内镜超声引导下经空肠胆管穿刺引流术用于食管空肠 Roux-en-Y吻合术后患者一例

上消化道重建术后的患者常因解剖结构改变而使标准内镜逆行胰胆管造影操作难度显著增大甚至无法完成。治疗性内镜超声技术的飞速发展为外科术后患者提供了微创胆管引流的新选择。本文报道1例食管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术后病例,因内镜无法到达十二指肠乳头导致内镜逆行胰胆管造影术失败,在内镜超声引导下行经空肠胆管穿刺引流术,取得了满意的引流效果。     

胆管胸膜瘘三例

胆管胸膜瘘是胆道系统与胸膜腔之间的病理性交通,是肝胆疾病的严重并发症之一。该病较为典型的临床表现是胆汁性胸水、胸闷、呼吸困难,CT、MRI检查、经内镜逆行胰胆管造影或经皮肝穿刺胆管造影可明确诊断,治疗方法主要有经皮肝穿刺胆管造影术、经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术、胆总管切开T管引流、胆管胸膜瘘修补术等。由于胆管胸膜瘘症状隐匿且临床较少见,常被误诊、漏诊,现报告河南科技大学第一附属医院消化内科收治的3例胆管胸膜瘘患者。     

超声内镜引导下胆管穿刺引流术:胆管引流的新选择

随着治疗性内镜超声技术（EUS）的发展,内镜超声引导下胆管穿刺引流术（EUS-BD）已成为新一代胆管引流技术,为胆道梗阻患者提供了微创胆道引流的新选择。EUS-BD作为ERCP失败后的胆管引流替代措施的疗效已得到公认,但其安全性仍略逊于经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）。随着EUS-BD专用附件的不断开发,不良事件的发生率将得到进一步降低。未来通过对EUS-BD操作方法的进一步优化及标准化,将有望使其成为与ERCP并列的初始胆管引流措施之一。     

ERCP中采用气囊导管造影确诊肝内胆管结石的应用价值

目的比较采用标准造影导管与气囊导管造影在经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ＥＲＣＰ）中对肝内胆管结石的诊断价值。方法对２１９例手术确诊的肝内胆管结石患者进行回顾性研究,采用标准造影导管造影法,仍不能确定肝内胆管结石者,引导钢丝导入气囊导管至总或左、右肝管,气囊充气后再注入造影剂,直至胆管充分显影。结果可疑肝内胆管结石经标准导管造影１７０例,气囊导管造影４９例;经手术确认前者漏诊１７例,后者漏诊１例。结论气囊导管造影法的准确性明显高于标准导管造影法,提出对可疑肝内胆管结石者,ＥＲＣＰ时应尽量用气囊导管造影,必要时超选后造影。     

胆管腔内超声与逆行胆管造影诊断胆管结石的对比研究

目的 比较十二指肠镜下胆管腔内超声（IDUS）和内镜下逆行胆管造影（ERC）诊断肝外胆管结石的作用。方法 对30例临床怀疑有肝外胆管结石的患者，先进行ERC，再经内镜活检孔道将超声微探头直接送入胆管腔内探查，而后行乳头切开取石。结果 30例患者中，ERC准确诊断结石26例，将胆管絮状物诊断为结石1例，漏诊2例，其诊断结石的准确率，敏感性分别为86.7%(26/30),92.9%(26/28)；而IDUS准确诊断结石28例，无漏诊，误诊，其诊断结石的准确率，敏感性均为100.0%。结论 IDUS可弥补ERC的视觉误差且在确定胆管结石方面优于ERC。     

磁共振胆囊结石胆管成像 和胆囊结石胆管造影对胆胆囊结石疾病诊断价值自身对比的前瞻性研究

直接胰胆管造影包括经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)和经皮肝穿刺胆管造影(percutaneoustranshepatic cholangiography,PTC),在临床已应用多年。磁共振胰胆管成像(magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatogrgphy,MRCP)是近年来开展的胆胰疾病诊断新技术。我们自1997年6月-2000年12月开展MRCP和ERCP(或PTC)对胆胰疾病诊断价值自身对比的前瞻性研究,现报告如下。     

