥ）测定，不仅是急性有机磷农药...     

血液胆碱酯酶活力测定方法的进一步研究Ⅰ．红细胞／全血胆碱酯酶活力比例及红细胞计数校正酶活力值的研究

应用硫代乙酰胆碱－联硫代双硝基苯甲酸（ＡＳＣｈ－ＤＴＮＢ）比色测定法，测定了４０名健康者及５名贫血者血样的全血胆碱酯酶（ｂｌ－ＣｈＥ）活力值、红细胞胆碱酯酶（ｅ－ＣｈＥ）活力值及血浆胆碱酯酶（ｐ－ＣｈＥ）活力值，探讨它们之间的比例关系并用红细胞计数值（ＲＢＣ）校正酶活力。结果表明：ｅ－ＣｈＥ与ｂ１－ＣｈＥ之间关系密切（ｒ＝０．９４８，Ｐ＜０．００１），ｅ－ＣｈＥ稳定地占ｂｌ－ＣｈＥ的８４．９７％，在质和量两方面验证了以ｂｌ－ＣｈＥ值表示ｅ－ＣｈＥ值的可靠性和可信程度，血液胆碱酯酶（ｂ１ＣｈＥ）活力主要取决于ｅ－ＣｈＥ活力，ＲＢＣ值的离散对ｅ－ＣｈＥ值有极大影响，故用ＲＢＣ值校正ｅ－ＣｈＥ活力，这样可缩小人群测定值的变异度，得到较难确的群体均值；消除男女之间测定值的差异，建立更合理和通用的临界参比值，极大地方便了使用，使血液胆碱酯酶（ＣＨＥ）活力测定法在防治有机磷农药中毒中的应用，更为敏感和特异。     

肟类对急性有机磷中毒解毒机制的研究进展

自１９４１年发现有机磷化合物（ＯＰＣ）对乙酰胆碱酯酶（ＡＣｈＥ）具有抑制作用以来，肟类药物（ｏｘｉｍｅｓ）就被作为ＡＣｈＥ重活化剂应用，它们与阿托品联合应用已成为急性有机磷中毒（ＡＯＰＰ）解毒治疗的核心。由于ＯＰＣ可使受抑制的ＡＣｈＥ“老化”（即脱烷...     

AOIP救治中病情反复现象的探讨

ＡＯＩＰ救治中病情反复现象的探讨牛志军急性有机磷农药中毒（ＡＯＩＰ）在临床较为常见。有机磷农药主要通过抑制人体的胆碱酯酶（ＣｈＥ）活性,使其失去分解乙酰胆碱（Ａｃｈ）的能力,导致Ａｃｈ在体内大量蓄积引起中毒。关于ＡＯＩＰ的抢救与治疗已有较多的论述,本...     

锰对工人全血胆碱酯酶活性的影响

锰对工人全血胆碱酯酶活性的影响陈骥光据文献报道，锰是一种拟胆碱样物质，可影响胆碱酯酶（ＣｈＥ）的合成，使乙酰胆碱蓄积。目前，锰对工人全血ＣｈＥ活性影响的报道尚不多。为此，我们对接触不同空气中锰浓度的干电池制造工和电焊工进行全血ＣｈＥ活性测定，报道如下...     

血液胆碱酯酶活力测定方法的进一步研究 Ⅱ.溶血样品全血…

溶血样品胆碱酯酶活力的测定，可将硫代乙酰胆碱－联硫代双硝基苯甲酸比色法（ＡＳＣｈ－ＤＴＮＢ法）测定胆碱酯酶活力中的比色液，用无水乙醇沉淀蛋白质，离心后取上清液，再比色测定，并用同样方法作标准曲线。溶血样品胆碱酯酶活力（ｈ－ＣｈＥ）与未溶血样品的全血胆碱酯酶活力（ｂｌ－ＣｈＥ）相关，ｒ－０．９１５，Ｐ＜０．００１；ｈ－ＣｈＥ与ｂｌ－ＣｈＥ之比为０．８７７８：１。因溶血样品无法作红细胞计数，故用血红蛋     

