腺苷A1受体激动剂延迟预处理对兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:探讨腺苷A1受体激动剂2-氯环戊腺苷(2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine,CCPA)延迟预处理对兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护机制.方法:30只健康新西兰雄性大白兔随机分成3组:假手术组(C组)、缺血再灌注组(I/R组)、CCPA组(P组),每组10只.C组仅行左冠脉套线而不阻断160min,I/R组行左冠脉阻断40min,再灌注120min,P组在静注CCPAO.1mg/kg24 h后处理同I/R组.各组分别于左冠前降支阻断前加min(T1)、左冠前降支阻断20min(T2)、左冠前降支阻断40min(T3)、心肌再灌注I h(T4)心肌再灌注2 h(T5)5个时点抽取颈内动脉血测定血清中IL-10含量.再灌注120 min后,测心肌热休克蛋白70(Heat shock protein 70,HSP70)蛋白表达和心梗面积,电镜下观察细胞超微结构变化.结果:与I/R组比,P组IL-10含量和HSP70表达增高(p＜0.05),心肌梗死面积减少(P＜0.05),细胞结构损伤减轻.结论:CCPA延迟预处理通过增高心肌HSP70表达和IL-10水平来减轻缺血再灌注损伤发挥心肌保护作用.     

异氟醚预处理延迟相对兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:探讨异氟醚预处理延迟相对兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护机制.方法:将30只健康新西兰雄性大白兔随机均分成3组:假手术组、缺血再灌注组(I/R组)、2.0%异氟醚预处理组(预处理组).假手术组吸入100%氧气2 h,24 h后仅行左冠脉套线而不阻断160 min,I/R组吸入100%氧气2 h,24 h后行左冠状动脉前降支阻断40 min,再灌注120 min,预处理组吸入2.0%异氟醚 100%氧气2 h,24 h后处理同I/R组.各组分别于左冠前降支阻断前20 min(T1)、左冠前降支阻断20 min(T2)、左冠前降支阻断40 min(T3)、心肌再灌注1 h(T4)心肌再灌注2 h(T5)5个时点抽取颈内动脉血测定血浆中TNF-α含量.再灌注结束后观察心肌细胞超微结构的变化,免疫印迹法测心肌p38MAPK活性水平,同时用伊文思蓝和TTI染色法测心肌梗死面积.结果:与I/R组比,预处理组p38MAPK表达降低(P＜0.05),心肌梗死面积减少(P＜0.05),心肌细胞超微结构损伤减轻,TNF-α含量明显降低(P＜0.05).结论:异氟醚预处理延迟相通过抑制心肌p38MAPK的活性,减少TNF-α生成来减轻心肌缺血再灌注损伤发挥保护作用.     

金属硫蛋白介导腺苷A1受体激动剂延迟预处理对兔心肌的保护作用

目的：探讨腺苷A1受体激动剂——2-氯环戊腺苷（2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine,CCPA）延迟预处理对兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤的延迟相保护机制。方法：30只健康新西兰雄性大白兔随机均分成3组：假手术组（C组）、缺血再灌注组（I/R组）和CCPA组（P组）。C组仅行左冠脉套线而不阻断160 min;I/R组行左冠脉阻断40 min,再灌注120 min;P组在静注CCPA 0.1 mg/kg 24 h后处理同I/R组。再灌注结束后观察心肌细胞超微结构和心肌梗死面积的变化,测超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）活性和丙二醛（malondialdhyde,MDA）含量,免疫印记法测心肌金属硫蛋白（metallothionein, MT）表达。结果：与I/R组比,P组血清中SOD的活性增高,MDA的含量降低（P<0.05）,MT表达增高(P<0.05),心肌梗死面积减少(P<0.05)。结论：CCPA预处理对缺血再灌注心肌的延迟相保护作用与促进心肌MT表达有关。     

延迟相吗啡预处理对兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的探讨延迟相吗啡预处理对兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护机制。方法30只健康新西兰雄性大白兔随机分成3组：假手术组（C组）、缺血再灌注组（I/R组）、吗啡预处理延迟相组（M组）,每组10只。C组仅行左冠脉套线而不阻断160 min;I/R组行左冠状动脉前降支阻断40 min,再灌注120 min;M组静注吗啡1.0 mg/kg,24 h后处理同I/R组。各组分别于阻断前20 min（T1）、阻断后20 min（T2）、阻断后40 min（T3）、再灌注1 h（T4）、再灌注2 h（T5）五个时点取颈内动脉血测定血清中白介素（IL）-10和肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α含量。再灌注结束后用伊文思蓝和TTC染色法测心梗面积。结果与C组比,I/R组与M组IL-10和TNF-α含量均升高,具有显著性差异（P〈0.05）,但与I/R组比,M组IL-10明显升高（P〈0.05）,心肌梗死面积减少（P〈0.05）,TNF-α明显降低（P〈0.05）。结论吗啡预处理延迟相可通过调控炎性细胞因子平衡发挥心肌保护作用。     