胆管梗阻性疾病ERCP治疗的临床应用

随着内镜下逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)技术的发展,治疗性ERCP技术趋于成熟,内镜下治疗胆管梗阻性疾病取得了与外科手术相似的结果。2001年1月至12月一年内我们行ERCP治疗50例胆管梗阻性疾病患者,疗效满意。     

内镜治疗老年胆石病500例临床分析

2000年6月-2003年1月,我院采用内镜治疗老年胆石病患者500例,取得满意疗效。现报告如下。 临床资料：本组500例患者中,男247例、女253例,年龄60-89岁、平均68岁。经B超、CT、纤维十二指肠镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）或经皮肝穿刺胆管造影（PTC）检查,     

胆胰疾病磁共振误诊及与ERCP结果比较分析

磁共振胰胆管显影术（MRCP）作为一种无创性诊断技术，其临床应用日趋增多，而经内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）作为胆胰系疾病的诊断金标准已在临床应用多年。为了评价MRCP和ERCP对胆胰系疾病的诊断价值，我们分析了56例胆胰疾病病例磁共振胰胆管造影（MRCP）误诊情况及与ERCP结果进行比较，报道如下。     

内镜超声引导下胆管引流在胆管造影失败的梗阻性黄疸患者中的治疗价值（含视频）

目的 探讨内镜超声引导下胆管引流术（EUS-BD）在经内镜逆行胆管造影术（ERC）失败的梗阻性黄疸患者中的有效性及安全性。 方法 回顾性分析2015年10月至2017年7月在南京鼓楼医院行EUS-BD的17例梗阻性黄疸患者资料，分析术式、技术成功率、临床有效性及术后并发症、随访情况。 结果 17例患者中16例手术成功，技术成功率94.1％（16／17）。采取的手术方式包括：内镜超声引导下肝胃吻合术12例；内镜超声引导下顺行金属支架置入术2例；内镜超声引导下会师术1例；内镜超声引导下胆总管十二指肠吻合术1例。手术成功的16例患者术后胆红素均有不同程度下降，临床有效率94.1％（16／17）。术后并发症包括胆道感染5例，胆漏2例，气腹、十二指肠穿孔1例。16例患者术后随访14～390 d，有2例患者术后1个月因原发病加重死亡，另有2例患者术后再发黄疸加重，循原途径更换支架后，胆红素再次下降。 结论 EUS-BD手术成功率及临床有效率均较高，可作为ERC失败的梗阻性黄疸患者的备选治疗方案，手术方式需根据患者的具体情况选择。     

Intraductal Papillary Tumors of the Pancreas: Evaluation With Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography

Objective : We analyzed the findings of intraductal papillary tumors of the pancreas by magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP). Methods : Twelve patients with intraductal papillary tumors (main duct type,   n = 3  ; branch duct type,   n = 8  ; combined type,  n = 1  ) underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) (  n = 11  ) and MRCP, using half-Fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin-echo (HASTE) sequences (  n = 12  ). Imaging findings were compared with operative and pathological findings in all the patients. Results : Although ERCP failed to fully depict the main pancreatic duct and cystic tumors in six of 11 patients because of copious intraductal mucin, MRCP provided complete images of these structures in all 12 patients. In main duct type tumors, MRCP demonstrated moderate-marked, diffuse dilation of the main pancreatic duct. Branch duct type tumors showed "grape-like" clusters of cysts with no or only mild, diffuse dilation of the main duct. In combined type tumors, MRCP demonstrated a markedly dilated main duct with a large unilocular cyst of the collateral duct. MRCP detected more mural nodules (75%, three of four patients) than ERCP (25%, one of four). MRCP allowed more precise diagnosis of the type, size, and extent of tumors than ERCP, as confirmed by pathologic findings. Conclusion : MRCP demonstrates intraductal papillary tumors less invasively and more completely than ERCP.     