血液胆碱酯酶活力测定方法的进一步研究Ⅱ．溶血样品全血胆碱酯酶活力测定研究

溶血样品胆碱酯酶活力的测定，可将硫代乙酰胆碱－联硫代双硝基苯甲酸比色法（ＡＳＣｈ－ＤＴＮＢ法）测定胆碱酯酶活力中的比色液，用无水乙醇沉淀蛋白质，离心后取上清液，再比色测定，并用同样方法作标准曲线。溶血样品胆碱酯酶活力（ｈ－ＣｈＥ）与未溶血样品的全血胆碱酯酶活力（ｂ１ＣｈＥ）相关，ｒ＝０．９１５，Ｐ＜０．０００１；ｈ－ＣｈＥ与ｂｌ－ＣｈＥ之比为０．８７７８：１。因溶血样品无法作红细胞计数，故用血红蛋白值（Ｈｂ）对ｈ－ＣｈＥ活力值进行较正，以减小个体间ｈ－ＣｈＥ活力的变异，消除男女性别间ｈ－ＣｈＥ的差异，制定更为灵敏和准确的生物接触限值，以利于实际应用。     

常见农药毒性的几个问题

常见农药毒性的几个问题作者对目前国内外常用的有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类农药的毒性情况作一综述分析。认为中毒早期血清胆碱酯酶（ＣｈＥ）活性下降，而红细胞乙酰胆碱酯酶活性（ＡＣｈＥ）可正常，分别测定血浆与红细胞的ＣｈＥ，并结合农药接触史与临床表现，能更准确地进...     

The monitoring of cholinesterases in farm workers and tradesmen exposed to phosphoric esters and carbamates]

Cholinesterase (ChE) levels (Ellman method) were monitored in 90 subjects (69 males and 21 females) exposed to carbamate and organophosphate pesticides (78 agricultural workers and 12 pesticide vendors). Pre-exposure baseline values of plasma and red blood cell cholinesterase activities were defined for each subject with two blood samples (23 workers) or three blood samples (59 workers) taken almost thirty days after the last exposure. After control of intra-individual variation, 8 subjects with only one pre-exposure value and 13 with a coefficient of variation above 30% were excluded. For the other 59 subjects, the intra-individual variation of erythrocyte ChE (16%) was similar to the inter-individual one (15%), whereas the inter-individual variation of plasma ChE (21%) was higher than the intra-individual one (14%). Laboratory variation for plasma ChE measurements was 8%. Baseline values were analyzed (ANOVA) for sex, age, task and hour and season of sampling. Both erythrocyte and plasma enzymes, corrected for hematocrit, were lower in females. Plasma cholinesterase activity was lower in "re-entry" agricultural workers and in pesticide vendors. Post-exposure cholinesterase activity was measured in 54 workers within a few (1-21) days after last handling. Average relative reduction was 15.2% (95% C.I. = 4.9%-25.5%) in erythrocyte cholinesterase activity and 29.1% (95% C.I. = 18.2%-40.1%) in plasma cholinesterase activity. The one-way variance analysis showed marked plasma ChE reduction in mixers, loaders and appliers (36%, 95% C.I. = 24%-48%) and in parathion handlers (35%, 95% C.I. = 21%-49%. No significant reduction in blood cell cholinesterase activity in relation to task and to pesticide handled was observed. We conclude that the intra-individual variations of the baseline values were higher for three repetitions (88% and 84% of the population were within a variability of less than 30%, for AChE and for ChE respectively) than for two repetitions (91% and 88% of the population were within 30% of variability for AChE and for ChE respectively). The figures show a greater sensitivity of plasma ChE activity in acute exposure, probably due to a poor reliability in detection of erythrocyte ChE by local laboratories. The maximum reduction (38%, 95% C.I. = 22%-53%) in plasma ChE activity was observed within six days of the last exposure in loaders and appliers.     

