气道高反应性对青少年支气管哮喘的影响

目的：探讨气道高反应性在青少年哮喘发病过程中的作用。方法：利用遗传流行病学的方法,收集了支气管哮喘核心家系的资料,对家系中每一成员测定其气道反应性。结果：气道高反应性的亲属患哮喘的危险性明显增加,是没有气道高反应性亲属的8．10倍（P＜0．01）;其中气道高反应性的双亲和子女患哮喘的危险性分别增加7．10倍和4．59倍,有高度显著性意义;即使调整了遗传因素可能的混杂作用,气道高反应性子女患哮喘的危险性仍较无气道高反应性子女增加2．96倍（P＜0．01）。结论：气道高反应性不仅是支气管哮喘的重要特征,而且可能是支气管哮喘的重要危险因素。     

支气管哮喘遗传流行病学的初步分析

利用遗传流行病学的理论与方法，对６４１个核心家系完整资料分析的结果表明，父母患哮喘是其子女患哮喘的重要因素，患哮喘的危险性比父母均不患哮喘家系的子女增加４．０～８．０倍，这种差别具有高度显著性意义。父母对子女患哮喘危险性的影响呈现显著的线性趋势（Ｐ＜０．０１）。显示了哮喘的发病具有家族聚集性。同时分析了父母患哮喘的儿子与女儿患哮喘危险性，没有发现两者间的显著性差别（Ｐ＞０．０５）。本研究没有发现父母的气道反应性与其子女的气道反应性有显著相关性。本文初步研究结果提示哮喘发病过程中，遗传因素起着重要的作用。     

16岁以下青少年支气管哮喘的危险因素分析

收集了仅有１６岁以下青少年为子女的支气管哮喘核心家系的资料。２３０个家系资料的分析结果表明：１６岁以下的青少年中，男性患哮喘的危险性是女性的１．６２倍（Ｐ＜０．０１），饮用塘河水的人产生哮喘的危险性明显比饮用自来水的人高（ＯＲ＝１．６７，Ｐ＜０．０５）。父母的哮喘史是青少年最为突出的危险因素，使青少年患哮喘的危险性分别增加２．０６和２．７３倍，且均具有高度显著性意义。此家系分析也显示，母亲的哮喘史对子女产生哮喘的影响更大，约为父亲的两倍。青少年自身的气道高反应性和过敏体质也是青少年产生哮喘的危险因素之一，优势比分别为１．９２和２．０１（Ｐ＜０．０１）。本文揭示了遗传因素在哮喘发病过程中可能的重要作用。     

哮喘患者气道反应性的流行病学分析

６４１个哮喘核心家系的资料分析结果显示，利用乙酰甲胆碱（ＭＴＣＨ）激发试验测定的气道高反应性，做为哮喘诊断标准的灵敏度和特异度分别是７２％、７０％。气道反应阳性者患哮喘的危险性是气道反应阴性者的５．０１倍，其中，男女患哮喘的危险性分别是４．９７倍和５．０６倍，都具有高度显著性意义。患哮喘的危险性随着气道反应性的增强而增大。同一ＭＴＣＨ剂量激发的气道反应阳性者，患哮喘的危险性随着年龄的增加而增加，且有明显的线性趋势（Ｐ＜０．０１）。无论是临床还是预防医学，气道反应性的测定都具有重要意义     

女性肺癌的遗传流行病学研究

通过对１７６个女性肺癌先证者核心家系和１９４个女性对照的核心家系资料分析。发现女性肺癌先证者的一级亲属（父母、同胞）患肺癌的危险性是对照一级亲属（父母、同胞）的１．６７倍，且差异具有显著性。其中女性亲属患肺癌的危险性显著高于对照的女性亲属，ＯＲ值为２．８１（Ｐ＜０．０１）。女性肺癌的遗传度为２０．５４％，遗传因素是女性肺癌的重要危险因素。女性肺癌先证者的女性亲属对肺癌的遗传易感性比男性亲属高。这些结果有助于全面阐明云南省宣威县女性肺癌高发的原因。     

