Mohnarin 2006-2007年度报告：非发酵革兰阴性杆菌耐药性监测

目的了解2006~2007年度全国84家医院中非发酵革兰阴性杆菌的分布情况及对各类抗菌药物的耐药性。方法药物敏感性试验采用纸片扩散法,耐药性数据分析采用WHONET5.4软件进行统计分析。结果共收集非发酵革兰阴性杆菌分离株22983株,菌株数列前6位的菌种为假单胞菌属(48.2%)、不动杆菌属(31.4%)、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌(11.5%)、伯克霍尔德菌属(2.9%)、金黄杆菌属(2.1%)和产碱杆菌属(1.4%)。铜绿假单胞菌对左氧氟沙星、哌拉西林、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、环丙沙星、头孢吡肟、头孢他啶、哌拉西林/三唑巴坦、美罗培南和阿米卡星敏感性范围从56.3%至73.8%;不动杆菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的敏感率分别为77.3%和75.6%;头孢哌酮/舒巴坦69.9%,米诺环素69.4%。不动杆菌对本次研究中的其它抗菌药物耐药率高于38.8%。嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌对米诺环素、复方磺胺甲口恶唑和左氧氟沙星的敏感性分别为96.8%、82.8%和82.2%;洋葱伯克霍尔德菌对米诺环素、复方磺胺甲口恶唑、头孢他啶和美罗培南的敏感性分别为89.3%、72.9%、65.4%和62.9%。结论非发酵菌在临床分离比重大,细菌耐药明显,临床应采取积极措施,合理使用抗菌药物,减少耐药菌发生。     

Comparative in vitro activity of ciprofloxacin against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria from clinical isolates

1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-piperazin-1- ylquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (ciprofloxacin, Bay o 9867, Ciprobay) is a broad spectrum antibiotic of the 4-quinolone group. It possesses a bactericidal effect attributable to the property of DNA-gyrase inhibition. The antimicrobial action comprises all grampositive strains (including Streptococcus faecalis) and gramnegative strains (including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia spp.), as well as Bacteroides fragilis and other Bacteroides species. In this comparative study the antimicrobial effect of ciprofloxacin was tested against 665 gramnegative, 412 grampositive and 274 anaerobic strains from fresh clinical isolates and compared with that of other frequently used antibiotics. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined by means of a serial dilution test with micro standard plates. Within the group of gramnegative strains, ciprofloxacin was the most active antibiotic with an MIC90 of 0.12 mg/l to 0.5 mg/l for most isolates. Ciprofloxacin shows a broad spectrum of activity against gramnegative pathogenic bacteria including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter spp., Serratia spp. and Acinetobacter spp., and also covers resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Alcaligenes faecalis. Ciprofloxacin also shows a high inhibiting activity against grampositive strains (Staphylococci, Enterococci) and anaerobic pathogens.     

Comprehensive in vitro evaluation of cefepime combined with aztreonam or ampicillin/sulbactam against multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. are becoming increasingly resistant to antimicrobial agents, and serious infections caused by these organisms often require combination therapy. Interactions of cefepime with either aztreonam (P. aeruginosa; n=46) or ampicillin/sulbactam (Acinetobacter spp.; n=34) were investigated by the chequerboard synergy method against isolates with various resistance phenotypes, including resistance to imipenem (36 P. aeruginosa and 19 Acinetobacter spp.). Synergy or partial synergy interactions occurred with 56.5% of P. aeruginosa and 88.2% of Acinetobacter spp. strains examined. Among the imipenem-resistant strains, synergy or partial synergy interactions were observed in 47.2% of P. aeruginosa and 84.2% of Acinetobacter spp. strains. In addition, the vast majority of impenem-resistant strains showed MIC values within achievable concentrations in plasma for at least one of the antimicrobials evaluated in the combination. The role of combination antimicrobial therapy in the treatment of severe infections caused by multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. should be further evaluated to maximize favourable clinical outcomes.     

