造血干细胞治疗假肥大型肌营养不良的抗肌萎缩蛋白的改变

目的探讨假肥大性肌营养不良(Duchenne muscular dystrophy,DMD)患者经造血干细胞移植前后其肌肉形态及抗肌萎缩蛋白的表达的改变。方法对8例DMD患者进行造血干细胞移植前后应用肌肉活检及抗肌萎缩蛋白进行检测。结果患儿在移植后180天的肌肉活检可见新生肌细胞形成,抗肌萎缩蛋白免疫组化呈弱阳性,少数为强阳性反应。结果表明造血干细胞移植治疗DMD,可在移植后促进肌肉新生,肌肉抗肌萎缩蛋白表达,提示造血干细胞移植将有益于DMD的治疗。     

异基因造血干细胞对假肥大性肌营养不良患者DMD基因修复的实验研究

目的假肥大性肌营养不良(Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy,DMD/BMD)是一种X-连锁隐性遗传病,是由dystrophin基因突变引起的,目前没有有效的治疗方法,希望异基因造血干细胞移植治疗能够修复dystrophin基因。方法收集9例DMD造血干细胞移植病例,从外周血白细胞中抽提移植前后基因组DNA,应用多重连接依赖探针扩增(Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification,MLPA)技术对9例DMD患者进行造血干细胞移植前后DMD基因检测,用短串联重复序列(Short tandem repeats,STR)技术对MLPA检测结果进行验证。结果 MLPA试剂盒P034-A2/P035-A2检测9例患者造血干细胞移植前外周血标本均存在外显子缺失,移植后缺失的外显子修复,其中2例患者造血干细胞移植前肌肉标本均存在外显子缺失,移植后缺失的外显子部分修复。结论 MLPA技术更加简便、快捷、可靠对DMD/BMD患者造血干细胞移植移植前后DMD基因进行分析,为遗传病造血干细胞移植后是否植入提供另一可靠依据,异基因造血干细胞移植能修复DMD缺失的基因。     

造血干细胞移植治疗再生障碍性贫血的现状

文题释义：预处理：指在移植前对患者进行的放、化疗和免疫抑制治疗。再生障碍性贫血预处理的重点为免疫抑制,常采用非清髓和减低剂量预处理。 移植物抗宿主病：是异基因造血干细胞移植最常见的并发症,分为急性和慢性2种类型。目前认为移植物含有免疫活性细胞、供受者之间存在组织不相容性、受者不排斥植入的细胞是发生移植物抗宿主病3个必备条件。 背景：异基因造血干细胞移植治疗再生障碍性贫血的研究近年来取得很大的进步,但是移植后移植物抗宿主病、移植失败等仍是患者非复发死亡的主要原因,严重影响患者生存。 目的：总结异基因造血干细胞移植治疗再生障碍性贫血的现状及进展。 方法：中文检索词为“再生障碍性贫血,同胞全合异基因造血干细胞移植,无关供者造血干细胞移植,单倍体造血干细胞移植,脐血造血干细胞移植”,英文检索词为“aplastic anemia,matched sibling donor hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,unrelated donor hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,cord blood transplantation”,由第一作者检索1990年1月至2019年9月在PubMed、中国知网、万方、维普等数据库中发表的与造血干细胞移植治疗再生障碍性贫血相关的文献,最终选择55篇文献进行分析。 结果与结论：同胞全合异基因造血干细胞移植仍是目前首选的移植方式;对于无同胞全合供者的重型再生障碍性贫血患儿,一线治疗可以选择无关供者相合异基因造血干细胞移植;缺乏全合供者时,单倍体移植和脐血移植亦为不错的选择。 ORCID: 0000-0003-3931-8385(黄东平) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程     