溶血样品胆碱酯酶活力实验研究

目的 探讨健康成人溶血样品胆碱酯酶活力(h-ChE),未溶血全血胆碱酯酶活力(b1-ChE)值之间的比例关系,并用血红蛋白值(Hb)对h-ChE进行校正。方法 采用国家标准GB 7794-87三氯化铁比色法测定h-ChE及b1-ChE。结果 h-ChE与b1-ChE之间呈高度正相关,r=0.975,P<0.0001。Hb值校正h-ChE,其校正值接近于或略高于正常值。结论 用Hb值校正h-ChE可避免离体血样后处理过程中因溶血干扰比色所致测定值误差。缩小男、女人群之间测定值离散度。     

两种全血胆碱酯酶活性测定方法的相关性比较

目的：比较羟肟酸铁比色法与改良的Ellman法测定全血胆碱酯酶活性的相关性。方法：随机抽取非有机磷农药接触者40名,无中毒临床表现的有机磷农药接触者18名和有机磷农药中毒者22名,分别以两种方法测定全血胆碱酯酶添生,对收集的数据进行相关性分析。结果：三组人群以两种方法测定的全血胆碱酯酶活性均有相关（P＜0．05）,相关程度以后两组高(r值分别为0．81和0．80）。结论：两种方法测定全血胆碱酯酶活性在接触和中毒病人中有较高的相关性,均可用作有机磷农药中毒的诊断依据,其中羟肟酸铁比色法更适合于基层医疗单位。     

有机磷中毒时血中残余有机磷监测与清除的实验研究

目的 探索单剂或混配有机磷农药中毒后血中残余有机磷水平的有效监测及清除的新方法。方法 （1）将染毒大鼠全血与健康大鼠全血等体积混匀后测定全血胆碱酯酶（ChE)活力（简称“混血法”）,以正常大鼠全血ChE活力受抑制程度反映大鼠血中残余有机磷水平;（2）给染毒大鼠经腹腔注射5％（质量分数）NaHCO3液,监测血中残余有机磷水平,以观察NaHCO3液清除血中残余有机磷的效果。结果 （1）气相色谱法检测染毒大鼠血中残余有机磷水平与“混血法”的监测结果基本相符,均与染毒前的差异有显著性（P＜0.05)。（2）10只染毒大鼠经5％NaHCO3液治疗后,中毒表现、全血ChE活力、脑ChE活力、血中残余有机磷水平等监测结果差异均无显著性（P＞0.05);但肺组织病理观察显示,用NaHCO3液治疗的染毒组大鼠比未用NaHCO3液治疗的染毒大鼠的肺间质炎症及水肿明显减轻。结论 （1）以全血ChE活力测定为基础的“混法”,在中毒剂量范围内可较好地反映血中残余有机磷的粗略水平;（2）单用NaHCO3液治疗混配或单剂有机磷农药中毒,难以满意地清除血中残余有机磷,但似可改善有机磷引起的肺脏病理改变。     

Effect of temephos on cholinesterase activity in the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae)

In this study, adult Eisenia fetida earthworms were exposed to the sub-lethal concentrations of temephos using the contact filter paper test procedure. Since temephos is an organophosphate pesticide, its effects on earthworms were determined by measuring ChE inhibition--a known biomarker of exposure. The ChE activity was measured after a short time of exposure--1 and 2 h. As expected, the lowest ChE activity (72.70% and 38.03% inhibition) was measured at the highest concentration of temephos (120 ng cm(-2)) applied. More interestingly, at the 0.12 ng cm(-2) concentration the ChE activity increased up to 36.28% of activity in the control in all three conducted experiments. Dose-response curves showed an inverted U-shape characteristic for hormesis. This hormetic-like effect could be important for health status of an earthworm.     

Comparison of methods for measuring cholinesterase inhibition by carbamates

The Acholest and tintometric methods are used widely for measuring blood cholinesterase activity after exposure to organophosphorus compounds. However, if applied for measuring blood cholinesterase activity in persons exposed to carbamates, the accuracy of the methods requires verification since carbamylated cholinesterases are unstable. The spectrophotometric method was used as a reference method and the two field methods were employed under controlled conditions. Human blood cholinesterases were inhibited in vitro by four methylcarbamates that are used as insecticides. When plasma cholinesterase activity was measured by the Acholest and spectrophotometric methods, no difference was found. The enzyme activity in whole blood determined by the tintometric method was ≤ 11% higher than when the same sample was measured by the spectrophotometric method.     