Assessment of pathogen occurrences and resistance profiles among infected patients in the intensive care unit: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (North America, 2001)

Originating from 25 selected intensive care units (ICUs) in North America, a total of 1,321 bacterial strains from blood, respiratory tract, urine and wound sites were processed at a central laboratory as part of the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (2001) to assess their occurrence rates and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. The rank order of pathogens recovered was Staphylococcus aureus (24.1%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.2%), Escherichia coli (10.1%), Klebsiella spp. (8.9%), Enterococcus spp. (7.2%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (7.0%) and Enterobacter spp. (7.0%). Although oxacillin resistance among S. aureus was 51.4%, no resistance was detected to vancomycin, linezolid and quinupristin/dalfopristin. The most active agents tested against P. aeruginosa were amikacin, cefepime, tobramycin, meropenem and piperacillin/tazobactam (3.1-13.0% resistance). Among agents tested against the Enterobacteriaceae, amikacin, cefepime, imipenem and meropenem showed greatest in vitro activity (0.0-3.4% resistance). Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing phenotype rates were 11.2 and 16.2% in E. coli and Klebsiella spp., respectively. Linezolid was most active against enterococci (1.1% resistance; G2576U ribosomal mutation) whereas 28.4% of isolates were resistant to vancomycin. Cefepime and the carbapenems (imipenem or meropenem) for Gram-negative isolates and linezolid for Gram-positive isolates, provided the broadest spectrum of in vitro activity against contemporary ICU pathogens in North America.     

Comparative Activity of Carbapenem Testing (COMPACT) study in Germany

The aim of this study was to determine the current susceptibility of hospital isolates of contemporary Gram-negative pathogens to the carbapenems doripenem, imipenem and meropenem. Between May and October 2008, seven centres in Germany were invited to collect and submit Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacteriaceae and other Gram-negative bacterial Intensive Care Unit (ICU)/non-ICU isolates from patients with complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAIs), bloodstream infections (BSIs) or nosocomial pneumonia (NP). Susceptibility was determined at each centre by Etest. A central laboratory performed species confirmation as well as limited susceptibility and quality control testing. In total, 363 isolates were collected, comprising 46.0% Enterobacteriaceae, 45.2% P. aeruginosa, 4.7% Acinetobacter spp. and 4.1% other Gram-negatives. Most isolates (47.9%) were collected from NP, 32.8% were from cIAIs and 19.3% from BSIs; 57.3% were obtained from ICU patients. The MIC(90) values (minimum inhibitory concentration for 90% of the isolates) for doripenem, meropenem and imipenem were, respectively, 4, 16 and 32 mg/L against P. aeruginosa, 0.06, 0.06 and 0.5mg/L against Enterobacteriaceae and ≥ 64 mg/L for each carbapenem against other Gram-negative isolates. Using European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) breakpoints, 81.1%, 75.6% and 79.3% of P. aeruginosa were susceptible to doripenem, imipenem and meropenem, respectively. Against all pathogens combined, MIC(90) values for ICU versus non-ICU isolates, respectively, were 4 mg/L vs. 1mg/L for doripenem, 8 mg/L vs. 1mg/L for meropenem and ≥ 64 mg/L vs. 8 mg/L for imipenem. Doripenem showed comparable activity against P. aeruginosa from patients with BSIs, cIAIs or NP. Similar findings were observed for Enterobacteriaceae and other Gram-negatives, including Acinetobacter spp. Doripenem generally showed similar or slightly better activity than meropenem and better activity than imipenem against Gram-negative pathogens collected in Germany.     

The susceptibility of non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli to cefperazone and sulbactam compared with other antibacterial agents

This study was designed to determine the bacterial susceptibility of non-fermentative Gram-negative organisms to various antibacterial agents. Bacterial susceptibility testing used the Kirby-Bauer method and data were assessed according to NCCLS 2000. Cefoperazone/sulbactam (CPER/SU) had good antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Its activity was next only to that of imipenem, meropenem and ceftazidime. CPER/SU was highly active against Acinetobacter spp., Alcaligenes spp., Burkholderia spp., Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Flavobacterium spp., while the majority of strains of the latter two species were resistant to imipenem and meropenem. Of 3905 isolates tested, 39.5% were susceptible to CPER, 70.4% to CPER/SU. The resistance rate was 37% for CPER and 10.8% for CPER/SU.     

