破裂脑动脉瘤的早期治疗——血管内介入与内窥镜辅助下瘤颈夹闭

目的研究血管内介入与内窥镜辅助下瘤颈夹闭在破裂脑动脉瘤早期治疗中的临床应用。方法对68例破裂的脑动脉瘤进行早期治疗。介入组36例,选用Tracker、Excel、Prowler、Rebar或Echelon系列微导管,以GDC、EDC、Orbit或Microplex微弹簧圈填塞动脉瘤。瘤颈夹闭组32例,术中应用蛇牌内窥镜辅助夹闭瘤颈。结果术后二组病人Hunt-Hess分级、不同部位脑梗死的发生以及临床随访无显著差异。结论二种方法总的临床疗效无明显差异。颅内多发动脉瘤,后循环及海绵窦区动脉瘤患者,栓塞治疗较优于瘤颈夹闭。占位效应明显、合并脑内血肿、出血破入脑室者,瘤颈夹闭较优于栓塞。术前Hunt-Hess分级Ⅳ或Ⅴ级者,二种术式预后均较差。     

前循环动脉瘤破裂并脑内血肿的显微手术治疗

目的探讨前循环动脉瘤破裂伴脑内血肿手术方法及疗效。方法前循环动脉瘤破裂并脑内血肿患者29例行显微手术治疗,总结其临床特点:动脉瘤部位、大小、形态、合并脑内血肿大小、形态,术前Hunt-Hess分级、手术方式及三个月随访的格拉斯预后评分。结果 Hunt-Hess分级Ⅲ级10例、Ⅳ级17例、Ⅴ级2例。17例患者术前经常规血管造影,12例行三维CT血管造影(3D-CTA)检查证实。29例术中诊断与术前诊断一致,前交通动脉瘤6例,后交通动脉瘤7例,大脑中动脉瘤16例,29例患者共31枚动脉瘤均成功夹闭,3个月后随访时GOS评分Ⅴ级14例,Ⅳ级7例,Ⅲ级4例,Ⅱ级2例,Ⅰ级2例。结论颅内前循环动脉瘤破裂并脑内血肿患者病情危重,早期夹闭动脉瘤,清除血肿,效果良好。     

100例脑前循环动脉瘤的早期显微手术治疗

目的评价破裂脑前循环动脉瘤早期显微外科手术治疗的疗效。方法2005年1月至2007年9月对100例脑前循环动脉瘤破裂的自发性蛛网膜下腔出血患者应用显微神经外科技术在破裂早期（3d之内）进行手术治疗,按照Hunt-Hess分级,Ⅰ级37例,Ⅱ级23例,Ⅲ级10例,Ⅳ级24例,Ⅴ级6例。以GOS评分对患者神经功能评分。结果107个动脉瘤中,显微手术夹闭101个,包裹6个。恢复良好70例;中度病残,生活自理12例;重度病残,生活不能自理9例;植物生存5例;死亡4例。HuntⅠ-Ⅲ级患者的预后明显优于Ⅳ、Ⅴ级患者的预后（P〈0．01）。结论早期显微手术是治疗破裂的脑前循环动脉瘤的理想手段。     

急性期后交通动脉瘤显微手术治疗

目的介绍急性期后交通动脉瘤显微手术治疗的经验。方法40例后交通动脉瘤经DSA确诊,均行瘤颈夹闭术。结果术后随访1￣10月,1例自诉偶有头痛,12例仍有动眼神经麻痹。30例患者恢复工作。结论对Hunt-Hess分级Ⅰ￣Ⅳ级的后交通动脉瘤实施显微手术瘤颈夹闭可防止动脉瘤破裂再出血,有利于动眼神经麻痹的恢复。严格掌握手术时机,熟悉手术经路解剖和显微操作及术中术后正确预防血管痉挛是手术成功和降低并发症的关键。     

颅内动脉瘤治疗十年回顾(附1372例治疗及随访)

目的 总结十年颅内动脉瘤治疗经验,以提高其治疗效果.方法 2000年1月至2009年12月收治颅内动脉瘤1 372例,采用血管内栓塞治疗632例(697枚动脉瘤),显微手术夹闭740例(805枚动脉瘤).结果 按GOS评分,栓塞组Hunt-Hess 0～Ⅲ级564例患者中,良好536例(95.0%),死亡6例(1.1%);手术夹闭组Hunt-Hess 0～Ⅲ级患者566例,良好542例(95.8%),重残18例(3.2%),死亡6例(1.1%).栓塞组Hunt-HessⅣ～Ⅴ级68例患者中,良好32例(47.1%),重残18例(26.5%),死亡18例(26.5%);手术夹闭组Hunt-HessⅣ～Ⅴ级174例患者中,良好84例(48.3%),重残55例(31.6%),植物生存7例(4.0%),死亡28例(16.1%)死亡.两组Hunt-Hess 0～Ⅲ级患者的预后没有显著差别(P>0.05).本组Hunt-HessⅤ级26例,重残4例,植物生存3例,死亡19例.栓塞组DSA复查167例,动脉瘤仍致密填塞138例,不完全栓塞24例,复发5例;夹闭组DSA复查136例,安全夹闭129例,部分瘤颈残留7例.结论 血管内栓塞治疗和显微手术夹闭均是治疗颅内动脉瘤的有效方法,治疗应根据病人动脉瘤的部位、大小及经济状况等进行选择,前循环动脉瘤两种皆可,后循环动脉瘤应首选血管内栓塞.Hunt-Hess 0～Ⅲ级尽早诊断和治疗,Hunt-Hess Ⅳ级在出血3 d以后血管痉挛严重者应待其缓解后再行治疗,Ⅴ级疗效极差.     

