中学生网络成瘾和感觉寻求的关系

目的：调查中学生的网络成瘾和感觉寻求情况及其相互关系。方法：采用网络成瘾问卷和Zuckerman的感觉寻求量表，对北京市两所普通中学的307名中学生进行调查。结果：(1)网络成瘾存在显著的性别和年级差异，男生比女生、初中生比高中生更容易对网络上瘾；(2)感觉寻求的不甘寂寞分量表与网络成瘾的相关显著。结论：网络成瘾和感觉寻求之间确实存在一定的关系。     

Sensation seeking in opposite-sex twins: An effect of prenatal hormones?

Intrauterine hormones and position with respect to male and female littermates influence sexually dimorphic adult behavior in litter-bearing animals. Opposite-sex dizygotic twins offer the opportunity to examine analogous effects on sex-related human behaviors. To illustrate this approach, Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS) scores from 422 British twin pairs, including 51 opposite-sex pairs (Zuckerman, M.,et al., J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 46:139–149, 1978), were reanalyzed. Zuckermanet al. (1978) have shown that some aspects of sensation seeking are consistently increased in males relative to females. In comparing age-adjusted data for opposite and same-sex twins, our reanalysis demonstrated the predicted increase in sensation seeking in female members of opposite-sex pairs. Results were significant for measures of disinhibition, experience seeking, and overall sensation seeking. In contrast, male opposite-sex twins were not significantly different from male same-sex twins. Although psychosocial explanations of the increased sensation seeking in opposite-sex female twins cannot be excluded, these findings are consistent with hypothesizedin utero hormonal influences on later behavioral development.     

Sensation-seeking congruence in couples as a determinant of marital adjustment: a partial replication and extension

The present study is a replication of an earlier one. There were 30 dysfunctional couples and 30 control couples matched with the clinic couples on age and education. Both partners independently took the Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS) and the Locke Marital Adjustment Questionnaire (MAQ). Control couples were significantly higher on the MAQ (better marital adjustment). Correlations between partners in the control couples were higher than those between partners in the dysfunctional couples on the SSS Total and Boredom Susceptibility scales, which replicated previous findings. Female partners of males who scored high on the SSS were more likely to initiate the contact for treatment than partners of low male sensation seekers. Female partners of low male sensation seekers and the low males themselves tended to report that sex between them was only tolerable or "disgusting," whereas female partners of high sensation seekers and their mates tended to report sex as pleasurable and apparently sought therapy for other reasons. Congruence on sensation seeking is an important factor in marital adjustment.     

Sensation Seeking and Cortical Augmenting-Reducing

The experiment was designed to establish the relationship between the Sensation Seeking Scales (SSS) and cortical augmenting-reducing. Forty-nine male undergraduate Ss were used. Ss were presented with five intensities of light flashes in randomly presented blocks of trials at each intensity. Averaged evoked response (AER) amplitudes were measured at each intensity of light. Augmenting-reducing was measured for each S as the slope of the relationship between stimulus intensity and amplitude of response. This slope measure correlated very significantly (r= .59) with the Disinhibition subscale of the SSS and positively, but not significantly, with other subscales. Comparing the low and high scorers on the Disinhibition scale, a significant interaction between groups and stimulus intensities was found but no main effects of stimulus intensity or groups were found. The high Disinhibitors did not differ from the lows at the low stimulus intensities but did differ significantly at the highest intensity where the lows showed a marked reducing tendency. The results show an interesting convergence between the Disinhibition type of sensation seeking, manic tendencies, and the AER.     

Frontal EEG asymmetry and sensation seeking in young adults

Sensation seeking has been characterized as a desire to seek novel, intense sensations, and the willingness to take risks in pursuing them. In two separate studies of young adults, we examined the relation between measures of sensation seeking and the pattern of resting frontal EEG asymmetry, thought to reflect a biological predisposition to approach new experiences. As predicted, high sensation seeking was related to a greater relative left frontal activity at rest in both studies, which may be specific to men. How greater relative left frontal cortical activity at rest is related to a tendency to engage in sensation-seeking and risky behaviors is discussed.     

Sensation Seeking and Psychophysiological Responses to Auditory Stimulation

This study tested the hypothesis that the orienting response (OR) is one of the biological correlates of sensation seeking. Skin conductance (SC), heart rate (HR), and peripheral vasomotor (VM) activity were recorded while ten 60dB, 1000 Hz, slow-rise-time tones were presented to male subjects with high (N = 16) and low (N = 15) total scores on Form V of the Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS). There were no significant differences between groups in the SC or VM responses to the first (novel) tone or in the rate at which these responses habituated. The HR response to the first tone was deceleration (an OR) for the high SS group (as well as for a high Disinhibition subgroup), while the response of the low SS group (and a low Disinhibition subgroup) included what appeared to be startle components—a short-latency accelerative response that habituated rapidly on subsequent trials. It is suggested that individuals with low sensation seeking tendencies may be unusually prone to startle, and that subsequent research on the biological correlates of sensation seeking should take into account individual differences in the tendency to give orienting, defensive, and startle responses.     