序贯式干细胞移植治疗Duchenee型肌营养不良症

背景:Duchenne型肌营养不良症是一种累及肌肉系统的致死性遗传疾病,迄今尚无有效治疗方法。近年来学者们针对干细胞治疗Duchenne型肌营养不良症进行了基础研究和动物实验,在此基础上又进行了有意义的临床试验。目的:观察Duchenne型肌营养不良症患儿接受序贯式干细胞移植治疗前后,其运动功能、肌细胞修复与再生、抗肌萎缩蛋白表达和缺失基因替代的变化,评价治疗的可行性和安全性。方法:于2009-05应用序贯式干细胞移植治疗1例8岁男性Duchenne型肌营养不良症患儿,多重连接探针扩增方法基因分析13外显子缺失。序贯式干细胞移植,即依次行脐带间充质干细胞经静脉内移植-肌肉内移植-单倍体异基因造血干细胞移植。定期检测血清酶学变化、供者HLA植入证据、缺陷基因表达、肌细胞膜抗肌萎缩蛋白表达、运动功能改善情况。结果与结论:序贯式干细胞移植治疗Duchenne型肌营养不良症,可使缺失基因替代,肌细胞膜dystrophin阳性表达,血清酶学显著降低,进一步提高运动功能。可阻止Duchenne型肌营养不良症患儿疾病进展,有望获得持续性改善。     

干细胞移植治疗重型再生障碍性贫血：研究应用与进展

文题释义：获得性再生障碍性贫血：是一种免疫介导的骨髓衰竭性疾病,主要表现为骨髓有核细胞增生低下、一系或多系血细胞减少及其所致的贫血、出血和感染。获得性再生障碍性贫血的发病机制尚未完全阐明,目前认为T淋巴细胞异常活化、功能亢进造成骨髓造血功能衰竭在获得性再生障碍性贫血发病机制中占主要地位。 人类白细胞抗原：即HLA,是人类主要组织相容性复合体的表达产物,HLA的研究最初是在器官移植研究推动下开展起来的,因此HLA又称移植抗原。在遗传学中,主要组织相容性复合体是作为一个单位孟德尔式传递的。因此,同胞之间可有HLA相同、半相同和不同3种情况。 背景：异基因造血干细胞移植仍然是获得性重型再生障碍性贫血患者的唯一治愈方法,如何选择适合移植的重型再生障碍性贫血患者进行治疗成为近年的研究热点。 目的：从HLA全相合无关供者造血干细胞移植、非血缘脐血移植和单倍体相合造血干细胞移植3个方面进行综述,阐述异基因造血干细胞移植的研究进展。 方法：检索2000至2018年期间收录在PubMed、中国知网期刊全文数据库及万方数据库中异基因造血干细胞移植治疗重型再生障碍性贫血的相关文献,检索词为“unrelated donor,haploidentical,unrelated cord blood,severe aplastic anemia”及“无关供者,单倍体相合,无血缘脐血,重型再生障碍性贫血”。 结果与结论：①HLA全相合同胞供者造血干细胞移植是治疗重型再生障碍性贫血的一线治疗方案,但鉴于HLA相合同胞供者不易寻找,HLA全相合无关供者造血干细胞移植作为重要的替代治疗手段,目前疗效已接近HLA全相合同胞供者造血干细胞移植,但移植物抗宿主病、严重感染的发生率仍高于HLA全相合同胞供者造血干细胞移植,在选择HLA全相合无关供者造血干细胞移植治疗时仍然需要多因素综合考虑;②脐血造血干细胞来源丰富且配型成功率高,使得非血缘脐血移植的应用变得普遍,预冻存总有核细胞量>3.9×10⁷/kg时非血缘脐血植入概率较高,但鉴于非血缘脐血植入延迟、免疫功能重建延迟等因素,临床治疗重型再生障碍性贫血时只有在其他移植方式不可行且第1个疗程免疫抑制治疗失败后才应考虑非血缘脐血移植;③单倍体相合造血干细胞移植具有供者易获得且依从性好等优点,疗效接近全相合移植,现已成为一种重要的替代移植选择;巴利昔单抗和(或)抗胸腺细胞球蛋白的使用有望降低移植物抗宿主病的发生率以拓展单倍体相合造血干细胞移植的临床应用范围。 ORCID: 0000-0003-3509-920X(丁宇斌) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程     