Comparative studies of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from urinary tract infections (1983). III. Secular changes in susceptibility

The in vitro antimicrobial activities of antibiotics against causative pathogens isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (UTI) in the 8 institutions in Japan during the period from 1980 to 1983 were compared. A number of new beta-lactam antibiotics with broad spectrum of activity have become available for clinical use in recent years. Some of them, in particular so-called third generation cephems, are reported to be responsible for developing microbial-cross resistance to multiple beta-lactam antibiotics. We have been making survey in recent years to explore changes in susceptibility to various antimicrobial agents of clinical isolates. All bacterial isolates from clinical specimens were submitted to the Department of Clinical Pathology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, where they were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility with MIC 2000 apparatus. Of all pathogens from patients with simple UTI, the majority of the isolates was E. coli and Klebsiella spp. In cases of complicated UTI, on the other hand, Pseudomonas spp. were most frequent, followed in order by Proteus spp., Klebsiella spp., Serratia spp., Citrobacter spp. and E. coli. Conspicuous changes in antimicrobial activity of antibiotics against E. coli and Klebsiella spp. from simple UTI have not been found in our survey. Against strains of Citrobacter spp., even the third generation cephems proved to be not remarkably active and there was a significant decrease in susceptibility of isolates to the drugs test-showed MIC values of 50 micrograms/ml and the proportion increased to 50% (22/44) with isolates obtained in 1982. The antimicrobial activity of cefsulodin and gentamicin against P. aeruginosa was decreased in 1982 compared with that in 1980 and 1981. However, resistant strains were slightly more frequent with gentamicin. In 1983, the antimicrobial activity of third generation cephems against Serratia spp. was significantly reduced from that in 1982.     

Pathogen occurrence and antimicrobial resistance trends among urinary tract infection isolates in the Asia-Western Pacific Region: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1998-1999

Worldwide surveillance of antimicrobial resistance among urinary tract pathogens is useful to determine important trends and geographical variation for common Gram-positive and -negative species. The most common causative uropathogens often have intrinsic or acquired resistance mechanisms which include ESBL production among enteric bacilli, multi-drug resistant staphylococci and non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. This study evaluates pathogen frequency and the resistance rates among urinary tract infection (UTI) pathogens in 14 medical centres in the Asia-Pacific region between 1998 and 1999. The isolates were referred to a central monitor for reference NCCLS broth microdilution testing, identification confirmation and patient demographic analysis. Over 50% of the 958 pathogens were Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. followed by P. aeruginosa, Enterococcus spp. and Enterobacter spp. Susceptibility for the three enteric bacilli was high for carbapenems (100%), 'fourth-generation' cephalosporins (cefepime 94.9-98.6%) and amikacin (> or = 93.0%). Beta-lactamase inhibitor compounds were more active against E. coli (piperacillin/tazobactam; > 90% susceptible) than the other two enteric species and all other tested agents had a narrower spectra of activity. The rank order of anti-pseudomonal agents was amikacin (91.5% susceptible)> imipenem > piperacillin/tazobactam > tobramycin > ceftazidime and cefepime (77.4 and 76.4% susceptible, respectively). Susceptibility to quinolones for the P. aeruginosa isolates was only 63.2-67.0%. Only one vancomycin-intermediate Enterococcus spp. (van C phenotype) was detected among the 103 strains tested. Newer fluoroquinolones (gatifloxacin; MIC(50), mg/l) were more potent against enterococci than ciprofloxacin (MIC(50), 2 mg/l) and high-level resistance to aminoglycosides was common (41.7%). The data presented are compared to studies of similar design from other areas which are part of the SENTRY surveillance network.     