男性肺癌的遗传流行病学研究

为深入研究宣威县男性肺癌的病因，探讨遗传因素的作用，分析了１９４例男性肺癌先证者的核心家系和１７６例男性对照的核心家系资料。结果发现，肺癌先证者的亲属（父母、同胞）患肺癌的危险性是对照组的１．７８倍，且差异有显著性。其中，父母及女性亲属患肺癌的危险性分别是对照组的２．９０倍和２．４３倍，差异均有显著性意义。肺癌的遗传度为２４．６８％。女性对肺癌的遗传易患性比男性高，遗传因素是肺癌的重要危险因素。     

慢性阻塞性肺部疾病的家族聚集性分析

为了判断慢性阻塞性肺部疾病（ＣＯＰＤ）的家族聚集性，探讨遗传因素对ＣＯＰＤ发病的影响，分析了２０６对核心家系的资料。结果表明：ＣＯＰＤ的发病具有家族聚集性。ＣＯＰＤ先证者的亲属（父母、兄弟姐妹）患ＣＯＰＤ的危险性增加，是对照家系亲属（父母、兄弟姐妹）的２．０７倍。除母亲之外，两家系父亲间，兄弟间及姐妹间患ＣＯＰＤ危险性的差异均具有显著性。故ＣＯＰＤ先证者的亲属对ＣＯＰＤ的易感性比对照的亲属高，说明遗传因素是ＣＯＰＤ的危险因素之一。     

肺癌患者亲属对癌症有易感性的研究

分析了３７０例肺癌先证者的核心家系和３７０个对照的核心家系资料，发现肺癌先证者的亲属（父母、同胞）患癌症的危险性明显高于对照的亲属（父母、同胞），前乾是后者的２．０７倍（Ｐ〈０．０１）。其中患癌的危险性是对照亲属的１．８５倍，患其它癌症的危险性是３．７８倍，差别均具有高度显著性统计学意义，表明了宣威肺癌患者的亲属不仅对肺癌的易感性增高，而且对其它癌症的易感性也较高。这些结果都支持了肺癌患者的家系亲属对癌症具有遗传易感性的假设。     

哮喘儿童的气质和父母的焦虑水平及其研究

目的 了解哮喘儿童与正常儿童在气质以及父母焦虑状况方面的差异。方法 采用BSQ,MCTQ及STAI问卷对45例3－12岁哮喘儿童进行气质和父母焦虑状况测试。结果 两组气质类型有明显差异（P＜0．05）,哮喘组活动水平高（P＜0．01）,节律性差（P＜0．05）,反应强度高（P＜0．05）,情绪本质消极（P＜0．01）,坚持性低（P＜0．01）,注意分散度高（P＜0．01）,哮喘组父母焦虑水平高于对照组父母。哮喘儿童的情绪本质、节律性和反应强度三个气质维度与父母焦虑有关。结论 哮喘儿童的气质类型与正常儿童存在明显差异。哮喘儿童的气质要比正常儿童消极。哮喘儿童的气质可预测父母的焦虑水平。     

气道高反应性与皮肤过敏反应之间关系分析

为了探讨气道高反应性与皮肤过敏反应之间关系 ,依据哮喘患者作为指示病例确定了 30 0 0个哮喘核心家系 ,对各家系的每位成员逐一询问调查、测定气道反应性和进行皮肤过敏试验。主要计算优势比(or值 )等指标。 1 2 51 6位哮喘核心家系亲属皮肤过敏实验的结果表明 :1 2 5 %的人皮斑阳性 ,而出现皮疹阳性的人占 51 3 %。且男性高于女性、低年龄组 (≤ 35岁 )高于高年龄组 (>35岁 ) ,其差别均有高度显著性 (P<0 0 1 )。哮喘家系中有 1 1 9%的人气道反应阳性 ,其中皮斑阳性与皮疹阳性人群出现气道高反应性分别为1 5 5 %和 1 2 7%。皮斑阳性与皮疹阳性者的气道高反应性发生的危险性均较高 ,OR值分别为 1 1 7和 1 44(P <0 0 1 )。并随着引起皮斑阳性或皮疹阳性过敏原的增多而出现气道高反应性的危险性逐渐增大。显示气道高反应性可能与皮肤过敏反应密切相关     