异丙酚对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤m-钙激活蛋白酶及线粒体膜通透性的影响

目的观察异丙酚对大鼠在体缺血/再灌注损伤心肌m-钙激活蛋白酶(m-calpain)激活和线粒体膜通透性转运的影响,探讨异丙酚对心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的保护机制。方法选用健康SD雄性大鼠24只,随机分为3组(n=8),假手术组(Sham组)、缺血/再灌注组(I/R组)、异丙酚组(P组)。分别在结扎左冠状动脉(LV)前即刻(T1)、缺血30min即刻(T2)及LV松开再灌注120min即刻(T3)3个时间点抽取动脉血2ml检测血浆超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)和肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)浓度,免疫组织化学SP法检测各组大鼠m-calpain水平。结果与T1时间点相比,T2、T3时间点的血浆SOD活性降低(P<0.05),MDA及cTnI浓度升高(P<0.05);与T2时间点相比,T3时间点的血浆SOD活性降低(P<0.05),MDA及cTnI浓度升高(P<0.05)。在T2时间点,与I/R组相比,P组的血浆SOD活性升高(P<0.05),MDA及cTnI浓度降低(P<0.05);在T3时间点,与I/R组相比,P组的血浆SOD活性升高(P<0.05),MDA及cTnI浓度降低(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,I/R组和P组m-calpain水平均升高,与I/R组相比,P组m-calpain水平降低(P<0.05)。结论异丙酚对缺血/再灌注损伤心肌具有保护作用,通过抑制心肌缺血/再灌注损伤过程中m-calpain的激活而减轻缺血/再灌注损伤时线粒体膜通透性转运是其保护机制之一。     

银杏叶提取物后处理对兔心肌缺血-再灌注损伤的影响

目的探讨银杏叶提取物（EGb761）后处理对兔心肌缺血-再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法 32只兔随机分为假手术组（S组,开胸后仅行左冠脉套线而不阻断160 min）、缺血-再灌注组（IR组,行左冠状动脉前降支阻断40 min,再灌注120 min）、缺血后处理组（IPC组,结扎冠状动脉前降支40 min,再通30 s,结扎30 s,重复3次,再灌注120 min）和EGb761后处理组（E组,开放左冠状动脉即刻1 min内予以静脉推注EGb761 100mg/kg,再灌注120 min）。分别于左冠前降支阻断前20 min（T1）、左冠前降支阻断20 min（T2）、左冠前降支阻断40 min（T3）、心肌再灌注1h（T4）和心肌再灌注2 h（T5）抽取颈内动脉血测定血清肌钙蛋白（IcTnI）含量。再灌注末抽血离心测定超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）,测定梗死面积。结果和IR组相比,IPC组和E组再灌注各个时间点cTnI均降低（P〈0.05）;IPC组和E组梗死面积均小于IR组（P〈0.05）;IPC组和E组血清中SOD的活性高于IR组,MDA的含量低于IR组（P〈0.05）。结论银杏叶提取物后处理具有类似缺血后处理的心肌保护作用,其机制可能是通过减少氧自由基的生成,增强心肌抗氧化能力有关。     

胸交感神经阻滞对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的探讨胸交感神经阻滞(TSNB)对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤(MIRI)的保护作用。方法将30只健康成年雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组、心肌缺血再灌注(I/R)组和TSNB组,每组10只。TSNB组、I/R组大鼠结扎左冠状动脉前降支前分别向硬膜外隙给予体积分数0.5%罗哌卡因0.125 m L·kg-1和等量生理盐水,假手术组大鼠给予心脏左冠状动脉前降支穿线,但不结扎,穿线前硬膜外隙给予生理盐水0.125 m L·kg-1;TSNB组和I/R组大鼠均给予心脏左冠状动脉前降支穿线并结扎,40 min后解开结扎线复灌注120 min。记录各组大鼠开胸前(T_0)、缺血前(T_1)、缺血20 min(_2)、缺血40 min(T_3)、再灌注120 min(T_4)时的心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP),以及T0、T2~T4时血清肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)水平。再灌注120 min时2,3,5-氯三苯四唑(TTC)染色计算大鼠心肌梗死面积。Western blot法检测大鼠心肌组织自噬相关蛋白Beclin-1表达水平。结果与组内T0时及假手术组同时间点比较,T2~T4时I/R组和TSNB组大鼠HR、MAP显著降低(P<0.05);与I/R组同时间点比较,T_2~T_4时TSNB组大鼠HR、MAP显著升高(P<0.05)。与T0时比较,T2~T4时I/R组和TSNB组大鼠血清cTnI水平显著升高(P<0.01);与假手术组同时间点比较,T_2~T_4时I/R组和TSNB组大鼠血清cTnI水平显著升高(P<0.01);T2~T3时,I/R组大鼠血清cTnI水平与TSNB组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),T_4时I/R组大鼠血清c Tn I水平较TSNB组显著升高(P<0.01)。与I/R组比较,TSNB组大鼠心肌梗死区和心肌缺血危险区的百分比显著降低(P<0.01),假手术组大鼠无心肌梗死。与假手术组比较,I/R组大鼠心肌组织中Beclin-1表达显著增高(P<0.01);与I/R组比较,TSNB组大鼠心肌组织中Beclin-1水平显著降低(P<0.01)。结论胸交感神经阻滞能够减轻大鼠MIRI,其机制可能与下调心肌组织自噬因子Beclin-1表达及冠状动脉扩张有关。     