异基因外周血造血干细胞移植治疗白血病*

背景：异基因外周血造血干细胞移植是治疗白血病的有效手段。 目的：比较血缘与非血缘供者异基因外周血造血干细胞移植治疗白血病的造血重建、免疫重建、感染、移植物抗宿主病及疗效。 方法：选择接受异基因外周血造血干细胞移植治疗的白血病患者45例,其中30例患者接受血缘供者造血干细胞移植(血缘组),15例患者接受非血缘供者造血干细胞移植(非血缘组)。 结果与结论：①造血重建：血缘组白细胞和血小板重建时间均快于非血缘组(P < 0.05)。在移植后30~40 d植活证据指标测定提示异体造血干细胞在受者体内完全植活。②T细胞重建：两组移植后各时间点T细胞重建差异无显著性意义。③感染发生率：两组移植后早期感染发生率,急、慢性移植物抗宿主病发生率差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。④白血病复发：两组移植后复发率差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。⑤无病生存：两组移植后2年无病生存率差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。表明血缘供者异基因外周血造血干细胞移植后的造血重建较非血缘供者迅速,但两者间移植后T细胞重建、感染发生率、移植物抗宿主病及无病生存并无差异。      

第二次单倍体造血干细胞移植治疗首次移植失败再生障碍性贫血并发淋巴瘤1例

背景：急性重型再生障碍性贫血第一次异基因造血干细胞移植失败对患儿是严重致命的,若同时合并有继发性淋巴瘤等多种并发症,治疗就更为棘手,目前无成功方法可借鉴。 目的：探讨第二次HLA单倍体造血干细胞移植治疗首次移植失败且并发淋巴瘤的急性重型再生障碍性贫血患儿的有效性和安全性。 方法：回顾性分析1例急性重型再障患儿的二次造血干细胞移植的临床资料：患儿男,3岁,2011年11月25日行第一次非血缘异基因外周血干细胞移植(供受者HLA为8/10相合,血型主要不合),移植后粒细胞和血小板造血分别在11 d和14 d恢复,移植后30 d DNA移植植入鉴定和染色体检测均示移植成功植入,术后35 d出现皮肤Ⅰ度移植物抗宿主病,激素治疗后消失,术后54 d因出现自身免疫性溶血性贫血及纯红细胞再生障碍性贫血,给予大剂量丙种球蛋白冲击、激素及促红素等治疗好转,激素逐渐减量,EBV拷贝数逐渐升高,术后3个月患者出现发热、双侧颈部可触及数个肿大淋巴结,行B超引导下右侧颈部淋巴结穿刺活检,考虑移植后淋巴增殖性疾病,病理示：弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤,治疗上减停免疫抑制剂,应用美罗华及CHOP方案化疗,淋巴结缩小,且EBV拷贝数下降,体温正常。移植术后5个月复查血象和骨髓象提示继发性植入失败,进而于2012年5月15日行第二次单倍体相合造血干细胞移植。供者为患儿的父亲,预处理方案为清髓性预处理方案：氟达拉滨+环磷酰胺+马利兰+米托蒽醌+抗CD52单克隆抗体。回输骨髓造血干细胞的同时输注脐带间充质干细胞。移植物抗宿主病预防：环孢素A+短程的甲氨喋呤+CD25单克隆抗体联合霉酚酸酯。回输的有核细胞分别为13.52×108/kg,CD34+细胞数为2.45×106/kg,无关供者脐带来源间充质干细胞的量为1×106/kg。随访时间为移植后24个月。 结果与结论：移植后中性粒细胞达到0.5×109 L-1,血小板计数≥20×109 L-1分别为14 d和30 d;二次移植后1个月DNA指纹检测说明造血干细胞移植成功植入。预处理后肿大淋巴结逐渐缩小,但术后2个月因淋巴结有增大趋势,停用免疫抑制剂并局部放疗后淋巴结缩小且稳定至今,PET无明显代谢异常区,移植后每半年定期随访,目前正常生活及上学。结果说明：单倍体造血干细胞联合脐带间充质干细胞共移植是安全、高效的治疗第一次移植失败重型再生障碍性贫血的方法,患儿可以耐受预处理毒性,造血恢复较快,移植物抗宿主病可控,值得进一步临床研究。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程全文链接：     