成人过敏性哮喘危险因素的病例对照研究

目的 探讨导致成人过敏性哮喘及其发作的危险因素。方法 采用病例对照流行病学研究方法,收集102例成人过敏性哮喘患者和394例健康对照人群的一般社会人口学特征、疾病健康状况、吸烟史、职业接触史、室内环境状况以及家族史等信息。结果 单因素及多因素统计分析结果均显示:成人过敏性哮喘患者职业粉尘接触率高于对照组且差异有统计学显著性(P<0.05,OR=1.78);住房类型为平房/筒子楼较多层/高层楼导致过敏性哮喘或其发作的可能性大(P<0.05,OR=3.24),哮喘患者家中床褥晾晒频率较对照组低且差异具有统计学显著性(P<0.10,OR=1.53);哮喘患者家中起居室地面使用木板比例高于对照组且差异有统计学显著性(P<0.01,OR=2.33);室内油烟污染程度哮喘患者组高于对照组且差异有统计学显著性(P<0.01,OR=2.52);同时还发现,双亲中有慢性支气管炎(慢支)或哮喘疾病史可增加其子女患过敏性哮喘的危险性(P<0.01,OR=2.32)。结论 室内环境因素中住房状况差、床褥晾晒频率少、起居室地面使用木板、室内油烟污染可能是成人过敏性哮喘的危险因素,同时职业接触粉尘、双亲有慢支或哮喘疾病史也与该疾病具有一定的关系。研究结果提示成人过敏性哮喘是遗传和环境双重因素共同作用导致的一种复杂疾病。     

Relationships between welfare status,health insurance status,and health and medical care among children with asthma

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the relationships between health insurance and welfare status and the health and medical care of children with asthma. METHODS: Parents of children with asthma aged 2 to 12 years were interviewed at 6 urban clinical sites and 2 welfare offices. RESULTS: Children whose families had applied for but were denied welfare had more asthma symptoms than did children whose families had had no contact with the welfare system. Poorer mental health in parents was associated with more asthma symptoms and higher rates of health care use in their children. Parents of uninsured and transiently insured children identified more barriers to health care than did parents whose children were insured. CONCLUSIONS: Children whose families have applied for welfare and children who are uninsured are at high risk medically and may require additional services to improve health outcomes.     

Influence of family factors on asthma and wheezing during the first five years of life.

Family factors associated with the incidence of asthma and wheezing during childhood have been studied in a cohort of over 2000 children who, together with their families, were followed-up for five years. Episodes of wheezing not regarded by the parents as asthma had a different pattern of association with family factors to that found for asthma. The outcome of the two conditions in terms of ventilatory function at the age of five years was also different, in that children with a history of asthma had a lower peak expiratory flow rate than did children with a history of non-asthmatic wheezing.     

The family study of otitis media: Design and disease and risk factor profiles

Recurrent acute otitis media (RAOM) and chronic otitis media with effusion (COME) exhibit familial aggregation, but environmental risk factors (day care attendance, cigarette smoke exposure, and bottle feeding) are also important in their development. The Family Study of OM was designed to ascertain the RAOM/COME status of families whose children participated in Otitis Media Research Center studies between 1978 and 1984. Probands were treated with tympanostomy tubes, and had their RAOM/COME status ascertained as criteria for entry into these studies. For the Family Study of OM parents were interviewed about their otitis media and risk factor history; mothers were interviewed about their children's history, and pertinent medical records were obtained. Members of 173 families were examined with otomicroscopy and multifrequency tympanometry; 19% of parents and 32% of siblings were classified as affected, which is substantially higher than RAOM/COME rates from previous reports. Risk factor profiles differed significantly (P < .001) between parents and their children. Younger generation (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 4.18, 95% confidence interval [Cl], 2.74, 6.36), day care attendance (OR = 1.96, 95% Cl, 1.32, 2.91) and male gender (OR = 1.42, 95% Cl, 1.03, 1.97) were significantly related to RAOM/COME using logistic regression. Analyses confirm (1) higher disease rates in families with an affected member compared to existing studies of the general population, (2) increased risk of RAOM/COME associated with known risk factors, and (3) increased risk for parents irrespective of risk factors. Additional analyses will explore competing models of disease susceptibility using genetic models and known risk factors. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Familial history,age and smoking are important risk factors for disc degeneration disease in Arabic pedigrees

