糖尿病周围神经病变筛查方法的实用研究

目的探讨5项筛查方法对糖尿病周围神经病变(DPN)的筛查效果,寻找早期临床诊断最佳筛查组合。方法选取糖尿病患者1214例,以神经传导速度(NCV)检查作为参照,分别接受5项筛查方法及多伦多临床评分系统(TCSS),分析5项筛查方法和TCSS的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和约登指数。绘制受试者工作特征曲线,比较不同组合的筛查效果,评价各组合与NCV的拟合度。结果踝反射、振动觉、压力觉、温度觉和刺痛觉的敏感性和特异性分别为35.21%、76.87%、29.41%、36.26%、34.54%和69.57%、62.78%、92.26%、89.25%、85.69%。5项筛查方法和TCSS切点≥6时的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和约登指数分别为89.94%、67.65%、82.19%、79.28%、0.58和78.21%、84.11%、89.33%、69.40%、0.62。5项筛查方法与TCSS比较差异无统计学意义。5项筛查方法中选取1、2、3、4、5项作为组合的曲线下面积(AUC)最大值分别为0.71、0.75、0.77、0.78、0.79。AUC值拐点出现在5项选取3项的组合中,其中踝反射+振动觉+温度觉组合AUC值最高。结论踝反射+振动觉+温度觉为最佳筛查组合,与NCV有较好的拟合度,可全面、准确筛查DPN。     

糖尿病周围神经病变临床诊断方法的价值评估

目的 探讨神经症状/神经缺陷评分（NSS/NDS）、密歇根神经病变筛选法（MNSI）、多伦多临床评分系统（TCSS）在糖尿病周围神经病变（DPN）中的临床诊断价值. 方法 188例T2DM患者行神经肌电图、NSS/NDS、MNSI、TCSS检查,以神经传导速度（NCV）作为“金标准”,分析3种检查方法的特异性、敏感性、受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线下面积（Az）等,比较不同检查方法诊断DPN的准确性和诊断价值. 结果 MNSI≥2.5分及TCSS≥5分时与NCV相关性好（P＜0.01）.MNSI、TCSS与NCV一致性高于NSS/NDS （Kappa值分别为0.524、0.547、0.534）.MNSI≥2.5分分别与TCSS≥5分和TCSS≥6分的诊断结果进行比较差异无统计学意义.NSS/NDS、MNSI、TCSS的Az分别为（0.579±0.027）、（0.794±0.034）、（0.814±0.032）,MNSI、TCSS的诊断准确性中等,NSS/NDS的诊断准确性较低. 结论 MNSI、TCSS与NCV有较高的一致性,诊断准确性均高于NSS/NDS.MNSI≥2.5分及TCSS≥5分时,诊断DPN价值较好,且诊断价值相当,MNSI操作相对简单、耗时短.     

糖尿病周围神经病变临床诊断方法的价值评估

目的探讨神经症状/神经缺陷评分(NSS/NDS)、密歇根神经病变筛选法(MNSI)、多伦多临床评分系统(TCSS)在糖尿病周围神经病变(DPN)中的临床诊断价值。方法 188例T2DM患者行神经肌电图、NSS/NDS、MNSI、TCSS检查,以神经传导速度(NCV)作为"金标准",分析3种检查方法的特异性、敏感性、受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积(Az)等,比较不同检查方法诊断DPN的准确性和诊断价值。结果 MNSI≥2.5分及TCSS≥5分时与NCV相关性好(P0.01)。MNSI、TCSS与NCV一致性高于NSS/NDS(Kappa值分别为0.524、0.547、0.534)。MNSI≥2.5分分别与TCSS≥5分和TCSS≥6分的诊断结果进行比较差异无统计学意义。NSS/NDS、MNSI、TCSS的Az分别为(0.579±0.027)、(0.794±0.034)、(0.814±0.032),MNSI、TCSS的诊断准确性中等,NSS/NDS的诊断准确性较低。结论 MNSI、TCSS与NCV有较高的一致性,诊断准确性均高于NSS/NDS。MNSI≥2.5分及TCSS≥5分时,诊断DPN价值较好,且诊断价值相当,MNSI操作相对简单、耗时短。     

