带蒂胸大肌皮瓣Ⅰ期修复头颈部缺损

Ⅰ期带蒂胸大肌皮瓣修复组织缺损的手术,首先由Ariyan提出并应用于临床。采用胸大肌复合瓣修复头颈部大型组织缺损成活率高,修复效果令人满意。我院近年来应用该方法治疗头颈部各类肿瘤切除术后所致的组织缺损患者30例,现报道如下。     

带蒂胸大肌皮瓣I期修复头颈部缺损

3 讨 论Ⅰ期带蒂胸大肌皮瓣修复组织缺损的手术,首先由Ariyan提出并应用于临床。采用胸大肌复合瓣修复头颈部大型组织缺损成活率高,修复效果令人满意[1]。我院近年来应用该方法治疗头颈部各类肿瘤切除术后所致的组织缺损患者30例,现报道如下。本组30例病例均为1992年2月至200     

胸大肌肌皮瓣在头颈肿瘤术后组织缺损修复中的应用

目的总结胸大肌肌皮瓣在头颈肿瘤术后组织缺损修复中的应用。方法回顾性总结2 0 0 7年1月～2 0 1 0年1 2月收治的3 6例患者因头颈部肿瘤手术后巨大组织缺损应用胸大肌肌皮瓣进行修复的临床资料。结果 32例(88.9%)胸大肌肌皮瓣完全存活,4例(11.1%)胸大肌肌皮瓣远端部分坏死。经换药、口腔护理等对症支持治疗后愈合。结论胸大肌肌皮瓣是一种临床应用广泛的修复材料。它具有丰富的组织量和确切的血液供应,修复操作简单,易存活,适用于头颈部肿瘤扩大切除术后组织缺损的即刻修复。     

头颈部肿瘤组织缺损应用带蒂复合肌皮瓣修复体会

我科自１９９４～１９９７年间应用带血管蒂的胸大肌皮瓣和斜方肌低位岛状肌皮瓣Ⅰ期修复头颈部恶性肿瘤患者组织缺损１０例。其中胸大肌皮瓣修复８例，２例部分坏死，均为口腔内组织缺损病例；斜方肌低位岛状肌皮瓣修复组织缺损２例，均成活。胸大肌皮瓣和斜方肌低位岛状肌皮瓣具有蒂长，供皮区面积大，血供可靠，二者相互补充能满足大部分头颈部肿瘤术后的缺损修复和功能重建。作者认为，保证肌血管蒂的血流畅通和术后应用有效的抗生素是保证肌皮瓣成活的首要因素。对于口腔缺损区修复，保持口腔清洁、干燥及正确的护理对口腔内组织瓣的成活也致关重要。     

耳颞部肿瘤切除术后巨大缺损修复重建术

目的 探讨耳颞部晚期肿瘤切除术后巨大组织缺损的一期重建方法。方法 对11例耳颞部晚期肿瘤患者实施肿瘤扩大根治性切除及带蒂胸大肌肌皮瓣、背阔肌肌皮瓣和游离腹直肌肌皮瓣转移耳颞部巨大缺损一期重建术。结果 所有患者的肿瘤都得到了完整切除,并在手术切除后于耳颞区留下一个巨大的复合组织缺损。根据缺损的位置和特点共实施带蒂胸大肌肌皮瓣移植8例,带蒂背阔肌肌皮瓣1例,游离腹直肌肌皮瓣移植2例,皮瓣全部成活。术后除1例发生皮瓣下感染外无其它并发症发生,所有患者的缺损都得以满意修复。结论 只要手术适应症选择恰当,修复方法选择合理,这类病人的手术治疗仍是值得提倡的。     

带血管蒂肌皮瓣在头颈部根治性放疗后复发癌切除中的应用

目的:探讨带血管蒂肌皮瓣在头颈部根治放疗后复发癌手术中的应用。方法:对６６例头颈部根治放疗后复发癌病人施行手术,其中６０例应用了带血管蒂肌皮瓣,应用皮瓣有胸大肌肌皮瓣、斜方肌肌皮瓣、背阔肌肌皮瓣、胸三角肌皮瓣及额部皮瓣。结果:６０例病人的３年生存率和５年生存率分别为６８．３%和５１．７%。有４例喉癌术后病人合并巨大咽瘘,其余生存质量均得到了改善。结论:根治性放疗后复发癌病人,局部血液循环差,头颈部重要生命血管表浅,应用带血管蒂肌皮瓣的目的不仅仅是为了修复局部缺损,更重要的是改善局部血液循环,以利于创口愈合,提高病人生存质量。     