In vitro activity of 19 antimicrobial agents against 3513 nosocomial pathogens collected from 48 Canadian medical centres. The Canadian Antimicrobial Study Group

Antimicrobial resistance is a global concern. Differentiation between susceptibility rates for nosocomial versus community pathogens is important epidemiologically because it impacts on the appropriate empirical selection of antimicrobial therapy for infected patients. We studied resistance rates for 3513 nosocomial pathogens from 48 Canadian medical centres tested against 19 antimicrobial agents. The following are percent susceptibility for ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, imipenem, netilmicin, and ticarcillin/clavulanic acid, respectively: Enterobacteriaceae 95, 95, 97, 99 98, 89; Escherichia coli, all 99 except ticarcillin/clavulanic acid (91); Enterobacter spp. 78, 78, 96, 99, 99, 71; Citrobacter spp. 79, 80, 89, 100, 94, 73; Proteus spp. 99, 88, 99, 88, 99, 98; Pseudomonas aeruginosa 88, 20, 82, 88, 81, 36; Staphylococcus aureus, all > 95; Enterococcus spp. 4, 9, 62, 95, 43, 38. Susceptibility rates for other species of microorganisms and agents tested varied considerably. Some institutions had higher than average resistance rates for some pathogens (i.e. P. aeruginosa) and some agents. Detection and continued surveillance of antimicrobial resistance amongst nosocomial pathogens is vital to patient care and health care resources. The control of antimicrobial resistance can help maintain antibiotic usage and costs associated with the use of ever more potent drugs and the treatment of increasingly resistant infections.     

2017年四川省细菌耐药监测报告

目的 了解四川省细菌耐药监测网成员单位临床分离菌对临床常用抗菌药的敏感性和耐药性。方法 对75所四川 省细菌耐药监测网成员单位临床分离菌采用纸片扩散法或自动化仪器法进行抗菌药物敏感性试验。按CLSI M100-27th版判断 结果。结果 收集2017年1月—12月上述医院临床分离菌共176576株,其中革兰阳性菌51314株,占29.1%,革兰阴性菌125262 株,占70.9%。金黄色葡萄球菌(SAU)和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CNS)中甲氧西林耐药株的平均检出率分别为26.8%和79.9%。甲氧 西林耐药株(MRSA和MRCNS)对绝大多数测试药的耐药率均显著高于甲氧西林敏感株(MSSA和MSCNS),未发现万古霉素耐药 株。肠球菌属中粪肠球菌对多数测试抗菌药的耐药率均显著低于屎肠球菌,两者中均有少数万古霉素耐药株。肺炎链球菌非脑 膜炎株儿童株对青霉素的耐药率为1.2%。肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素仍高度敏感,耐药率低于9%。鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺 培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为56.6%和59.8%。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为13.5%和11.8%。结论 临 床分离菌对常见抗菌药物的耐药性仍较高,尤其是肠杆菌科细菌各菌属均出现碳青霉烯类耐药菌株,临床应加强细菌耐药监 测,遏制耐药细菌的进一步流行播散。     

In vitro activity of tigecycline and comparators against Gram-positive and Gram-negative isolates collected from the Middle East and Africa between 2004 and 2011

The Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial (T.E.S.T.) was established in 2004 to monitor longitudinal changes in bacterial susceptibility to numerous antimicrobial agents, specifically tigecycline. In this study, susceptibility among Gram-positive and Gram-negative isolates between 2004 and 2011 from the Middle East and Africa was examined. Antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) interpretive criteria, and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by broth microdilution methods. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved breakpoints were used for tigecycline. In total, 2967 Gram-positive and 6322 Gram-negative isolates were examined from 33 participating centres. All Staphylococcus aureus isolates, including meticillin-resistant S. aureus, were susceptible to tigecycline, linezolid and vancomycin. Vancomycin, linezolid, tigecycline and levofloxacin were highly active (>97.6% susceptibility) against Streptococcus pneumoniae, including penicillin-non-susceptible strains. All Enterococcus faecium isolates were susceptible to tigecycline and linezolid, including 32 vancomycin-resistant isolates. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases were produced by 16.6% of Escherichia coli and 32.9% of Klebsiella pneumoniae. More than 95% of E. coli and Enterobacter spp. were susceptible to amikacin, tigecycline, imipenem and meropenem. The most active agents against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii were amikacin (88.0% susceptible) and minocycline (64.2% susceptible), respectively; the MIC₉₀ (MIC required to inhibit 90% of the isolates) of tigecycline against A. baumannii was low at 2 mg/L. Tigecycline and carbapenem agents were highly active against most Gram-negative pathogens. Tigecycline, linezolid and vancomycin showed good activity against most Gram-positive pathogens from the Middle East and Africa.     