Multidetector computed tomography cholangiography with multiplanar reformation for the assessment of patients with biliary obstruction

BACKGROUND: We sought to evaluate the diagnostic use of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) cholangiography with multiplanar reformation (MPR) for the assessment of patients with biliary obstruction. METHODS: MDCT cholangiography with the MPR technique was performed in 58 patients who were thought to have biliary obstruction. No cholangiographic contrast agent was administered. MRCP in 24 patients, Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in 46 patients and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) in 24 patients were performed. Eighteen patients underwent biopsy or surgery. The findings on MDCT cholangiography were compared with those of MRCP, ERCP, PTC, biopsy or surgery. RESULTS: The findings of MDCT cholangiography were as follows: choledocholithiasis (n = 34, 56.7%), malignant stricture (n = 14, 23.3%), benign stricture (n = 1, 1.7%), and cholelithiasis (n = 11, 18.3%). A small common bile duct (CBD) stone in one patient could not be detected on MDCT cholangiography. One patient with a small stone in distal CBD detected on MDCT cholangiography had no stone on ERCP. Two patients with initial diagnoses of CBD stones by MDCT cholangiography were disclosed to have malignant bile duct stricture by reference examination. The sensitivity and specificity of MDCT cholangiography for the diagnosis of bile duct stones were 96.9% and 96.2%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of MDCT cholangiography for the diagnosis of bile duct stricture were 85.7% and 100%, respectively. The overall accuracy of MDCT cholangiography for the diagnoses of the causes of biliary obstruction was 89.8%. CONCLUSION: MDCT cholangiography with the MPR technique is a fast and non-invasive technique with relatively high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnoses of the causes of biliary obstruction.     

磁共振胰胆管造影术与经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术诊断阻塞性黄疸的价？…

目的：比较磁共振胰胆管造影术（ＭＲＣＰ）与经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ＥＲＣＰ）对阻塞性黄疸的诊断价值。方法：５５列阻塞性黄疸患者分别行ＭＲＣＰ和ＥＲＣＰ,其中１例行ＥＲＣＰ失败改行经皮肝胆管造影术（ＰＴＣ）。ＭＲＣＰ采用重Ｔ２加权及超快速自旋回波水成像技术进行,ＥＲＣＰ和ＰＴＣ按常规方法进行。结果：ＭＲＣＰ与ＥＲＣＰ（或ＰＴＣ）总的诊断准确率分别为９０．９％（５０／５５）和９８．２％（５４／５５）,     

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography: evaluation in 150 patients.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is a non-invasive imaging technique for evaluating the biliary and pancreatic ducts. MRCP has reached a level of resolution and reliability where it may replace diagnostic endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP). We analyzed the results of MRCP in adult patients with biliary or pancreatic disease, and compared the findings with those at surgery or on ERCP. METHODS: Data of 150 patients who underwent MRCP with both single slab and multislice rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement sequences with half-fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spin echo techniques were analyzed. Patients were divided into four groups according to reason for referral for MRCP: obstructive jaundice (n = 65), chronic/acute pancreatitis (n = 25), screening prior to laparoscopic cholecystectomy (n = 20), and failed ERCP (n = 40). RESULTS: MRCP could accurately identify the level of biliary obstruction in 58 of 61 patients. Characterization of benign or malignant nature of a stricture was possible in 30 of 32 patients when findings of both MRCP and magnetic resonance imaging were analyzed together. MRCP revealed the morphology of the entire pancreatic duct in 13 of 15 patients having ductal changes on endoscopic retrograde pancreatography. CONCLUSION: MRCP has high sensitivity and specificity for detection of biliary dilatation, calculi, strictures and anatomical variants.     