The present study used computed tomography imaging to evaluate the extent and pattern of the intergenerational transmission of spinal disc degeneration disease (DDD) in complex pedigrees. Contribution of a number of the potential covariates was also studied using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis, as well as two types of complex segregation analysis models. Among 161 individuals studied, DDD was diagnosed in 60 individuals. The number of protruded discs varied from 1 to 4, mostly in lumbar or lumbosacral regions. The average age at onset of the disease was similar for both women (36.0 years) and men (34.8 years). The proportion of the individuals affected by the DDD status of their parents ranged from 10% in families of two healthy parents to 55.5% of two affected parents (p < 0.01). The results of the logistic regression analyses and complex segregation analysis were qualitatively the same: DDD status of parents, age and smoking were the main risk factors for disc herniation in the Arabic families we examined. All analyses showed a predominating role of the family history as a risk factor for DDD in offsprings. It showed, for example, four times higher risk at age 50 for individuals with two affected parents vs. those who have two non-affected parents. However, the results of models-fitting genetic analysis, did not confirm a monogenic Mendelian pattern of inheritance.     

What Is Asthma Control? Discrepancies Between Parents’ Perceptions and Official Definitions

National guidelines define asthma control as the prevention of asthma symptoms rather than the treatment of asthma exacerbations. We hypothesized that we would find a discrepancy between what parents consider adequate control compared to what health care professionals mean by "control." Data from a telephone survey conducted for the local asthma coalition served to establish a baseline measurement of community-level control of asthma among children. The sample consisted of 352 parents from the Rochester City School District, NY. Data analyses included chi-square, relative risk, and reliability statistics (kappa) to examine associations between reported asthma symptoms and parental perception of asthma control. Ninety percentage of respondents indicated that the child was well or completely controlled even though over 50% of the children had missed school, experienced asthma symptoms, made an unscheduled office visit, or used an inhaler for symptom relief. Over 40% of those reporting good control still used a rescue inhaler for symptom relief, experienced symptoms, and missed school. Forty-two percentage of children had parents whose report of symptoms was discrepant with their assessment of control. These children were at a higher risk of poor control compared to families whose responses were consistent. Parents of children with asthma thought their children's asthma was under good control despite high asthma-related morbidity. This discrepancy suggests a communication gap between health care providers and families that may contribute to underutilization of effective asthma treatments. These results have been used to focus our community interventions on increasing public awareness of the possibility of living symptom free with asthma and on increasing effective communication between families and physicians regarding the meaning of adequate asthma control.     

Epidemiological study of genetic and environmental factors in asthma, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and atopy. Protocol and potential selection bias

BACKGROUND: The EGEA study combines a case-control study and a family study to assess genetic and environmental risk factors and their interactions for asthma, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and atopy. Information is scanty regarding potential selection biases, in particular regarding familial ressemblance in epidemiological surveys of this kind. METHODS: Asthmatic probands (adult and paediatric) were recruited in chest clinics of six clinical centres. Controls were mostly population-based (electoral rolls) for adults and recruited in surgery departments for children. RESULTS: The population examined includes 348 nuclear families ascertained by one asthmatic and 416 controls, totalling 1847 subjects (EGEA I) and an additional sample of 40 families ascertained by two asthmatic siblings (EGEA II). Potential biases for the various types of analyses have been studied. Quantification of the consequences of the greater participation of probands with a parental history of asthma shows it does not introduce a major bias in the estimates of familial resemblance. Cases and controls showed a good comparability regarding sex, age, area of residence and familial geographical origin, allowing proper associations studies for environmental and candidate genetic factors. CONCLUSIONS: The case-control component of the study will allow to perform studies on environmental factors and association studies for various genetic polymorphisms. Using the family base collected, segregation and genetic linkage/association analyses with DNA markers may be performed.     

诱发儿童哮喘的家庭环境危险因素分析

目的:分析儿童哮喘发病家庭环境的危险因素。方法:选择2009年1月～2011年1月在医院门诊及住院诊断为哮喘患儿400例,以同时期来医院治疗的非呼吸道疾病患儿403例为对照,采用问卷调查法调查与儿童哮喘有关的因素。结果:单因素分析显示,家族哮喘史、家族过敏史、过敏性体质、饲养动物、被动吸烟、使用空调、接触花粉、父母的受教育程度、经常情绪低落的比例哮喘组明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。多因素非条件Logisitc回归分析显示家族哮喘史、过敏史、父母的受教育程度、被动吸烟、饲养动物5个因素差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:家族哮喘史、过敏史、父母的受教育程度、被动吸烟、饲养动物是儿童哮喘的危险因素,提示平时及时控制纠正与哮喘发生或发作的相关危险因素对儿童哮喘的预防与控制具有重要的实际意义。