一氧氮在小儿先天性心脏病中的临床应用

本文综述吸入一氧化氮在小儿先性心脏病术后监护中的应用。     

护心通在先天性心脏病手术中的应用

近年来,我们在58例先天性心脏病手术中应用护心通治疗,取得了满意的效果.现报告如下.     

纤维支气管镜在小儿非青紫型先天性心脏病呼吸道病变诊疗中的应用

目的探讨纤维支气管镜（FB）在小儿非青紫型先天性心脏病（CHD）呼吸道病变诊疗中的应用价值。方法对30例非青紫型CHD患儿进行FB检查,对其中6例合并肺不张患儿进行了支气管肺泡灌洗（BAL）治疗。结果镜下发现非青紫型CHD患儿呼吸道病变以炎症及气道阻塞性改变多见,分别占86.7％、76.7％,其中气管或支气管外压性狭窄20例,气管或支气管软化4例,喉软化3例,右侧气管源性支气管2例,气管下段先天性狭窄、左侧声带麻痹各1例。对6例肺不张患儿进行了BAL治疗,治愈3例。术中1例（36.7％）出现一过性低氧血症,无严重并发症发生。结论炎症反应、气管或支气管狭窄、软化是非青紫型CHD患儿常见的气道病变,FB在小儿非青紫型CHD气道病变评估中不仅能发挥诊断作用,而且发挥治疗作用,目相对安全。     

纤维支气管镜(可弯曲支气管镜)临床应用指南(草案)

纤维支气管镜 (可弯曲支气管镜 ,简称纤支镜 )检查是呼吸内科重要的诊断和治疗技术 ,已在临床广泛应用。本指南对其临床应用的适应证、禁忌证、并发症和有关操作问题作扼要叙述 ,希望对其规范化使用起一定指导作用。关于通过支气管镜进行支气管肺泡灌洗、置入支架、应用激光、高频电刀、微波及冷冻治疗等未包括在本指南内。由于在临床实践中 ,各单位设备条件和临床经验不尽相同 ,临床病例的情况也有差别 ,在执行中可以存在一些差异。一、常规纤支镜检查1 适应证 :(1)诊断方面 :①不明原因的咯血。尤其是40岁以上患者 ,持续 1周以上的咯血或…     

纤维支气管镜的复查及临床价值

纤维支气管镜的复查及临床价值胡华成，胡筠珠，吴子倩，许志祥，施敏骅纤维支气管镜（纤支镜）在临床上的广泛应用，大大地提高了肺部疾病的诊断水平，然由于多种原因，纤支镜检并不能一次就确立诊断，故纤支镜复查（ＲＦＢ）是内窥镜医师常遇见的实际问题，何种情况下需...     

紫绀型与非紫绀型先天性心脏病患儿围手术期输血比较

目的：比较紫绀型与非紫绀型先天性心脏病患儿心内直视修补术围手术期输血量。方法：选取北京儿童医院先天性心脏病体外循环下行心脏直视手术的患儿,根据患儿疾病分为2组：紫绀型先天性心脏病组（法洛氏四联征、完全型肺静脉异位引流、完全型大动脉转位、肺动脉闭锁等）和非紫绀型先天性心脏病组（室间隔缺损、房间隔缺损、动脉导管未闭、主肺动脉间隔缺损、心内膜垫缺损等）,分别比较体重7kg以下、10kg以下、20kg以下2组患儿围手术期输注红细胞和血浆的量。结果：紫绀型组患儿平均用红细胞（4.02±2.33）U,非紫绀型组则平均用（3.08±1.07）U,紫绀型组多于非紫绀型组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。血浆用量紫绀型组平均（445.07±155.64）ml,非紫绀型组平均为（298.77±103.97）ml,前组亦显著多于后组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：紫绀型先天性心脏病患儿围手术期用血量多于非紫绀型,尤其是血浆用量更是如此。     

小于4岁先天性心脏病患儿急诊手术41例临床报告

目的 探讨婴幼儿先天性心脏病急诊手术原因及疗效。方法 收集我院外科1998年1月-2000年11月收治的41例小于4岁的患儿资料。分析急诊心脏手术的原因及手术效果。结果 41例患儿中，法鲁四联症25例，房间隔缺损合并肺动脉瓣狭窄5例。完全型肺静脉异位引流4例。大动脉转位2例，室间隔缺损合并肺动脉高压3例。三尖瓣闭锁合并室间隔缺损1例，室间隔缺损合并右室赘生物1例。院内手术死亡7例。死亡率17.1%。结论 病情危重，内科治疗效果不佳的先天性心脏病患儿接受急诊手术治疗，可以取得较好效果。     