Cost-effectiveness of endoscopic ultrasonography, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients suspected of pancreaticobiliary disease

BACKGROUND: It is not known whether initial endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is more cost effective than endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). METHODS: A cost-effectiveness analysis of EUS, MRCP and ERCP was performed on 163 patients. The effectiveness of an investigation was defined as the percentage of patients with no need for further evaluation after the investigation in question had been performed. Costs were assumed from the budget-holder's point of view. RESULTS: MRCP, EUS and ERCP had a total accuracy of 0.91, 0.93 and 0.92, respectively. Eighty-four (52%) patients needed endoscopic therapy in combination with ERCP, giving an effectiveness of MRCP, EUS, and ERCP of 0.44, 0.45 and 0.92, respectively. The cost-effectiveness of MRCP, EUS, and ERCP was 6622, 7353 and 4246 Danish Kroner (DKK) per fully investigated and treated patient (1 DKK=0.14 EUR). CONCLUSION: Within a patient population with a probability of therapeutic ERCP in 50% of the patients, ERCP was the most cost-effective strategy.     

Imaging of the common bile duct in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Options for managing the common bile duct during laparoscopic cholecystectomy include routine peroperative cholangiography and selected preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The use of these methods was reviewed in 350 patients with symptomatic gall stones referred for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Unit A (n = 114) performed routine cystic duct cholangiography but undertook preoperative ERCP in patients at very high risk of duct stones only; unit B (n = 236) performed selected preoperative ERCP on the basis of known risk factors for duct stones. The detection rate for common bile duct stones was similar for units A and B (16% v 20%). In unit A, five of seven patients who had preoperative ERCP had duct stones. Operative cholangiography was technically successful in 90% of patients and duct stones were confidently identified in 13, one of whom went on to immediate open duct exploration. Postoperative ERCP identified duct stones in only four patients, indicating spontaneous passage in eight. In unit B, preoperative ERCP was undertaken in 76 of 236 (32%) patients and duct stones were identified in 47 (20%). Duct clearance was successful in 42 (18%) but failed in five (2%), necessitating elective open duct exploration. Both protocols for imaging the common bile duct worked well and yielded satisfactory short term results.     

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography: comparative study with direct cholangiography

Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is an emergent non invasive diagnostic technique for the study of pancreaticobiliary system. Following the contraindications of traditional Magnetic Resonance, the MRCP is safe for the patient. Images can be obtained without administration of any contrast and not using Rx. The objective of this study is to evaluate the sensitivity and the specificity of MRCP respect direct cholangiography ([endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERCP) and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC)]. Forty one patients older than 60 years old were included, 19 male and 22 female, 73.5 median age. All of them have clinical diagnosis of obstructive jaundice. The patients were tested with MRCP first, and blinded of this results a direct cholangiography (DC) were done (ERCP 34 and PTC 8), less than 48 hs after MRCP. For the present study, the sensitivity was 100% and specificity was 90% of MRCP in the diagnosis of normal biliary tract. For the dilated biliary tract the sensitivity was 93% and the specificity was 92%. In bile duct obstruction the sensitivity was 88% without false positive. MRCP diagnosed the presence of choledocholithiasis with a sensitivity of 74% and specificity of 95%, lower than reported in other studies. 73% of our patients required some kind of therapeutic intervention. MRCP has high sensibility and specificity in the initial evaluation of patients with clinical obstructive jaundice and could replace the DC when is used for diagnostic purpose.     