血流感染病原菌分布及耐药特性分析

目的了解血流感染主要病原菌的分布特点及对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况,以指导临床合理用药。方法对2006年1月—2011年6月期间本院临床各科室送检的血培养标本采用美国Bactec9120全自动血培养仪进行培养,Vitek-32型仪进行菌种鉴定,纸片扩散法测定菌株对抗菌药物的敏感性,头孢西丁法检测耐甲氧西林葡菌球菌,WHONET5.6软件分析数据。结果共分离出598株病原菌,其中革兰阳性球菌282株,占47.2%;革兰阴性杆菌289株,占48.3%,真菌15株,占2.5%。最常见的感染菌分别为大肠埃希菌、表皮葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌及鲍曼不动杆菌。金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌检出率分别为63.9%和87.9%,其对青霉素耐药率均>95.0%,均未发现对万古霉素和替考拉宁耐药株。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药率最低,对氨苄西林耐药率分别为93.8%和100%。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药率为16.7%,而鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南耐药率高达63.6%,鲍曼不动杆菌对其他抗菌药物的耐药率均>60%。结论本单位血流感染以大肠埃希菌和葡萄球菌为主。表皮葡萄球菌较金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性严重,非发酵菌比肠杆菌科细菌耐药性严重,尤其是鲍曼不动杆菌引起的血流感染无经验抗菌药物可选,必须在药敏试验指导下用药。     

2008至2010年3年细菌的耐药监测研究

目的分析2008至2010年本院3年临床分离菌的耐药情况。方法用纸片扩散法进行抗菌药物敏感实验,根据CLSI标准用WHONET 5.4软件进行数据分析。结果 3年临床分离的4916株病原菌中,革兰阳性菌占22.7%,革兰阴性菌占77.3%;3年耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)总检出率分别为59.3%,89.5%。大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)总检出率分别为57.5%,34.6%。鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的耐药率有逐年上升趋势,而铜绿假单孢菌则有下降趋势。结论革兰阳性菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺均敏感;肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类药物耐药率较低,但产ESBLs肠杆科细菌较不产ESBLs肠杆科细菌耐药严重;鲍曼不动杆菌对常见抗菌药物的耐药率高,且明显高于铜绿假单孢菌。     

重症监护病房下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的分析医院重症监护病房（ICU）下呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及耐药情况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供参考依据。方法取2007年1月至2009年7月ICU下呼吸道感染患者深部痰做病原菌培养,按美国临床实验室标准化委员会（CLSI）标准分离鉴定病原菌并进行药敏试验,统计检出阳性率、病原菌分布比例及敏感率。结果从310份痰液标本中分离出病原菌株382株,其中G-杆菌233株（61.0%）,G＋球菌106株（27.7%）,真菌43株（11.3%）。排名前4位的G-杆菌分别为铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、大肠埃希菌。超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）检出率分别为70.7%、77.3%,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）检出率为92%。结论 ICU下呼吸道感染病原菌以G-杆菌为主,病原菌耐药性较强,应加强细菌药敏实验监测,为重症监护病房合理选用抗菌药物提供依据。     

2016年齐齐哈尔市第一医院细菌耐药性分析

目的 了解2016年齐齐哈尔市第一医院临床分离菌对常见抗菌药物的敏感性和耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供实验室依据。方法 采用自动化仪器对2016年1月1日-12月31日齐齐哈尔市第一医院临床分离菌进行药敏试验,采用美国临床实验室标准化研究协会(CLSI)2014年版标准判断药敏结果及WHONET 5.6软件进行数据分析。结果 2016年共收集非重复临床分离菌3,505株,其中革兰阴性菌2,450株,占69.9%;革兰阳性菌1,055株,占30.1%。取自下呼吸道标本所占比率最高57.3%,其次为尿液10.5%和血液10.3%。排在前5位的细菌依次为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌,分别占18.43%、15.92%、14.41%、13.92%和7.93%。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci,MRCNS)的检出率分别为27.4%和74.2%。未发现对万古霉素和利奈唑胺的葡萄球菌。肠球菌属细菌中粪肠球菌对所测试的抗菌药的耐药率显著低于屎肠球菌,未发现耐万古霉素和利奈唑胺的肠球菌。大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属细菌(肺炎克雷伯菌、产酸克雷伯菌)和奇异变形菌的ESBLs,检出率分别为43.3%、20.1%和18.4%。肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素高度敏感,但是仍有对少数碳青霉烯类耐药肠杆菌科细菌(carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae,CRE),以肺炎克雷伯菌居多。对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药的铜绿假单胞菌和不动杆菌属检出率分别为17.5%和60.4%。肺炎链球菌对红霉素和克林霉素耐药率大于98%,青霉素耐药的肺炎链球菌(PRSP)占2.3%。结论 细菌耐药性仍对临床构成严重威胁,应重视细菌耐药性监测并加强抗菌药物的合理使用。     