先天性复杂心脏病患儿脑脓肿手术的麻醉

先天性复杂心脏病（简称先心病）并发脑脓肿,行手术麻醉危险性大,本文介绍３例法乐氏四联症及法乐氏五联症患儿行颅脑手术麻醉的体会。１　病例资料　例１：男,年龄５岁,体重１３ｋｇ,因持续高热（３８．６～３９．５℃）５０余天,以左顶枕叶脑脓肿收入院。患儿严重紫绀,全身情况差,意识淡漠,脉搏氧饱和度（ＳｐＯ２）６４％。心电图示右心室肥厚,心肌缺血。心脏Ｂ超提示右心室、心房扩大,室间隔缺损７ｍｍ,主动脉骑跨率４０％,三尖瓣相对关闭不全。头颅ＣＴ示左颞顶枕叶内数个圆状或不规则中密度环形影,脑室、侧脑室增大。拟…     

纤维支气管镜在支气管结核治疗中的应用

支气管结核 (ＥＢＴＢ)在肺结核病人中不少见 ,然而全身化疗伴雾化吸入抗结核药物疗效欠佳。我们观察了辅以纤维支气管镜 (纤支镜 )介入治疗支气管结核的疗效。现报告如下 :对象与方法　 2 37例经纤支镜确诊的支气管结核患者 ,男 5 5例 ,女 182例 ,男∶女 1∶3 3,年龄 18～ 49(2 8± 17)岁。其中浸润型肺结核 185例 ,慢性纤维空洞型肺结核 42例 ,咳嗽原因待查 10例 ,出现症状到确诊时间 2～ 12个月不等 [(7 4± 3 2 )月 ]。最常见症状体征为刺激性干咳 171例 (72 2 % ) ,局部干音 16 1例 (6 7 9% )。合并肺不张 12 6例 ,张力性空洞 43例 …     

Airway obstruction in children with congenital heart disease: assessment by flexible bronchoscopy

We assessed the spectrum of airway disorders in children with congenital cardiac anomalies, and reviewed our experience in using flexible bronchoscopy for assessment of airway problems in this patient group. The clinical records, flexible bronchoscopic findings, and cardiac imaging results of pediatric cardiac patients who presented with either clinical or radiological signs of airway obstruction between 1992-1999 were reviewed. Flexible bronchoscopic assessment was performed with the patients under sedation and topical anesthesia, using one of two bronchoscopes, i.e., an Olympus BFN20 or Olympus BF3C20.Of a total of 52 patients, 33 had acyanotic cardiovascular lesions, the commonest being left-to-right shunts (61%), while 19 had cyanotic heart lesions, with right ventricular outflow obstruction being the commonest (63%). Twenty-seven patients had undergone either surgical or transcatheter interventions. The median age at bronchoscopic assessment was 6 months (range, 4 days to 6 years). None of the patients developed significant procedural complications. A definitive diagnosis was made in 48 (92%) patients, 8 of whom had abnormalities involving only the upper airways, 35 only the lower airways, and 5 both. Abnormalities of the upper airway included laryngomalacia (n = 6), subglottic stenosis (n = 3), pharyngeal collapse (n = 2), and 1 each of choanal stenosis and supraglottitis. Extrinsic compression was the commonest lower airway abnormality that was found in 27/40 patients (67%), with a predilection for the left main bronchus (18/27, 67%). The structures that caused extrinsic compression included dilated pulmonary arteries with or without left atrial dilation (n = 20), an anomalous aortic or pulmonary arterial course (n = 3), a dilated aorta (n = 1), and a shunt (n = 1), but were not obvious in 2 patients. Intrinsic lower airway abnormalities included bronchomalacia (n = 4), tracheal stenosis (n = 4), and one each of variant bronchial bifurcation and a pouch arising from the tracheal wall. Intraluminal mucus plugging of the lower airways occurred in the remaining 3 patients.Children with congenital heart disease are at risk of airway obstruction both before and after surgery. Flexible bronchoscopy, being safe and effective in diagnosing airway disorders in this patient group, should be considered as the first line of investigation.     

PiCCO技术对复杂先天性心脏病患儿围手术期治疗的意义

目的：探讨脉搏指数连续心排出量（pulse indicated continuous cardiac output,PiCCO）监测在复杂性先天性心脏病患儿围术期治疗的指导意义。方法：选取复杂性先天性心脏病矫治术后的患儿104例,随机分为两组,PiCCO组（51例）,均放置PiCCO导管监测平均动脉压（MAP）、心输出量（CO）、连续心输出量（CC0）、外周血管阻力（SVR）、胸腔内血容量（ITBV）、全心舒张末期容量（GEDV）、血管外肺水（EVLw）等,并指导临床治疗。对照组（53例）,不放置PiCCO导管,凭经验及其他常规指标指导治疗。结果：PiCC0组机械通气时间、ICU滞留时间、血管活性药物使用时间显著短于对照组,但两组患儿左室射血分数（LVEF）、脑钠尿肽（BNP）、胸片渗出情况、感染率、病死率均无统计学差异。结论：PiCCO技术在复杂性先天性心脏病患儿术后治疗中有一定的实用价值。     