早期显微手术治疗破裂大脑中动脉动脉瘤

目的探讨破裂大脑中动脉(MCA)动脉瘤的早期显微手术治疗及临床疗效。方法回顾分析33例破裂MCA动脉瘤病人的临床资料。均以蛛网膜下腔出血为首发症状,按Hunt-Hess分级:Ⅱ级14例,Ⅲ级10例,Ⅳ级8例,Ⅴ级1例。均在动脉瘤破裂后72 h内行显微手术治疗。结果 动脉瘤夹闭30例,夹闭加包裹2例,一侧夹闭、另一侧未处理1例。依据GOS预后评分:5分(恢复良好)24例,4分(轻度残疾)5例,3分(重度残疾)2例,1分(死亡)2例。结论早期显微手术治疗破裂MCA动脉瘤效果显著,充分的术前评估和良好的显微外科手术技巧是提高疗效的关键。     

前循环颅内动脉瘤破裂出血的显微手术治疗

目的探讨前循环颅内动脉瘤破裂出血的显微手术治疗方法及临床效果。方法回顾性分析清远市人民医院神经外科收治的100例前循环脑动脉瘤破裂出血患者的影像学及手术资料,所有病例均行开颅显微手术夹闭动脉瘤治疗。结果预后按GOS评分分级:良好80例(80%);差13例(13%);死亡7例(7%)。死亡7例中4例为Hunt-HessⅣ级,3例Hunt-HessⅤ级。Ⅴ级存活2例中1例植物生存,1例生活部分自理;Ⅳ级存活23例中2例植物生存,2例生活部分自理,1例完全不能自理。结论采用开颅显微手术夹闭治疗前循环颅内动脉瘤破裂出血可获得满意疗效。对高度怀疑动脉瘤破裂的自发性脑内血肿术前3D-CTA检查可以明确出血原因并指导急诊开颅手术;已有脑疝形成,不具备行3D-CTA或DSA检查条件者,在开颅清除血肿术中对邻近血肿可疑动脉探查,可减少动脉瘤的漏诊率并改善患者的预后。     

Hunt-Hess高分级前循环动脉瘤早期显微手术疗效分析

目的探讨Hunt-Hess高分级(Ⅳ~Ⅴ级)破裂动脉瘤的早期显微手术策略及临床疗效。方法回顾分析我科2009-01—2016-02显微手术治疗的67例Hunt-HessⅣ~Ⅴ级前循环破裂动脉瘤患者的临床资料,Ⅳ级52例,Ⅴ级14例,均在自发性蛛网膜下腔出血3~20h内手术治疗,术后随访3~24个月,按GOS预后分级评价疗效。结果按GOS预后分级,Hunt-HessⅣ级52例患者中,5级(恢复良好)31例,4级(生活自理)13例,3级(重度残疾)5例,2级(植物生存)2例,1级(死亡)1例,恢复满意(GOS评分5级,4级患者)44例,占84.6%。Hunt-HessⅤ级14例患者中,5级2例,4级5例,3级2例,2级3例,1级2例,恢复满意6例,占42.8%。结论 Hunt-HessⅣ~Ⅴ级破裂动脉瘤的患者病情危重,应积极早期手术干预治疗,夹闭动脉瘤并清除脑内血肿或蛛网膜下腔积血,能缓解严重脑血管痉挛及脑肿胀,明显改善患者预后。     

危重颅内动脉瘤患者术后早期高压氧治疗临床分析

目的 探讨早期高压氧治疗颅内动脉瘤患者的效果及机制.方法 回顾性分析显微手术后早期高压氧治疗术前Hunt-Hess分级Ⅳ、V级的颅内动脉瘤患者的临床资料.21例患者均于发病后72 h内行颅内动脉瘤显微夹闭术,术后3 d内给予高压氧治疗.结果 患者出院时进行疗效评价,预后良好12例,预后差7例,死亡2例.结论 早期显微手术有利于防止动脉瘤的再次破裂以及早期清除蛛网膜下腔积血,预防脑血管痉挛;术后早期高压氧治疗可以防治脑血管痉挛和早期脑损伤.二者结合治疗Hunt-Hess分级Ⅳ、V级的颅内动脉瘤患者可取得较好的效果.     

显微手术夹闭治疗老年颅内动脉瘤的疗效(附49例报道)

目的 探讨显微手术夹闭治疗老年患者颅内动脉瘤的治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析49例60岁以上颅内动脉瘤患者的临床资料(包括破裂出血41例,未破裂出血8例).根据术前数字减影血管造影(DSA)和头颅CT血管造影(CTA)检查确认动脉瘤后,48例采用经翼点入路,1例采用经纵裂入路夹闭颅内动脉瘤,出院时根据格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)评价预后.结果 根据GOS评分,41例破裂出血患者,Hunt-Hess分级Ⅰ~Ⅲ级28例,其中26例(93%)取得良好预后,重度残疾2例(7%);Hunt-Hess分级Ⅳ级13例,其中7例(54%)取得了良好的预后,重度残疾3例(23%),植物生存1例(8%),死亡2例(15%).未破裂动脉瘤8例,均取得良好预后(100%).结论 破裂动脉瘤的老年患者应尽可能早期手术,术前Hunt-Hess分级Ⅰ~Ⅲ级者预后良好,而Ⅳ级以上病死率和伤残率仍较高;未破裂动脉瘤老年患者应采取积极治疗.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。