头颈部巨大皮肤恶性肿瘤切除术后缺损修复

目的探讨头颈部巨大皮肤恶性肿瘤切除术后缺损修复的方法，提高患者生活质量。方法分别采用游离股前外侧皮瓣、游离腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣、胸大肌皮瓣及下斜方肌皮瓣对17例头颈部巨大皮肤恶性肿瘤术后的缺损进行一期重建与整复，观察分析患者缺损修复的临床疗效。结果16例皮瓣完全存活，1例股前外侧皮瓣远端坏死，经换药后愈合；所有患者均随访3个月至5年，11例患者生存，其中1例带瘤生存；6例患者分别死于局部复发、淋巴结转移、远隔转移及二重癌。结论根据患者年龄，肿瘤位置等因素，选择合适的皮瓣进行重建，对头颈部巨大皮肤恶性肿瘤术后缺损，可以取得良好的效果     

双岛胸大肌皮瓣在头颈肿瘤切除、重建术中的应用

目的 探讨双岛胸大肌皮瓣在头颈肿瘤术后组织缺损修复重建应用的效果及优点。方法 应用双岛胸大肌皮瓣,对头颈肿瘤术后组织缺损的8例患者进行修复重建。结果 重建后的咽腔无狭窄,颈部皮肤均成活。皮瓣I期愈合7例;皮瓣重建颈部皮肤面边缘轻度坏死1例,经处理后愈合。患者于术后8～12d(平均10d)开始进食;术后14～20d(平均16d)出院。结论 双岛胸大肌皮瓣血供丰富,组织量多,是同时修复头颈肿瘤术后皮肤、黏膜双重缺损的优选方法。     

改良胸大肌肌皮瓣在高风险头颈肿瘤患者术后缺损修复的应用

目的 总结改良带蒂胸大肌肌皮瓣（PMMF）在高风险头颈肿瘤患者术后缺损组织修复中的体会和应用价值。方法选择我院2017年2月～2021年10月,17例头颈恶性肿瘤并均伴高风险（高龄、放疗后、糖尿病、心血管疾病、动脉硬化、周围血管病）患者,手术治疗导致头颈部、口腔颌面大范围缺损采用胸大肌肌皮瓣同期修复的效果观察。结果 17例均顺利完成手术并度过围手术期,1例（糖尿病酮症,血糖波动较大、血糖控制不理想）咽瘘,经积极换药,对症治疗后愈合,2例皮瓣远端局部坏死,换药,缝合对症治疗后愈合,1例（外院术后+放疗30次复发）术后下颌部皮瓣远端裂开、瘘,未完全愈合。1例皮瓣稍过臃肿,重建舌体偏健侧,自觉言语不清,有不适感,3个月后复查臃肿较前减轻,言语稍有不清但基本能听懂,亦无明显不适感,吞咽正常。1例术后颈部瘢痕挛缩至仰头不适,予二次手术松解后恢复良好。余病例组织缺损、伤口愈合,患者头颈部功能及语音与吞咽功能均修复。结论 改良胸大肌肌皮瓣（PMMF）血管恒定、制作简单,血供丰富、成活率高,供区位于头颈部放射野外,可为经放射治疗后头颈、口腔颌面区提供健康组织,组织量大,可做为高风险（高龄、放疗后、糖尿...     