异丙酚静脉复合麻醉在小儿纤支镜检查的临床应用价值

目的观察异丙酚静脉复合麻醉在小儿纤维支气管镜检查中临床应用。方法异丙酚静脉复合麻醉下,应用纤维支气管镜对38例肺不张、慢性咳嗽、反复、难治性喘息等患儿进行纤维电子支气管镜(纤支镜)检查治疗及应用情况。结果异丙酚静脉复合麻醉起效快,术后清醒时间短,并发症少。结论在小儿纤支镜检查中采用异丙酚静脉复合麻醉,解决了患儿不合作,操作更顺利,减少并发症,增加了安全性,特别适用婴幼儿。小儿纤支镜检查在小儿呼吸系统疾病的诊疗过程中应用广泛,对于反复、难治性喘息病因诊断非常重要。     

纤维支气管镜检查对拟诊肺结核患者的临床意义分析

目的探讨纤维支气管镜检查对临床拟诊肺结核患者的准确率及临床意义。方法对临床拟诊肺结核患者150例进行支气管镜检查,常规行镜下病理、刷检、支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)涂片及培养检查,根据检查结果与常规痰查结核分枝杆菌(mycobacterium tuberculosis,MTB)及痰MTB培养等检查方法进行对比分析。结果 150例临床拟诊肺结核患者痰查MTB及痰MTB培养阳性率、T细胞斑点实验(T SPOT-TB)阳性率为1.3%、4.6%、16%,PPD试验阳性率14%,支气管镜检查刷检及BALF涂片及培养结果阳性率为26%、27.3%、37.3%,两两对照具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论纤维支气管镜检查对临床拟诊肺结核患者相比常规痰查MTB、痰MTB培养检查,其检查结果更准确,具有明显临床意义及应用价值。     

先天性心脏病患儿围术期呼吸功能的保护

目的探讨婴幼儿体外循环手术围术期影响呼吸功能的因素及呼吸功能保护策略。方法本文以婴幼儿呼吸道解剖学与病理生理学特点为基础,对不同先天性心脏病及麻醉与体外循环对该类患儿呼吸功能的影响进行全面系统分析,提出心脏手术后呼吸管理策略与方法,如术中的肺保护措施、呼氧末正压（PEEP）的应用、适当过度通气、大心脏患儿采用俯卧位通气、重度低氧血症患儿及时应用外源性肺表面活性物质、肺泡复张手法的应用、气管镜吸痰等策略及方法。结果通过上述策略与方法的实施,我科婴幼儿术后呼吸道管理与早期相比,有了显著进步,机械通气时间由以往的（19.2±6.4）h,减少到（11.9±2.5）h（P<0.01）,ICU时间由（7.2±3.9）d,下降到（4.1±2.6）d（P<0.01）,手术死亡率由5.6%（44/790）下降到3.9%（23/584,P<0.05）。结论围术期有多种因素影响先天性心脏病患儿呼吸功能,早期就开始注意肺保护功能,将会收到明显效果。     

芬太尼静脉麻醉下行纤支镜检查的临床应用研究

目的探讨芬太尼静脉麻醉下行纤支镜检查的临床实用价值。方法2005年1月～2006年1月在我院行无痛纤支镜检查20例患者进行回顾性分析。结果20例接受无痛纤支镜检查患者与对照组相比血压（BP），心率（HR）无显著变化，对照组动脉血氧饱和度（SaO2）下降明显。结论无痛纤支镜检查方便、安全、无痛苦，患者依从性好。     

Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy in children with heart diseases: a twelve years experience

In children, cardiac diseases and respiratory disorders are tightly linked entities whose evaluation should be performed integrally. Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FB) presents a diagnostic and therapeutic role by assessing the airway anatomically, dynamically, and through the performance of several procedures. The present study describes our experience on FB assessment in children with congenital and acquired cardiac diseases, providing a characterization of the principal demographic and clinical features. Records of 72 patients under 14 years (mean age 21 months) with heart diseases, corresponding to 104 FB performed between January 1993 and October 2004 were reviewed. The principal cardiac diseases were left-to-right shunt (51.9%), followed by right-to-left shunt (17.3%) and miscellaneous cardiopathies (8.7%). The main indications for FB assessment were study of atelectasis (35%), stridor (14%), and pneumonia (14%). Airway malacias, as a group, were the commonest finding, represented mainly by left main bronchus malacia (24%). The second most common finding was stenosis by extrinsic compression, and among these, 75% corresponded to left main bronchus compression. Sixteen different types of clinically meaningful utilities were obtained. No mortality was reported and in only one procedure was there a major complication, which was easily managed. We concluded that FB is an important and safe diagnostic-therapeutic tool in the health care of neonates, infants, and children with a variety of cardiac diseases.