Organophosphate and Carbamate Insecticides in Agricultural Waters and Cholinesterase (ChE) Inhibition in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Cholinesterase (ChE) activity was used as a biomarker for assessing exposure of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides from irrigated agricultural waters. Carp were collected from a lake (Royal Lake) that receives most of its water from irrigation return flows and from a reference lake (Billy Clapp Lake) outside of the irrigation system. Results indicated that the mean whole-brain ChE activity of carp from Royal Lake (3.47 μmol/min/g tissue) was 34.2% less than that of carp from Billy Clapp Lake (5.27 μmol/min/g tissue) (p = 0.003). The depressed ChE activity in brain tissue of Royal Lake carp was in response to ChE-inhibiting insecticides detected in water samples in the weeks prior to tissue sampling; the most frequently detected insecticides included chlorpyrifos, azinphos-methyl, carbaryl, and ethoprop. Neither sex nor size appears to be a covariable in the analysis; ChE activity was not correlated with fish length or weight in either lake and there was no significant difference in ChE activity between the two sexes within each lake. Although organophosphate and carbamate insecticides can break down rapidly in the environment, this study suggests that in agricultural regions where insecticides are applied for extended periods of the year, nontarget aquatic biota may be exposed to high levels of ChE-inhibiting insecticides for a period of several months. Received: 12 November 1997/Accepted: 6 March 1998     

Cholinesterase response in native birds exposed to fenitrothion during locust control operations in eastern Australia

Huge aggregations of flightless locust nymphs pose a serious threat to agriculture when they reach plague proportions but provide a very visible and nutritious resource for native birds. Locust outbreaks occur in spring and summer months in semiarid regions of Australia. Fenitrothion, an organophosphate pesticide, is sprayed aerially to control locust plagues. To evaluate fenitrothion exposure in birds attending locust outbreaks, we measured total plasma cholinesterase (ChE), butrylcholinesterase (BChE), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities in four avian species captured pre- and postfenitrothion application and ChE reactivation in birds caught postspray only. Eleven of 21 plasma samples from four species had ChE activity below the diagnostic threshold (two standard deviations below the mean ChE activity of prespray samples). Granivorous zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) and insectivorous white-winged trillers (Lalage sueurii) had significantly lower mean plasma total ChE, BChE, and AChE activity postspray, while other insectivores, white-browed (Artamus superciliosus) and masked woodswallows (Artamus personatus), did not. Cholinesterase was reactivated in 19 of the 73 plasma samples and in one of three brain samples. We conclude that native bird species are exposed to fenitrothion during locust control operations. This exposure could have detrimental impacts, as both locust outbreaks and avian reproductive events are stimulated by heavy summer rainfall, leading to co-occurrence of locust control and avian breeding activities.     

Knowledge, attitude and practices of pesticide use and acetylcholinesterase depression among farm workers in Nepal

Assessing erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in farm workers across agricultural seasons can be used to monitor risks of pesticide exposure. We surveyed a total of 403 households in Nepal and adopted the Test-mate ChE Cholinesterase Test System to monitor AChE activity across season on the 127 individuals of the sampled households. The study aims to (i) document knowledge and practices of pesticide use among farmers and (ii) present the relationship between farmers' reported acute health symptoms and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase depression. We found low levels of pesticide use hygiene and high levels of individuals' knowledge on the local environmental impacts of pesticide use. Safety measures taken against potential risks of pesticides exposure were inadequate. Exposure to organophosphates significantly reduced AChE activity across season, but was not sufficient enough to claim clinical symptoms whereas exposure to the pyrethroid insecticides and fungicides were sufficient enough to claim acute symptoms of poisoning.     

模拟4000m高原梭曼中毒对大鼠纹状体胆碱能系统的影响

为探讨高原缺氧脑损伤胆碱能系统的变化及其在高原有机磷毒剂毒性升高中的作用和机理。利用ＤＮＴＢ法,羟胺比色法「３Ｈ」－ＱＮＢ放射性配基结合法检测了模拟高原４０００ｍ和／或梭曼中毒大鼠纹状体乙酰胆碱酯酶（ＡＣｈＥ）活性、乙酰胆碱（ＡＣｈ）水平及毒蕈碱样胆碱受体（Ｍ受体）的变化。实验显示,模拟高原大鼠纹状体的ＡＣｈＥ活性出现了不同程度的升高,ＡＣｈ水平降低,Ｍ受体密度和亲和力显著增加;高原条件下梭 毒时