HLA单倍体相合与全相合外周血造血干细胞移植后的急性移植物抗宿主病

背景：异基因外周血造血干细胞移植成为造血干细胞移植的主要方式,近年来HLA单倍体相合造血干细胞移植因供者来源广泛在临床应用较多,急性移植物抗宿主病仍是影响移植成功率的主要因素。 目的：观察亲缘HLA单倍体相合与全相合异基因外周血造血干细胞移植后急性移植物抗宿主病的发生特点,探讨降低急性移植物抗宿主病发生率的方法及单倍体造血干细胞移植应用于临床的意义。 方法：行异基因外周血造血干细胞移植的患者52例,其中HLA全相合组31例,单倍体组21例。HLA单倍体组采用改良马利兰/环磷酰胺+兔抗人胸腺T细胞免疫球蛋白预处理方案,HLA全相合组采用改良马利兰/环磷酰胺预处理方案。移植物抗宿主病的预防采用短程甲氨蝶呤+环孢素A+吗替麦考酚酯的方案。 结果与结论：52例患者均获得完全持久干细胞植入。其中,急性移植物抗宿主病发病率为48%(25/52),Ⅲ-Ⅳ度急性移植物抗宿主病发病率为23%(12/52);全相合组及单倍体组急性移植物抗宿主病累积发病率分别为39%(12/31)和62%(13/21)(P > 0.05);全相合组及单倍体组Ⅲ-Ⅳ度急性移植物抗宿主病累积发病率分别为10%(3/31)和43%(9/21)(P < 0.05);发生于移植后+30 d、+31 d-+60 d、+61 d-+100 d的急性移植物抗宿主病类型分布差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05);发生在移植后+30 d内的急性移植物抗宿主病发生率高于移植后   +31 d-+60 d和+61 d-+100 d;发生急性移植物抗宿主病组和无急性移植物抗宿主病组复发率、2年无病生存率差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05),全相合组与单倍体组相比复发率差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05),2年无病生存率前者高于后者(P < 0.05)。说明采用上述移植方案,单倍体组安全性与疗效接近全相合组;在缺乏HLA相合供者时,单倍体造血干细胞移植是治疗恶性血液病的重要方法。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程全文链接：     

单倍体相合造血干细胞移植治疗儿童重型再生障碍性贫血

背景：目前治疗儿童再生障碍性贫血的主要方法为强化免疫抑制治疗或干细胞移植,后者由于供者来源少而受到限制,HLA单倍体相合的异基因造血干细胞在白血病治疗中常见应用,在再生障碍性贫血治疗中较少应用。目的：探讨单倍体相合的造血干细胞移植联合胎盘来源的间充质干细胞移植治疗重型儿童再生障碍性贫血的疗效。方法：患儿,女,7岁,确诊重型再生障碍性贫血1年半,2012-07-09接受HLA单倍体相合的异基因骨髓及外周血单个核细胞联合胎盘来源间充质干细胞移植,供者为母亲。预处理采用氟达拉滨联合环磷酰胺和抗胸腺细胞球蛋白方案。结果与结论：移植后+9 d中性粒细胞>0.5×10⁹ L^-1,+12 d完成造血重建,+100 d查STR提示植入完成。移植后+8个月停用免疫抑制药物,未发生急、慢性移植物抗宿主病。患儿随访18个月,无病生存。结果表明,HLA单倍体相合的造血干细胞联合胎盘来源间充质细胞移植治疗儿童重型再生障碍性贫血是一种安全有效、值得探索的方法。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程全文链接：     

骨髓移植治疗Duchenne型肌营养不良模型鼠的实验研究

目的：观察骨髓移植治疗Duchenne型肌营养不良（DMD）模型鼠（mdx鼠）后,骨骼肌中抗肌萎缩蛋白的表达，以及病理、生理和运动功能的变化情况，从而正确评价骨髓移植治疗DMD的疗效。 方法： 以正常C57鼠作为供者，以致死剂量放疗后的mdx鼠作为受者进行骨髓移植，在移植后4个月和6个月分别用荧光免疫组化法观察抗肌萎缩蛋白表达情况，用HE染色观察并计算骨骼肌细胞核中心移位纤维比例（CNF），同时进行mdx鼠腓肠肌电生理检查和运动功能检测。 结果： 骨髓移植后的mdx鼠骨骼肌细胞膜上有部分抗肌萎缩蛋白表达，CNF比例和肌肉湿重下降，mdx鼠的被动运动功能增强。 结论： 骨髓移植后，骨髓干细胞在mdx鼠体内的骨骼肌和骨髓中定居，并分化成可以表达抗肌萎缩蛋白的骨骼肌细胞，使mdx鼠病理、生理得到部分改善，最终导致了肌肉的运动功能的增强。说明骨髓移植治疗DMD是有一定价值的，为临床应用提供实验基础。     