不同神经病变评分系统在无症状糖尿病周围神经病变筛查中的临床价值比较

目的 比较密歇根神经病变筛查评分系统(MNSI)和多伦多临床评分系统(TCSS)在无症状糖尿病周围神经病变(ADPN)筛查中的临床应用价值.方法 对2008年4月至2009年6月在浙江大学医学院附属邵逸夫医院住院的232例无糖尿病周围神经病变症状的2型糖尿病患者分别行MNSI、TCSS及神经电生理检查(NET)筛查,以NET为诊断ADPN的金标准,用受试者工作特性曲线(ROC)评价两种评分系统的诊断效能及分析它们不同切点诊断ADPN的敏感度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、约登指数及κ值;同时用logistic回归分析探讨两种评分系统与糖尿病周围神经病变( DPN)危险因素的相关性.结果 MNSI及TCSS诊断ADPN的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.792、0.704,MNSI及TCSS诊断ADPN的最佳切点均为＞2,此时它们的敏感度、特异度、准确度、约登指数、κ值分别为66.2％、90.4％、78.3％、0.566、0.588及73.3％、63.7％、68.5％、0.370、0.345.MNSI对ADPN的诊断效率及与NET的一致性较好且优于TCSS.Logistic回归分析得出DPN的大部分相关危险因素[年龄、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、HbA1c×病程、胰岛功能、HDL-C]同样与MNSI评分相关.结论 MNSI是一项相对快速、可靠性较好的筛查方法,因此可用于对ADPN的临床及流行病学的筛查和评估.     

振动觉阈值检查对周围神经病变的诊断价值

神经电生理检查可提高其早期诊断率。检查项目包括神经传导速度（nerve conduction velocity，NCV）和末梢感觉定量检查（quantitative sensory test，QST）（QST包括定量温度觉检查（quantitative thermal testing，QTT）和定量振动觉检查（quantitative vibratory testing，QVT）。本文通过对2型糖尿病（DM）患者进行QVT，同时测定NCV，比较两者检查结果，以了解振动觉闽值检查对糖尿病周围神经病变的诊断价值。     

糖尿病神经病变检查方法的选择及诊断分层的思考

糖尿病神经病变是糖尿病最常见的慢性并发症之一[1-3].病变可累及从中枢神经至神经肌接头的任何部位,可多个部位同时受损,造成了糖尿病神经病变患者临床表现的多样性,给临床诊断带来了很大困难[4].糖尿病神经病变的筛查方法较多[5-8],常用的糖尿病周围神经病变（DPN）的筛查方法包括踝反射、压力觉、振动觉、针刺觉、温度觉五种,多伦多神经病变筛查、足底压力测定、电生理检查等[9-10].因此,在众多的糖尿病神经病变检查方法中,不同的病变选择不同的筛查方法显得很重要.     

糖尿病周围神经病变定量感觉检查及神经传导速度检查的相关性和临床选择比较

目的分析定量感觉检查（QST）及神经传导速度（NCV）检查在诊断糖尿病周围神经病变（DPN）中的相关性及差异,探讨临床应用选择。方法根据有或无DPN症状将434名2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者分为有症状组和无症状组,每个患者进行双侧正中、尺、胫神经运动支的NCV及正中、腓肠神经感觉支的NCV和冷感觉、热感觉及振动觉的测定,分析比较QST与NCV检查的相关性及不同情况下两种检查的一致性。结果QST与NCV检查结果有显著相关性（P均〈0.001）;温度觉的异常率均显著大于NCV及振动觉（P均〈0.05）;在NCV检查正常的患者中,冷、热感觉的异常率分别为45.6%和36.8%,在QST正常的患者中,正中、尺、胫神经运动支及正中、腓肠神经感觉支的NCV的异常率分别为21.8%、20.9%、29.1%、24.5%和30.9%。结论在DPN诊断中,QST与NCV检查显著相关,但不能完全相互替代,全面了解DPN病情还需要结合临床。     

