莫西沙星、左氧氟沙星和环丙沙星治疗下呼吸道感染的疗效及成本-效果分析

目的 探讨莫西沙星、左氧氟沙星和环丙沙星治疗下呼吸道感染的疗效及成本-效果分析.方法 选择下呼吸道感染患者90例,随机分为3组.莫西沙星组32例,予以莫西沙星片0.4g·d-1,单次口服;左氧氟沙星组30例,予以左氧氟沙星片0.4g·d-1,分2次口服.环丙沙星组28例,予以环丙沙星片1.0g·d-1,分2次口服.3组疗程均为7d.结果 莫西沙星、左氧氟沙星和环丙沙星治疗下呼吸道感染临床有效率分别为90.63％、86.67％和82.14％,细菌清除率分别为84.38％、76.67％和75.0％.3组患者比较均无明显统计学差异(P＞0.05).莫西沙星组的治疗方案成本和成本-效果比分别为202.09元和2.33,左氧氟沙星组分别为15.12元和0.17,环丙沙星组分别为3.64和0.04.环丙沙星组的成本和成本-效果比明显低于莫西沙星组和左氧氟沙星组(P＜0.01).结论 从药物经济学角度分析,环丙沙星组治疗下呼吸道感染的治疗方案较莫西沙星组和左氧氟沙星组为佳.     

莫西沙星与左氧氟沙星治疗下呼吸道感染疗效对比研究

目的:评价用莫西沙星与左氧氟沙星治疗下呼吸道感染的临床疗效及安全性.方法:将54例下呼吸道感染患者随机分成治疗组26例和对照组28例,分别给予莫西沙星和左氧氟沙星治疗.结果:研究结果显示治疗结束后第7d,莫西沙星组和左氧氟沙星组的临床有效率分别为60%和63.16%,莫西沙星26例中5例(19.23%)出现不良反应,而左氧氟沙星28例中为7例(25%).结论:莫西沙星对治疗下呼吸道感染的临床疗效确切、安全性高.     

莫西沙星治疗呼吸及泌尿系统感染的疗效及安全性的临床观察

目的评价莫西沙星片剂治疗呼吸系统或泌尿系统感染的疗效与安全性。方法将呼吸系统及泌尿系统感染患者112例随机分为治疗组56例和对照组56例,治疗组给予莫西沙星片口服,每次0.2g,bid;对照组给予左氧氟沙星片口服,每次0.2g,bid。两组疗程均为7～14d,观察疗效与不良反应。结果治疗组与对照组的临床有效率分别为89.28%和92.85%,细菌清除率分别为94.32%和96.63%,不良反应发生率分别为8.92%和10.71%;两组以上各指标比较均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论莫西沙星片治疗呼吸道及泌尿系统感染疗效确切,安全性好。     

莫西沙星治疗下呼吸道感染疗效与安全性研究

目的 :评价新一代氟喹诺酮类抗菌药物莫西沙星片剂治疗下呼吸道感染的疗效与安全性。方法 :莫西沙星片与左旋氧氟沙星片随机对照治疗下呼吸道感染共 6 4例 ,莫西沙星组 33例 (男性 13例 ,女性 2 0例 ,年龄 6 0 .9± 10 .6 8) ,左旋氧氟沙星组 31例 (男性 13例 ,女性 18例 ,年龄 5 6 .0± 13.5 5 )。剂量均为 4 0 0mg ,po ,qd和 2 0 0mg ,po ,bid ;疗程均为 7～ 14天。结果 :莫西沙星和左旋氧氟沙星治疗下呼吸道感染的有效率分别为 6 6 .7%和 5 8.1% ,细菌清除率均为 10 0 % ,不良反应发生率分别为 5 .5 6 %和 11.1% ,2组比较均无显著性差异 ,P >0 .0 5。结论 :莫西沙星片剂治疗下呼吸道感染疗效确切 ,安全性好。     