胸大肌肌皮瓣坏死原因分析及预防处理体会

目的　探讨胸大肌肌皮瓣坏死的原因与有效预防和处理的方法。方法　回顾分析我院2008年11月～2013年11月117例胸大肌肌皮瓣转移修复头颈部缺损的病例临 床资料,寻找可能导致肌皮瓣坏死的原因。结果　117例胸大肌肌皮瓣修复的病例中有13例发生坏死,其中2例发生全部坏死、11例部分坏死。1例因以胸肩峰血管为血管蒂常规制备胸大肌肌皮瓣后全部坏死,1例术中操作误伤胸肩峰动脉后全部坏死;其余11例部分坏死中,7例伴有糖尿病,2例为肥胖患者,2例待修复的缺损区为大剂量放疗后。结论  术前有效地处理基础疾病、术中充分认识胸大肌肌皮瓣血供以及熟练掌握胸大肌肌皮瓣制备技巧是减少胸大肌肌皮瓣坏死的重要措施。     

Pulmonary atelectasis after reconstruction with pectoralis major flaps

Forty-four patients were reviewed to determine the incidence of atelectasis following pectoralis major myocutaneous flap reconstruction of head and neck defects. Patients underwent tumor resection with subsequent pectoralis major myocutaneous flap reconstruction (flap group, n = 24) or another major head and neck procedure (control group, n = 20). Chest roentgenograms taken on the first postoperative day were scored for atelectasis by preestablished criteria. Sixty-five percent of control and 70% of flap patients demonstrated postoperative atelectasis roentgenographically. The flap patients with skin paddles larger than 40 cm2 had a 60% incidence of major atelectasis compared with 5% in control patients. The skin island area was strongly correlated with the atelectasis score in the flap group. These results suggest that atelectasis is common following pectoralis major myocutaneous flap reconstruction of head and neck defects. As well, decreased chest wall compliance after primary closure of large donor defects may contribute to the atelectasis observed.     

Treatment of recurrent head and neck carcinoma involving the carotid artery: carotid reconstruction with ePTFE graft

The aim of our study is to investigate the feasibility of reconstructing the carotid artery using expanded polytetraflouroethylene (ePTFE) in patients with recurrent head and neck carcinoma involving the carotid artery. Ten patients, who had recurrent head and neck carcinoma involving the carotid artery, received carotid artery resection and reconstruction with ePTFE, tissue defects were repaired by pectoralis major myocutaneous flap. Results show that eight patients did not present any vascular and neurologic complications. One patient presented slight hemiparesis, another patient developed wound infection and pharyngocutaneous fistula. The mean follow-up period was 33.1 ± 16.0 months. The 2-year survival rate was 50% (5/10), and there was one patient who survived for 60 months without locoreginal recurrence or distant metastasis. En bloc resection of tumor and involved carotid-associated ePTFE reconstruction provide effective improvement in the locoregional control of the recurrent head and neck carcinoma. The pedicle pectoralis major myocutaneous flap can provide not only wound bed with affluent blood supply for the vascular grafts, but also reparation of skin or the tissue defects of oropharynx and hypopharynx.     

Experience with the modified pectoralis major myocutaneous flap.

Results of 75 reconstructions with a modified pectoralis major myocutaneous flap are described in patients with advanced (stages III and IV) head and neck tumors between 1982 and 1986. The course of the supplying thoracoacromial artery was determined with angiographic studies and was found to follow the middle clavicular line in most cases. The pectoralis major muscle was mobilized up to its acromial attachment, which made the bridging of considerable distances possible between the site of the removed tumor and the donor site. The bulk of the pedicle was reduced at the same time without endangering the safety of the blood supply of the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap. The flaps were viable in the 70 evaluable patients. Partial necroses were observed in three cases. Postoperative fistulas were encountered in 13 patients (surgical closure was necessary in three). Reconstruction with the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap is a safe and versatile procedure, yielding good clinical and functional results in patients with advanced head and neck tumors.     

Reconstruction of the hypopharynx with U-shaped pectoralis major myocutaneous flap after total pharyngo-laryngectomy

Resection of the whole circumference of the pharynx and esophagus is usually reconstructed with gastric pull-up, jejunum free graft or free forearm flap. The aim of this study was to assess the use of pectoralis major myocutaneous flap for closure of total pharyngeal defect. In 11 patients with hypopharynx and larynx cancer, total pharyngo-laryngectomy and excision of the cervical part of the esophagus and neck dissections were performed; the defects were closed with pectoralis major myocutaneous flaps. The skin island was sutured to prevertebral muscles, forming a letter U shape. Good healing was obtained in six patients, and five patients developed fistula that closed spontaneously within 3–4 weeks. The use of U-shaped pectoralis major myocutaneous flap, suturing it to prevertebral muscles, gives good functional results, and it is a simple and time-saving second choice method of reconstruction of the pharynx after total pharyngo-laryngectomy.     