In vitro activity of cefepime combined with sulbactam against clinical isolates of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp

The aim of this study was to assess the in vitro activity of cefepime combined with sulbactam against carbapenem-resistant clinical isolates of Acinetobacter spp. The checkerboard method was used to determine whether combinations act synergistically against these strains. Twenty-three Acinetobacter baumannii and one Acinetobacter junii found to be carbapenem resistant were included in the study. The susceptibility results for cefepime and sulbactam were interpreted according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 were used as quality control strains. The combination of cefepime and sulbactam demonstrated the following interactions: 33.3% (8/24) synergism; 58.3% (14/24) partial synergism; 4.2% (1/24) additive; 4.2% (1/24) indifference; and no antagonism (minimum and maximum fractional inhibitory concentration index 0.25 and 1.5, respectively). According to our in vitro study results, combinations of cefepime with sulbactam have moderate synergistic activity against some carbapenem-resistant strains of Acinetobacter spp., which could be beneficial for the treatment of infections due to multidrug-resistant strains of Acinetobacter spp.     

2002年临床常见革兰氏阴性杆菌耐药性监测

目的　调查国家细菌耐药性监测网临床常见革兰氏阴性杆菌对各种抗菌药物的耐药性现状。方法　药物敏感性试验采用纸片扩散法 ,耐药性数据分析采用 WHONET5软件。结果　 2 0 0 2年国家细菌耐药性监测网 8个省、市、自治区的 5 7家三级甲等医院共收集患者首次分离株 2 4 82 6株 ;大肠埃希氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌和肺炎克雷伯氏菌是最常见菌。主要标本为痰、尿和伤口及分泌物 ,分别占全部标本的 4 7.9% ,16 .8%和 10 .4 %。绝大多数肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南敏感 ,其次为第三代头孢菌素、含酶抑制剂的头孢菌素及阿米卡星。 15 % (15 .6 %～ 5 1.2 % )的肠杆菌、柠檬酸杆菌、沙雷氏菌和普罗威登氏菌对第三代头孢菌素耐药。除大肠埃希氏菌外 ,环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星对其他肠杆菌科细菌的耐药率低于 30 % (6 .0 %～ 2 9.7% ) ;产超广谱β-内酰胺酶 (ESBL s)的大肠埃希氏菌和肺炎克雷伯氏菌株的检出率分别为 18.2 %和 2 2 .6 % ;铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为 19.1%和 15 .2 %。鲍氏不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素较敏感 ,但对头孢哌酮、头孢他啶和阿米卡星的耐药率分别为 5 2 .8% ,4 1.6 %和 31.8%。结论　细菌耐药性问题是抗感染治疗的主要威胁 ,合理使用抗菌药物以降低耐药性和采取有效措     

Results from the Meropenem Yearly Susceptibility Test Information Collection (MYSTIC) Programme: report of the 2001 data from 15 United States medical centres