Relationship of serum serotonin and salivary cortisol with sensation seeking

The present study was conducted to investigate the possible relationship of serum serotonin and salivary cortisol with the sensation seeking (SS) trait. Blood and saliva samples were taken from 57 male volunteers (mean age 23 ± 5 years) to measure serum serotonin and salivary cortisol concentrations. Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS-V) was used to assess SS. Pearson's correlation coefficient revealed that high serum serotonin levels did not correlate significantly with low SS scores (r = 0.12). However, a negative correlation between SS scores and salivary cortisol levels (r = − 0.34, p < 0.01) was significant, suggesting that high SS scores are related to low concentrations of salivary cortisol. The negative correlation between salivary cortisol and SS is clearly compatible with the optimal level of Catecholamine system activity (CSA), component of SS theory, indicating that high sensation seekers (HSSers) tend to seek excitement and novelty to compensate for the shortage of CSA achieving optimal arousal. Further investigation is needed before conclusions can be drawn regarding the relationship of serum serotonin and SS.     

Sensation seeking and error processing

Sensation seeking is defined by a strong need for varied, novel, complex, and intense stimulation, and a willingness to take risks for such experience. Several theories propose that the insensitivity to negative consequences incurred by risks is one of the hallmarks of sensation‐seeking behaviors. In this study, we investigated the time course of error processing in sensation seeking by recording event‐related potentials (ERPs) while high and low sensation seekers performed an Eriksen flanker task. Whereas there were no group differences in ERPs to correct trials, sensation seeking was associated with a blunted error‐related negativity (ERN), which was female‐specific. Further, different subdimensions of sensation seeking were related to ERN amplitude differently. These findings indicate that the relationship between sensation seeking and error processing is sex‐specific.     

Substance use risk profiles and associations with early substance use in adolescence

We examined whether anxiety sensitivity, hopelessness, sensation seeking, and impulsivity (i.e., revised version of the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale) would be related to the lifetime prevalence and age of onset of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use, and to polydrug use in early adolescence. Baseline data of a broader effectiveness study were used from 3,783 early adolescents aged 11–15 years. Structural equation models showed that hopelessness and sensation seeking were indicative of ever-used alcohol, tobacco or cannabis and for the use of more than one substance. Furthermore, individuals with higher levels of hopelessness had a higher chance of starting to use alcohol or cannabis at an earlier age, but highly anxiety sensitive individuals were less likely to start using alcohol use at a younger age. Conclusively, early adolescents who report higher levels of hopelessness and sensation seeking seem to be at higher risk for an early onset of substance use and poly substance use.     

The Genetic Correlation Between Impulsivity and Sensation Seeking Traits

A number of studies have demonstrated associations between sensation seeking traits and measures of impulsivity. This study examined genetic contributions to the observed correlations between imupulsivity and sensation seeking traits. Fifty-seven pairs of identical and 49 pairs of fraternal twins who were reared apart and 90 individuals who also participated in the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart completed the Control scale of the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ; Tellegen, 1982) and the four subscales of the Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS; Zuckerman, 1979), Consistent with previous studies, the Control scale was significantly correlated with the SSS. A Cholesky decomposition of the data indicated that the phenotypic correlations between the Control scale and the four subscales of the SSS were mediated almost entirely by genetic factors. In the final reduced model the proportion of the genetic variance of the Control scale in common with the SSS was estimated as 55%, and the rest of the genetic variance (45%) was attributed to the genetic variance specific to the Control scale. The results emphasize the importance of common biological mechanisms underlying associations between impulsivity and sensation seeking traits.     

Sensation seeking and startle modulation by physically threatening images

The potential moderating effect of sensation seeking on anxious reactivity to threatening experiences was assessed using the affective modulation of startle-blink paradigm. Startle blinks, as measured by electromyographic (EMG) activity in response to loud (100 dB) white-noise stimuli, were elicited during the presentation of positive, neutral, and threatening visual images. Unlike participants low in sensation seeking who showed blink potentiation during threatening versus neutral images, participants high in sensation seeking showed equal magnitudes of startle to neutral and threatening images. The results suggest that individuals high compared with low on sensation seeking are less anxiously reactive to physically threatening visual stimuli. No attenuation in startle magnitude was elicited by positive images among low or high sensation seekers suggesting that the positive images employed in the current study were not arousing enough to activate the appetitive arousal system.     