莫西沙星与左氧氟沙星治疗泌尿道感染的疗效及成本-效果分析

目的评价治疗泌尿道感染的两种方案,为临床用药安全、经济、有效提供参考。方法将泌尿系统感染患者63例随机分为两组,莫西沙星组32例单次口服莫西沙星片400mg／d,左氧氟沙星组31例予左氧氟沙星片400mg／d（分2次口服）。结果莫西沙星组与左氧氟沙星组的临床总有效率分别为90．62％和87．10％,细菌清除率分别为87．50％和74．19％,不良反应发生率分别为9．38％和6．45％,两组比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。莫西沙星组的治疗方案成本和成本-效果比分别为290．00元和3．20,而左氧氟沙星组分别为46．34元和0．53,两组成本和成本-效果比差异明显（P〈0．01）。结论从药物经济学角度分析,左氧氟沙星治疗泌尿道感染较莫西沙星为佳。     

莫西沙星治疗62例下呼吸道感染临床分析

目的评价莫西沙星对下呼吸道感染的疗效和安全性。方法轻中度下呼吸道感染者120例随机分成两组,莫西沙星组62例给予莫西沙星0.4g,静脉滴注（住院）,门诊0.4g（口服）均1次/d,洛美沙星组58例予0.4g静脉滴注,1次/d。两组均以7-14d为1个疗程。结果莫西沙星与洛美沙星的临床有效率分别是91.9%、89.7%（P〉0.05）,细菌消除率分别为89.8%、88.9%（P〉0.05）,两组无明显不良反应。结论莫西沙星对下呼吸道感染的治疗是安全和有效的。     

莫西沙星双盲对照治疗老年性下呼吸道感染疗效观察

目的观察莫西沙星治疗老年性下呼吸道感染的临床疗效和安全性。方法随机选择老年性下呼吸道感染患者86例,分为治疗组（43例）和对照组（43）例。治疗组使用莫西沙星400mg,对照组使用依诺沙星400mg,均为静脉滴注给药,1次/d,疗程7～10d,观察疗效与不良反应。结果治疗组和对照组的临床有效率分别为93.02%和79.07%,细菌清除率分别为92.5%和79.49%,两组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,两组间不良反应相似。结论莫西沙星注射液治疗老年性下呼吸道感染疗效佳且安全,优于依诺沙星注射液。     

莫西沙星与左氧氟沙星治疗下呼吸道感染比较

目的:评价莫西沙星注射剂治疗下呼吸道感染的疗效及安全性。方法:将64例社区获得性肺炎(CAP)及慢性支气管炎急性发作(AECB)患者,随机分为治疗组和对照组各32例,治疗组予以莫西沙星400 mg,ivd qd;对照组给予左氧氟沙星200 mg,ivd bid,疗程均为7～14 d。结果:莫西沙星治疗组临床有效率(93.6%)虽然高于左氧氟沙星对照组(78.1%),但两组比较差异不显著,而治疗组的痊愈率(71.8%)显著高于对照组(46.9%),P<0.05;在临床症状、体征、实验室检查恢复正常方面,莫西沙星治疗组均较对照组显著减少;在细菌清除方面,尽管与左氧氟沙星比较差异不显著,但仍高于左氧氟沙星。结论:莫西沙星注射剂治疗下呼吸道感染的疗效确切,安全性好。     

莫西沙星治疗老年人下呼吸道感染40例

目的 观察莫西沙星（拜复乐）片剂治疗老年人下呼吸道感染的疗效及安全性。方法莫西沙星400mg口服,每日1次,5-7天为1个疗程。结果 临床总有效率95％,细菌清除率83％,不良反应发生率为5％。结论 口服莫西沙星治疗老年人呼吸道感染安全有效。     

盐酸莫西沙星治疗下呼吸道感染44例临床分析

目的评价盐酸莫西沙星治疗下呼吸道感染的疗效。方法88例下呼吸道感染患者随机分为两组,治疗组用盐酸莫西沙星注射液0．4g／次,qd;对照组用左氧氟沙星治疗。疗程均为7～10d。结果莫西沙星组和左氧氟沙星组临床总有效率分别为93．2％和90．9％,细菌清除率为94．7％和89．5％,两组小良反应少见而轻微。结论盐酸莫西沙星治疗下呼吸道感染疗效确切,可作为治疗下呼吸道感染的一线用药。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.