Surgical techniques and results of lateral thoracic cutaneous, myocutaneous, and conjoint flaps for head and neck reconstruction

BACKGROUND: This paper aims at presentation of our surgical techniques and results of the lateral thoracic (LT) flaps for head and neck reconstructions. METHOD: There were seven LT cutaneous, seven LT myocutaneous, and two LT conjoint myocutaneous flaps for reconstruction of head and neck mucosal or cutaneous defects. RESULTS: The largest flap size was 22 cm x 13 cm. All donor sites were closed primarily. The highest point of reconstruction was in the nasopharynx internally and zygoma externally. All flaps survived without major complication. CONCLUSIONS: The LT flap has the versatility of cutaneous, myocutaneous, and conjoint flaps with pectoralis major or latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flaps to reconstruct large surgical defects. It has a large, reliable surface area, a long pedicle to reach nasopharynx and zygoma, and has less bulky muscle to facilitate tubular reconstruction of circumferential pharyngeal defect, one-stage operation, esthetic hidden donor site scar in axillary region, and minimal donor site morbidity. It is an additional reliable pedicle flap in our armamentarium for reconstruction of both cutaneous and mucosal defects in the head and neck region.     

The pectoralis major flap.

The pectoralis major myocutaneous flap (PMC) is a major flap for reconstruction of large head and neck defects. Its principle advantages are its dependability and ability to cover large defects. It is, however, a bulky flap, preventing its use for delicate reconstruction. The PMC flap is justifiably a popular flap that will continue to command an important place in the head and neck surgeon's reconstructive armamentarium.     

Enhanced Reliability and Renewed Applications of the Deltopectoral Flap in Head and Neck Reconstruction

Bakamjian introduced the deltopectoral skin flap in 1965, and thereafter it was used extensively for reconstructive surgery of the head and neck. Flap failure rates of 10% to 25% were reported, necessitating the development of alternative methods of reconstruction and eventually relegating the flap to historical references. Since 1991, we have used the deltopectoral flap in 24 patients for reconstruction after head and neck tumor surgery. Simple technical modifications have been used to enhance the reliability of this flap, with no observed failures or even partial flap loss. The deltopectoral flap remains a versatile and reliable tissue source that can be used simultaneously with the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap for a variety of complex head and neck reconstructions. Laryngoscope, 106:1230-1233, 1996     

Free radial forearm flap versus pectoralis major myocutaneous flap reconstruction of oral and oropharyngeal defects: a cost analysis

Objectives: The free radial forearm flap has replaced the pedicled pectoralis major myocutaneous flap and it has become the ‘workhorse flap’ used by many head and neck reconstructive surgeons for soft tissue reconstructions. Cost implications of radial forearm flap reconstruction within the context of the overall health care in a particular system need to be investigated particularly before it is labelled as ‘costly only’. Design and Setting: Forty patients who underwent immediate free radial forearm flap reconstruction for oral or oropharyngeal soft tissue defects were matched with patients who underwent pectoralis major myocutaneous flap reconstruction for similar defects. The 2 years of which the overall management costs according to the hospital perspective were calculated were divided into four periods: operative period, the postoperative phase, follow‐up during first year and follow‐up during second year after discharge. Results: The total costs within the first 2 years were comparable at ∼50 000 euros. The lower costs of hospital admission (24 days versus 28 days; P = 0.005) in the postoperative phase outweighed the higher costs of the surgical procedure (692 min versus 462 min; P < 0.005) in radial forearm flap patients when compared with pectoralis major flap patients. Conclusions: Oral and oropharyngeal reconstruction with radial forearm flap is not more costly than pectoralis major flap reconstruction. Given the better functional outcome and the present cost analysis, reconstruction of oral and oropharyngeal defects is preferably performed using free tissue transfer.