异氟醚预处理延迟相对兔缺血再灌注心肌TNF-α水平及Caspase-3蛋白表达的影响

目的 探讨异氟醚预处理延迟相对缺血再灌注心肌的保护作用及其机制.方法 30只健康新西兰雄性大白兔随机分成3组:假手术组(C组)、缺血再灌注组(I/R组)、2.0%异氟醚预处理组(S组),每组10只.C组仅开胸160 min,I/R组行左冠脉阻断40 min,再灌注120 min,S组吸入2.0%异氟醚2 h,24 h后处理同I/R组.各组分别于左冠脉阻断前20 min(T1)、左冠脉阻断20 min(T2)、左冠脉阻断40 min(T3)、再灌注1 h(T4)、再灌注2 h(T5)五个时点抽取血测血清TNF-α水平.再灌注结束后免疫印记法测心肌Caspase-3蛋白表达水平,用伊文思蓝和TTC染色测心肌梗死面积.结果 与I/R组比,S组TNF-α水平降低(P＜0.05),Caspase-3表达降低(P＜0.05),心肌梗死面积减少(P＜0.05).结论 异氟醚预处理延迟相通过下调心肌Caspase-3表达和TNF-α生成来减轻缺血再灌注损伤发挥保护作用.     

吗啡延迟预处理对兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶的影响

目的探讨吗啡延迟预处理对兔心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护机制。方法 30只健康新西兰雄性大白兔随机分成3组：假手术组（C组）、缺血再灌注组（I/R组）、吗啡预处理组（M组）,每组10只。C组仅行左冠状动脉套线而不阻断160min;I/R组行左冠状动脉阻断40min,再灌注120min;M组在静注吗啡1.0mg/kg24h后处理同I/R组。各组分别于左冠状动脉前降支阻断前20min（T1）、左冠状动脉前降支阻断20min（T2）、左冠状动脉前降支阻断40min（T3）、心肌再灌注1h（T4）、心肌再灌注2h（T5）5个时点抽取颈内动脉血测定血清中TNF-α含量。再灌注120min后,免疫印迹法测心肌p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（P38MAPK）活性水平,同时测心肌梗死面积。结果与I/R组比,M组TNF-α含量降低,p38MAPK活性降低,心肌梗死面积减少[M组（21.5%±2.4）%,I/R组（37.8%±1.7）%]。上述差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0.05）。结论吗啡延迟预处理对心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用可能通过抑制心肌p38MAPK的活性、减少TNF-α生成来实现。     

环磷腺苷葡胺后处理对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的观察环磷腺苷葡胺(MCA)对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法 40只大鼠按随机数字表法分为空白对照组、缺血再灌注损伤组(I/R组)、缺血后处理组(IPO组)和MCA后处理组(MCA组),每组10只。空白对照组仅行左冠状动脉左前降支套线而不阻断150 min,I/R组阻断30 min、再灌注120 min,IPO组在再灌注初短暂缺血10 s,再灌注10 s、反复6次、处理后同I/R组,MCA组在再灌注前10 min经静脉给予环磷腺苷葡胺注射液5 mg.kg-1,其他处理同I/R组。再灌注120 min后,测各组血清SOD活性及血清MDA含量、心肌ATP酶活性和心肌细胞凋亡指数(AI),电镜下观察细胞超微结构变化。结果与I/R组比,IPO组和MCA组血清SOD活性增高,血清MDA含量降低,ATP酶活性增高,AI减少显著,细胞结构损伤减轻。结论 MCA对心肌缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用,其机制可能与改善能量代谢障碍有关。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.