携带人端粒酶反转录酶基因脐血间充质干细胞移植治疗肺动脉高压

背景：保护机体肺血管的内皮细胞,是降低肺循环压力,预防肺动脉高压的重要环节。 目的：观察携带人端粒酶反转录酶基因的脐血间充质干细胞移植对大鼠肺动脉高压的治疗作用。 方法：体外进行脐血间充质干细胞的培养及纯化,在腺病毒介导下使人端粒酶反转录酶基因成功导入脐血间充质干细胞。将60只SD大鼠随机分成3组：肺动脉高压组、空腺病毒组、腺病毒转染组,每组20只,腹腔注射野百合碱进行肺动脉高压模型复制后,于颈内静脉分别注射1 mL的伊戈尔低糖培养基(L-DBEB),1 mL (1.5×1010 L-1)脐血间充质干细胞悬液,1 mL(1.5×1010 L-1)腺病毒介导下人端粒酶反转录酶基因转染的脐血间充质干细胞悬液。移植21 d后检测各组大鼠血流动力学水平、血浆内皮素1水平以及右心室的肥大指数。 结果与结论：各组大鼠动脉血压差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05);与肺动脉高压组及空腺病毒组比较,腺病毒转染组大鼠肺动脉收缩期压力、平均肺动脉压均降低,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05);腺病毒转染组大鼠右心室肥大指数与肺动脉高压组及空腺病毒组相比较,差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05);腺病毒转染组大鼠血浆内皮素1水平明显低于肺动脉高压组及空腺病毒组,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05)。结果表明携带人端粒酶反转录酶基因的脐血间充质干细胞移植后,能够改善大鼠机体血流动力学异常状态,还可以保护机体血管内皮细胞。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程全文链接：     

人脐血间充质干细胞移植联合神经节苷脂注射治疗脑性瘫痪

BACKGROUND:In recent years, some studies have demonstrated that ganglioside can promote survival and differentiation of umbilical blood cord mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. OBJECTIVE:To observe the effect of injection of human umbilical blood cord mesenchymal stem cells and ganglioside into rat lateral ventricles on neurological functional recovery from cerebral palsy. METHODS:Totally 60 cerebral palsy neonatal rats were delivered from pregnant rats which were modes were given intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide for 2 successive days on day 17 of gestation. Then those neonatal rats were randomly divided into five groups, including model group (n=10), sham transplantation group (n=10), stem cell transplantation group (n=18), ganglioside group (n=10) and combination group (n=12). Under stereotaxic instrument, umbilical blood cord mesenchymal stem cells or ganglioside were injected into left lateral ventricles of the rat brain, respectively, and the sham transplantation group was given the same volume of phosphate buffered saline. Two rats from the stem cell transplantation group were put to death for immunofluorescence staining at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after transplantation, respectively, and two rats in the combination group were killed for immunofluorescence staining at 14 days. Besides, all rats were underwent neurologic evaluation at 28 days after transplantation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The umbilical blood cord mesenchymal stem cells could survive, migrate and differentiate, which mainly distributed in the lateral ventricle, hippocampus and cortex. At 14 days after transplantation, positive expressions of BrdU and glial fibrillary acidic protein in the combination group were significantly higher than those in the stem cell transplantation group (P < 0.05). In addition, compared with the model group, the holding time significantly prolonged and foot error times significantly decreased in the latter three groups (P < 0.05), as well as in the combination group compared with the stem cell transplantation and ganglioside groups (P < 0.05). These results indicate that umbilical blood cord mesenchymal stem cells and ganglioside can both improve neurological function of rats with cerebral palsy. Given that ganglioside can promote survival and differentiation of umbilical blood cord mesenchymal stem cells in vivo, the combined transplantation is preferred.     