The Meropenem Yearly Susceptibility Test Information Collection (MYSTIC) Programme is an international surveillance network of more than 100 medical centres where meropenem is the primary therapeutic carbapenem. Institutions have been monitored since 1997 (1999 in United States (US)) using National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) reference susceptibility methods to monitor in vitro activity of meropenem and selected other broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents. In 2001, a total of 2874 strains were processed from the 15 US medical centres. Molecular methods were associated with MIC methods as needed for defining epidemic spread of resistant strains. The meropenem MIC(90) values were 0.03 mg/l for Citrobacter spp., Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp.; 0.06 mg/l for Proteus mirabilis and Serratia spp. and 0.12 mg/l for Enterobacter spp. This potency was 8-16-fold greater than that of imipenem and the meropenem spectrum of activity versus the Enterobacteriaceae was the broadest of all tested antimicrobial agents. Only piperacillin/tazobactam (MIC(9), 64 mg/l) and tobramycin (MIC(90), 4 mg/l) were active against more than 90.0% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa at the NCCLS susceptible breakpoint, and the carbapenems were the most active compounds against Acinetobacter spp. However, Acinetobacter spp. isolates were resistant to all of the antimicrobial agents tested and the molecular typing results suggested that they were epidemiologically related. Only ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime had significantly reduced activity against oxacillin-susceptible staphylococci (87.9-92.6% susceptible. These 2001 US MYSTIC Programme results demonstrated no significant decline in carbapenem activity or susceptibility rates compared with the previously monitored years (1999-2000). Most apparent were the decreasing susceptibility rates for ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime against staphylococci. Continued surveillance in these institutions appears warranted as sites of high potential emerging resistance risk.     

儿童与成人常见病原菌耐药性比较

目的：比较儿童与成人常见病原菌耐药状况。方法：监测2010年度泉州市儿童医院与泉州市第一医院临床分离细菌的耐药状况,以WHONET5.5软件进行数据分析,比较儿童与成人临床常见病原菌的耐药性差异。结果：由儿童患者分离得到致病菌1815株,其中革兰阳性菌767株（占42.3%）,革兰阴性菌1048株（占57.7%）;最常见的细菌依次为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、流感嗜血杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌。由成人患者分离得到致病菌2345株,其中革兰阳性菌768株（占32.8%）,革兰阴性菌1577株（占67.2%）;最常见的细菌依次为大肠埃希菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肠球菌、铜绿假单胞菌。儿童和成人耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）的检出率分别为19.8%和17.8%;儿童患者大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对阿米卡星和喹诺酮类药的耐药率要远低于成人;儿童患者铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对抗菌药物的耐药率低于成人,特别是对氨基糖苷类和喹诺酮类药。结论：儿童患者常见病原菌分布和耐药特点与成人存在一定的差异;应持续地进行细菌耐药监测。     

Antimicrobial activities of ceftazidime on fresh clinical isolates]

Antimicrobial activity of ceftazidime (CAZ) was compared with those of other cephem antibiotics against clinically isolated strains sent to us by medical institutions throughout Japan in 1989 and 1991. Those strains separated and identified from samples collected from patients with various infections were also examined, and the following results were obtained. 1. The results suggested that, compared with reports of studies conducted with clinical isolates in early 1980's, MIC90 of CAZ in 1991 were markedly higher against Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp., Serratia marcescens, Proteus vulgaris, Morganella morganii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Also, among other bacteria such as Providencia rettgeri, Providencia stuartii, Xanthomonas maltophilia, and Bacteroides fragilis group, strains resistant to CAZ were observed in high proportions. However, large time-course changes were not observed in microbial activities of CAZ on Streptococcus pyogenes, Klebsiella spp, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas cepacia, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Haemophilus influenzae and Anaerobic GPC (Gram-positive cocci). 2. Among the strains used in the study, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Benzylpenicillin (PCG)-insensitive S. pneumoniae (PISP), cephamycin and oxime type cephem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli of Enterobacteriaceae and new quinolone-resistant organisms were observed in high proportions. It appears therefore, that CAZ failed to exert sufficient antimicrobial activities to these strains because of combination of resistance in these strains. 3. Antimicrobial activities of CAZ on recent clinical isolates showed problems as mentioned above. However, it was also demonstrated that CAZ maintained effective antimicrobial activities against most of the clinical isolates which could be causative organisms of infectious diseases in the clinical practice. When it is additionally taken into account that CAZ is one of those limited drugs with activity against P. aeruginosa, and it has excellent permeability through outer membrane, it is concluded that CAZ still is one of the clinically useful cephem drugs in 1990's.