糖尿病神经病变病人末梢感觉定量检查方法的探讨与临床应用

目的 探讨糖尿病(DM)病人末梢感觉定量检测方法(QST)及其在临床应用的价值。方法 采用计算机辅助感觉定量检查仪，检测120名正常人与92例DM病人四肢末梢的冷、热感觉，冷、热痛觉和振动觉等5项。结果 检测结果，临床常规检查有糖尿病神经病变(DPN)病人的检测数值100％异常，常规检查无神经病变的，与同时采用四肢末梢5项检测的数值比较，差异无显著意义(X^2-0．922，P=0．631)；DM病人QST检测结果与正常人数值比较，温度觉与振动觉明显减退；QST检查发现的DM末梢感觉异常人数比临床常规检查发现的明显增多(X^2=10．985，P=0．001)，这两种检查的异常人数又都与DM病程相关。结论 DM病人QST可选择足部作常规检查；计算机辅助感觉定量检测是早期发现DPN的良好指标。     

定量感觉检查在糖尿病周围神经病变诊断中的应用

目的 了解定量感觉检查在糖尿病周围神经病变诊断方面的应用。方法 使用温度觉分析仪及振动觉分析仪,用“极限”（limits)法测定22例正常人及45例糖尿病患者肢体四个部位的温度觉、振动觉阈值,并同时检查感觉传导速度。结果 糖尿病患者的温度觉阈值、振动觉阈值显著地高于年龄匹配的正常人;糖尿病患者温度觉阈值异常率显著地大于振动觉阈值,提示小神经纤维受损比大神经纤维更常见;定量温度觉检查对糖尿病周围神经病变的诊断敏感性高于定量振动觉检查及感觉神经传导速度;糖尿病患者温度觉阈值、振动觉阈值与血糖无显著相关性。结论 定量感觉检查（特别是定量温度觉检查）对糖尿病神经病变的诊断是一种敏感的方法。     

神经症状/神经缺陷评分与神经传导速度诊断糖尿病周围神经病变的相关性

目的 研究神经症状/神经缺陷评分（NSS/NDS）与神经传导速度（NCV）在诊断糖尿病周围神经病变（DPN）中的相关性,并探讨NSS/NDS的临床使用价值.方法 以679例同时测定了NSS/NDS评分和NCV的2型糖尿病患者为研究对象,男性404例,女性275例,平均年龄（59±ll）岁.以NCV作为诊断DPN的金标准,分析NSS/NDS评分诊断DPN的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确度、约登指数、Kappa值（一致性）及相关性等.采用Spearman相关和多因素logistic逐步回归进行相关性分析.结果 NSS/NDS评分诊断DPN的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确度、约登指数、一致性及相关性分别为68.0％、77.2％、86.5％、53.5％、71.0％、45.2％、0.405、0.424.当NSS≥5分或NDS≥6分时,患者有较高的NCV异常率（77.8％ ～ 100％）.NSS、NDS评分与NCV均呈正相关（r=0.292、0.358,均P＜0.01）,患者神经症状或体征越严重,越容易引起NCV的减慢.Logistic回归分析显示NSS/NDS评分诊断DPN的危险因素是病程、年龄和UAlb/Cr[比值比（OR）=1.085、1.051、1.002,均P＜0.01].与NCV诊断DPN的危险因素相关性较好.结论 NSS/NDS评分与NCV诊断DPN有相关性,尤其是神经症状、神经缺陷严重时相关性更好.NSS/NDS评分操作简单快速,方便有效,可在临床中作为DPN的筛查.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.