A multivariate genetic analysis of sensation seeking

The genetic architecture of sensation seeking was analyzed in 1591 adolescent twin pairs. Individual differences in sensation seeking were best explained by a simple additive genetic model. Between 48 and 63% of the total variance in sensation seeking subscales was attributable to genetic factors. There were no sex differences in the magnitude of the genetic and environmental effects. The different dimensions of sensation seeking were moderately correlated. The strongest correlations were between the subscales Thrill and Adventure Seeking and Experience Seeking (r=0.4) and between Boredom Susceptibility and Disinhibition (r=0.4 in males,r=0.5 in females). A triangular decomposition showed that the correlations between the sensation seeking subscales were induced mainly by correlated genetic factors and, to a smaller extent, by correlated unique environmental factors. The genetic and environmental correlation structures differed between males and females. For females, higher genetic correlations for Experience Seeking with Boredom Susceptibility and Disinhibition and higher correlations among the unique environmental factors were found. There was no evidence that sex-specific genes influenced sensation seeking behavior in males and females.     

美术工作者的人格特质研究

目的：探讨不同绘画种类和绘画风格美术工作者的感觉寻求人格特质倾向。方法：将86名美术工作者与153名普通人的感觉寻求特质进行比较，并根据美术工作者的绘画种类和绘画风格进行分类相互比较。结果：美术工作者的感觉寻求得分明显高于普通人的得分，美术工作者与普通人之间在“摆脱抑制”分量表上的差异最为显著。美术组男性与女性除了在“经验寻求”分量表上的差异不显著外，其他三个分量表的得分均高于女性。国画与西画倾向之间除了“经验寻求”分量表上有显著性差异外，其他三个分量表的得分差异均不显著；现代与传统风格倾向则在“经验寻求”、“单调耐受性”和“一般特征”上存在显著差异，其中“经验寻求”最为显著。结论：“摆脱抑制”分量表得分的高低与是否美术专业有关．而“经验寻求”得分的不同与美术丁作者的个人绘画风格有关。     

Sensation Seeking in Females from Opposite- Versus Same-Sex Twin Pairs: Hormone Transfer or Sibling Imitation?

The aims of this study were to replicate the results of a previous study (Resnick et al. 1993) and to extend them by examining the evidence for prenatal exposure to androgens versus sibling imitation as a potential cause of group differences in levels of sensation seeking. Participants were members of the Australian Twin Registry who had participated in a structured interview study and completed the Zuckerman Sensation-Seeking Scale. Three sets of group comparisons were conducted: (1) the sensation seeking scores of females from same-sex twin pairs (n = 1,947) were compared to females from opposite-sex twin pairs (n = 564), (2) females from same-sex twin pairs without a brother (n = 580) were compared to same-sex females with a close-in-age older brother (n = 300), and (3) same-sex females who had a close-in-age older brother (n = 300) were compared to females from opposite-sex twin pairs (n = 564). Females from opposite-sex twin pairs obtained significantly higher scores than females from same-sex twin pairs on the experience-seeking (d = 0.12) and thrill and adventure seeking (d = 0.10) subscales, but not the boredom susceptibility (d = −0.01) or disinhibition (d < 0.01) subscales of the Sensation-Seeking Scale. The modest effects obtained could not be explained by the psychosocial effect of having a close-in-age brother. Considering these effects alongside the overall sex differences in the Sensation-Seeking Scales of experience-seeking (d = 0.12 vs. d = 0.18) and thrill and adventure-seeking (d = 0.10 vs. d = 0.83) suggests that prenatal androgens may actually play a large role in the sex difference in the personality trait of experience seeking, and a smaller role in thrill and adventure-seeking; there was no evidence from this study that prenatal androgens are important for explaining sex differences in the traits of boredom susceptibility or disinhibition.     

The contribution of mechanoreceptive sensation on stability and adaptation in the young and elderly

The aim was to determine the contributions of foot mechanoreceptive sensation, vision and their interaction on postural stability during quiet stance, balance perturbations and adaptive adjustments. Postural stability was measured as anteroposterior torque variance in Young (n = 25, average age = 25.1 years) and Elderly subjects (n = 16, average age = 71.5 years) during repeated calf vibrations while standing with eyes open and closed. Sensation, recorded using vibration perception and tactile sensitivity, was poorer in elderly than young subjects. Sensation was of low importance for stability during quiet stance and the first 50 s of repeated vibrations, but was associated with stability during the last three 50 s periods of balance perturbations, suggesting that the mechanoreceptive sensation affected how well postural control could adapt to repeated balance perturbations. The findings suggest that clinicians should investigate whether patients with balance problems and poor adaptation have mechanoreceptive sensation deficits.     