Diagnostic role of secretin-enhanced MRCP in patients with unsuccessful ERCP

AIM: To evaluate the value of MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) in patients in whom endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was unsuccessfully performed by experts in a tertiary center. METHODS: From January 2000 to June 2003, 22 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The indications for ERCP were obstructive jaundice (n = 9), abnormal liver enzymes (n = 8), suspected chronic pancreatitis (n = 2), recurrent acute pancreatitis (n = 2), or suspected pancreatic cancer (n = 1). The reasons for the ERCP failure were the postsurgical anatomy (n = 7), duodenal stenosis (n = 3), duodenal diverticulum (n = 2), and technical failure (n = 10). MRCP images were evaluated before and 5 and 10 min after i.v. administration of 0.5 IU/kg secretin. RESULTS: The MRCP images were diagnosed in all 21 patients. Five patients gave normal MR findings and required no further intervention. MRCP revealed abnormalities (primary sclerosing cholangitis, chronic pancreatitis, cholangitis, cholecystolithiasis or common bile duct dilation) in 10 patients, who were followed up clinically. Four patients subsequently underwent laparotomy (hepaticojejunostomy in consequence of common bile duct stenosis caused by unresectable pancreatic cancer; hepaticotomy+Kehr drainage because of insufficient biliary-enteric anastomosis; choledochojejunostomy, gastrojejunostomy and cysto-Wirsungo gastrostomy because of chronic pancreatitis, or choledochojejunostomy because of common bile duct stenosis caused by chronic pancreatitis). Three patients participated in therapeutic percutaneous transhepatic drainage. The indications were choledocholithiasis with choledochojejunostomy, insufficient biliary-enteric anastomosis, or cholangiocarcinoma. CONCLUSION: MRCP can assist the diagnosis and management of patients in whom ERCP is not possible.     

磁共振胰胆管成像与内镜逆行胰胆管造影术对梗阻性黄疸的诊断价值

目的：评价磁共振胰胆管成像（MRCP）与经内镜胰胆管造影（ERCP）对梗阻性黄疸的诊断价值。方法：对32例梗阻性黄疸患者先后进行MRCP与ERCP检查，所有诊断均经手术或病理证实。结果：MRCP与ERCP对梗阻的定位准确率分别为90.6％（29/32）及82.8％（24/29），两者差异无统计学意义（P=0.5960），合并两者检查的准确率为96.9％（31/32），与单项MRCP(P=0.3010)、ERCP(P=0.0643)准确率差异无显著性意义。MRCP与ERCP对梗阻的定性诊断准确性分别为75.0％（24/32）及72.4（21/29），两者间差异无显著意义（P=0.9503），合并两者检查的准确率为93.8％（30/32），高于MRCP(P=0.0387)或ERCP(P=0.0245)单项检查。结论：MRCP与ERCP都是有效、安全的诊断梗阻性黄疸的方法，MRCP与ERCP相结合诊断准确率可进一步提高。     

Prospective assessment of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography for noninvasive imaging of the biliary tree.

BACKGROUND: Traditionally, ERCP has been the only reliable method for imaging the biliary tree, but it is invasive and carries a risk of complications. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is a noninvasive method for imaging the biliary tree. The aim of this study was to prospectively assess the accuracy of MRCP in a large number of patients. METHODS: Consecutive patients referred to a teaching hospital for ERCP were eligible for study entry. MRCP was performed within 24 hours before ERCP. MRCP findings were compared with ERCP findings or, when the initial ERCP was unsuccessful, with results of repeat ERCP, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, or surgery. RESULTS: One hundred forty-six patients underwent 149 ERCP/MRCP procedures, of which 129 were evaluable with successful MRCP and ERCP or an ERCP-equivalent study. Diagnoses included choledocholithiasis in 46 and biliary stricture in 12 patients. The sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive values for MRCP in the diagnosis of choledocholithiasis were 97.9%, 89.0%, 83.6%, and 98.6%, respectively. All 12 strictures were diagnosed by MRCP (sensitivity 100%, specificity 99.1%). CONCLUSIONS: MRCP is an accurate, noninvasive alternative to ERCP for imaging the biliary tree. Choledocholithiasis and biliary strictures can be reliably diagnosed or excluded by MRCP. MRCP should be used increasingly in patients with suspected biliary obstruction to select those who require a therapeutic procedure.