瑞舒伐他汀联合脐血间充质干细胞移植改善急性心肌梗死后心功能

BACKGROUND:In recent years, it has been a hot topic that stem cell transplantation is used to improve cardiac insufficiency after acute myocardial infarction by inducing regeneration of cardiomyocytes in the infarction regions. OBJECTIVE:To observe the effect of rosuvastatin combined with umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells transplantation on rat cardiac function after acute myocardial infarction. METHODS:Forty-five Sprague-Dawley rats were enrolled to prepare myocardial infarction models by ligaturing the left anterior descending coronary artery. Then they were equivalently divided into model group, transplantation group and combination group. At 7 days after modeling, rats in the combination group were given injection of 300 μL umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells (15.0×10⁸) via the tail vein and by gavage once a day for 28 days with 1 mg/kg rosuvastatin; rats in the transplantation group and model group were injected with 300 μL umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cell suspension through the tail veins or the same amount of LG-DMEM medium, respectively, followed by intragastrical administration of the same amount normal saline. At 5 weeks after modeling, indexes of cardiac function, level of plasma Lp-PLA2 and heat shock protein 70 in the infarction regions were detected by color Doppler ultrasound, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blot assay, respectively. In addition, pathological changes of myocardial tissues were observed using hematoxylin-eosin staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular end-systolic pressure were significantly higher in the combination group than in the transplantation group as well as higher in the transplantation group than the model group (P < 0.05); compared with the transplantation group, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was significantly decreased in the combination group, but significantly increased in the model group (P < 0.05); the number of cardiomyocytes in the infarction regions was significantly higher in the combination group than the other groups. Additionally, expression of heat shock protein 70 in the infarction regions was significantly increased in the combination group (P < 0.05). To conclude, rosuvastatin combined with umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cell transplantation can significantly improve rat cardiac function after myocardial infarction.     

Cord blood stem cell transplantation in primary immune deficiencies

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Umbilical cord haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for primary immunodeficiencies is examined with other developments in treatment. Cord blood biology is reviewed, and advantages and disadvantages of umbilical cord blood stem cell transplantation for primary immunodeficiencies discussed. Clinical outcome data and future developments are reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS: Cord blood T lymphocytes become tolerant to host human leukocyte antigen antigens, but retain alloreactivity to other antigens, in part due to immaturity of cord blood T lymphocytes and dendritic cells. Although na?ve T lymphocytes can generate herpes virus specificity after transplantation, the risk of viral death is increased within the first 100 days. The clinical success of umbilical cord blood stem cell transplantation for primary immunodeficiencies is reviewed and new methods for expanding the stem cell number or encouraging engraftment with the use of third-party haematopoietic or mesenchymal stem cells examined. SUMMARY: Many advantages make umbilical cord blood an attractive source of stem cells; over 100 umbilical cord blood stem cell transplantations have been performed for primary immunodeficiencies, with low rates of significant graft vs. host disease, despite significant human leukocyte antigen mismatch. Immune reconstitution is as good as for other stem cell sources: use of nascent stem cells in young recipients may have long-term advantages. Stem cell engineering to improve engraftment will expand potential beneficiaries of umbilical cord blood stem cell transplantation to older patients.     

A highly functional mini-dystrophin/GFP fusion gene for cell and gene therapy studies of Duchenne muscular dystrophy

A promising approach for treating Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is by autologous cell transplantation of myogenic stem cells transduced with a therapeutic expression cassette. Development of this method has been hampered by a low frequency of cellular engraftment, the difficulty of tracing transplanted cells, the rapid loss of autologous cells carrying marker genes that are unable to halt muscle necrosis and the difficulty of stable transfer of a large dystrophin gene into myogenic stem cells. We engineered a 5.7 kb miniDys-GFP fusion gene by replacing the dystrophin C-terminal domain (DeltaCT) with an eGFP coding sequence and removing much of the dystrophin central rod domain (DeltaH2-R19). In a transgenic mdx(4Cv) mouse expressing the miniDys-GFP fusion protein under the control of a skeletal muscle-specific promoter, the green fusion protein localized on the sarcolemma, where it assembled the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex and completely prevented the development of dystrophy in transgenic mdx(4Cv) muscles. When myogenic and other stem cells from these mice were transplanted into mdx(4Cv) recipients, donor cells can be readily identified in skeletal muscle by direct green fluorescence or by using antibodies against GFP or dystrophin. In mdx(4Cv) mice reconstituted with bone marrow cells from the transgenic mice, we monitored engraftment in various muscle groups and found the number of miniDys-GFP(+) fibers increased with time. We suggest that these transgenic mdx(4Cv) mice are highly useful for developing autologous cell therapies for DMD.     

骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗mdx鼠：3个月疗效

背景：干细胞移植治疗肌营养不良症是目前的研究热点,相对造血干细胞移植,间充质干细胞移植风险较小。 目的：观察骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗Duchenne型肌营养不良鼠(mdx鼠)的疗效。 方法：4周龄mdx鼠16只,随机分为治疗组与对照组,每组8只,经静脉移植及肌肉局部注射C57BL/6小鼠的骨髓间充质干细胞或等量生理盐水。 结果与结论：移植3个月后,治疗组较对照组血清肌酸激酶水平下降,骨骼肌肌膜部分有dystrophin蛋白表达,而对照组检测不到dystrophin蛋白表达。但是两组的运动功能无明显改善。结果初步表明骨髓间充质干细胞移植对mdx鼠有一定的治疗作用,可能使肌细胞膜破坏减少,延缓病情发展。     

脐血间充质干细胞移植修复急性肠缺血再灌注损伤

BACKGROUND:Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can repair intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injuny by interfering inflammatory reactions after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion to protect intestinal barrier functions. In recent years, umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells are gradually used as a substitute source of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells on acute intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS:Umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells were induced, isolated in vitro and tracked by CM-DiI fluorescent labeling. Sixty-three Sprague-Dawley rats were equivalently randomized into three groups: control group received normal saline enema, intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury group with ethanol diluted trinitro-benzene-sulfonic acid and transplantation group administrated with 1×10¹⁰/L umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cell suspension via the tail vein at 1 hour after trinitro-benzene-sulfonic acid modeling. At 3 days after transplantation, colon tissues were removed in each group to observe pathological changes of the intestinal tract by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Besides, expression of leptin mRNA in the colon tissues and cyclooxygenase-2 in the mucosa were detected by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry method, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Transplanted umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells distributed in the intestinal lymphoid tissue and among glandular epithelial cells, suggesting that these stem cells might be involved in the process of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury repair. Compared with the control group, intestinal injury in the injury group was significantly aggravated, and most intestinal epithelial cells shed; and the transplantation group appeared to have significantly reduced intestinal damage and significantly less cell shedding. Expression of leptin mRNA was significantly higher in the injury group than the transplantation group followed by the control group, and there were significant differences among the three groups (P < 0.05). Additionally, expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in the injury group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05); compared with the injury group, expression of cyclooxygenase-2 was significantly lower in the transplantation group (P < 0.05). To conclude, leptin and cyclooxygenase-2 may be involved in acute intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury, and umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cell transplantation significantly lessens intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury, which provides an experimental basis for human treating acute intestinal ischemic injury.     

Duchenne muscular dystrophy and spinal muscular atrophy type I segregating in the same family

We report on a family with two severe neuromuscular diseases: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and acute infantile spinal muscular atrophy (SMA I). One boy has DMD, and his brother died of SMA I at 11 months of age. Both boys had received the same DMD allele from their mother. Analysis of dystrophin by immunohistochemistry and Western blot showed complete lack of dystrophin in both brothers. The mother had a partial deficiency of dystrophin. The boy with SMA I had increased levels of creatine kinase in serum, compatible with DMD, but the muscle biopsy and post-mortem examination of the spinal cord showed the typical changes of SMA I. There were no cytogenetic abnormalities explaining the occurrence of both DMD and SMA I in this family. Molecular genetic prenatal diagnosis of DMD and SMA I, using analysis of RFLPs and dinucleotide repeats, has been performed in one foetus in the family. The results showed that the foetus had a high risk of developing SMA I. An abortion was planned but the pregnancy was terminated by miscarriage.     

Stem cell-mediated transfer of a human artificial chromosome ameliorates muscular dystrophy

In contrast to conventional gene therapy vectors, human artificial chromosomes (HACs) are episomal vectors that can carry large regions of the genome containing regulatory elements. So far, HACs have not been used as vectors in gene therapy for treating genetic disorders. Here, we report the amelioration of the dystrophic phenotype in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) using a combination of HAC-mediated gene replacement and transplantation with blood vessel-associated stem cells (mesoangioblasts). We first genetically corrected mesoangioblasts from dystrophic mdx mice with a HAC vector containing the entire (2.4 Mb) human dystrophin genetic locus. Genetically corrected mesoangioblasts engrafted robustly and gave rise to many dystrophin-positive muscle fibers and muscle satellite cells in dystrophic mice, leading to morphological and functional amelioration of the phenotype that lasted for up to 8 months after transplantation. Thus, HAC-mediated gene transfer shows efficacy in a preclinical model of DMD and offers potential for future clinical translation.