One-year test-retest reliability of auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) to tones of increasing intensity

The one-year reliability of auditory evoked potential (AEP) amplitude/stimulus intensity slopes (obtained for single channels and with dipole source analysis) and the stability and criterion validity of alternative measures to the conventional AEPs augmenting/reducing (A/R) linear slope were explored in a sample of 21 psychology students. AEPs were obtained from two sequences of 288 Ss of different intensities (60, 80, 90, and 110 dB SPL), presented in four blocks of 72 tones of each intensity or in a pseudorandomized order. The Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale, which has been associated to the A/R slope, was used as a criterion measure. The results supported the one-year reliability of N1P2 slopes obtained in single channels (especially for Fz and Cz and for the random presentation of stimuli) and for dipoles obtained with brain electric source analysis (especially for the tangential dipoles). Neither of the A/R measures was significantly related to the criterion. These results support the stability of AEPs A/R, but throw serious doubts on the use of this psychophysiological phenomenon as a correlate of personality dimensions such as sensation seeking.     

大学生长潜伏期听觉诱发电位与感觉寻求人格特征的相关性分析

目的：研究大学生长潜伏期听觉诱发电位与感觉寻求人格特征的相关性。方法：对79名大学生进行感觉寻求人格测试，并采用70、80、90、100dB4种短纯音刺激检测其长潜伏期听觉诱发电位。结果：大学生具有较为突出的去抑制人格特征；Cz、C3、C4部位N1、P2潜伏期随刺激强度的增加而缩短；N1、P2以及N1／P2波幅随刺激强度的增加而增加；高感觉寻求者Cz、C3、C4部位20min后再测的波幅／刺激强度函数（ASF）斜率明显减小，与首次测试相比差异具有显著意义。结论：长潜伏期听觉诱发电位的强度依赖性及快速习惯化现象，可能成为感觉寻求人格特征的神经电生理标志。     

The effect of the impedance of a thin hydrogel electrode on sensation during functional electrical stimulation

Surface functional electrical stimulation results in stimulation of cutaneous receptors and discomfort. The degree of non-uniformity of current distribution in the cutaneous layers in the vicinity of the electrode may influence the sensation experienced. This paper describes the effects on sensation of a thin, high impedance electrode designed to reduce the non-uniformity of current distribution. Sensation associated with stimulation via a self-adhesive electrode with much higher impedance than conventional electrodes was compared with a low impedance electrode in a single-blinded, crossover study. The high impedance electrode does not alter either the current at which sensation is first registered. However, at higher currents, the high impedance electrode allows 9% more current to be passed for an equivalent sensation to that experienced with the conventional electrode. A 28% decrease in discomfort with the use of the high impedance electrode was also reported.     

初中生感觉寻求、学习焦虑及其相关研究

目的了解初中生感觉寻求和学习焦虑的现状及其特征,探索不同的感觉寻求水平对学习焦虑的影响。方法采用随机抽样的方法抽取安徽省皖南皖中皖北共1200名初中生为调查对象。结果①人口统计学变量(性别、年级、是否独生子女、是否城镇居民)对初中生的感觉寻求具有显著影响(t=3.78,P<0.001;F=42.58,P<0.001;t=4.95,P<0.001;t=2.82,P<0.01);②人口统计学变量(年级、是否独生子女、是否单亲家庭)对学习焦虑水平具有显著影响(F=11.81,P<0.001;t=-3.28,P<0.001;t=2.01,P<0.05);③初中生感觉寻求水平与学习焦虑水平呈显著负相关(r=-0.104,P<0.01)。结论兴奋与冒险寻求和是否独生子女对初中生的学习焦虑水平有一定的预测能力。     

Sensation seeking predicts brain responses in the old-new task: converging multimodal neuroimaging evidence

Novel images and message content enhance visual attention and memory for high sensation seekers, but the neural mechanisms associated with this effect are unclear. To investigate the individual differences in brain responses to new and old (studied) visual stimuli, we utilized event-related potentials (ERP) and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) measures to examine brain reactivity among high and low sensation seekers during a classic old-new memory recognition task. Twenty low and 20 high sensation seekers completed separate, but parallel, ERP and fMRI sessions. For each session, participants initially studied drawings of common images, and then performed an old-new recognition task during scanning. High sensation seekers showed greater ERP responses to new objects at the frontal N2 ERP component, compared to low sensation seekers. The ERP Novelty-N2 responses were correlated with fMRI responses in the orbitofrontal gyrus. Sensation seeking status also modulated the FN400 ERP component indexing familiarity and conceptual learning, along with fMRI responses in the caudate nucleus, which correlated with FN400 activity. No group differences were found in the late ERP positive components indexing classic old-new amplitude effects. Our combined ERP and fMRI results suggest that sensation-seeking personality affects the early brain responses to visual processing, but not the later stage of memory recognition.