血吸虫病人血清体外诱导杀童虫作用的观察

通过比较日本血吸虫感染病人与正常人血清体外诱导小鼠白细胞杀童虫的作用,了解抗体依赖的细胞介导的细胞毒作用(ADCC)在血吸虫感染宿主的获得性免疫中的作用.体外诱导小鼠白细胞杀童虫作用,日本血吸虫感染病人血清,无论是成人组还是儿童组,初次感染组还是重复感染组,均明显地强于正常人血清,表明抗血吸虫特异性抗体可以诱导细胞介导的细胞毒作用.证明日本血吸虫感染宿主体内存在着ADCC机制,该机制对于抵抗再次感染具有一定的作用,是日本血吸虫获得性免疫的重要组分.     

血吸虫病人血清体外诱导杀童虫作用的观察

通过比较日本血吸虫感染病人与正常人血清体外诱导小鼠白细胞杀童虫的作用。了解抗体依赖的细胞介导的细胞毒作用（ADCC）在血吸虫感染宿主的获得性免疫中的作用。体外诱导小鼠白细胞杀童虫作用。日本血吸虫感染病人血清,无论是成人组还是儿童组,初次感染组还是重复感染组,均明显地强于正常人血清,表明抗血吸虫特异性抗体可以诱导细胞介导的细胞毒作用。证明日本血吸虫感染宿 主体内存在着ADCC机制。该机制对于抵抗再次感染具有一定的作用。是日本血吸虫获得性免疫的重要组分。     

日本血吸虫糖基诱导抗体类型与感染状态的关系研究

目的以日本血吸虫感染猪为模型,研究不同感染状态下针对糖基产生的抗体在宿主免疫应答中的作用。方法建立日本血吸虫感染猪模型,分别检测不同感染状态下猪血清中针对LNFPIII、N-糖苷水解酶F(PNGaseF)处理可溶性虫卵抗原(SEA)前后及过碘酸处理SEA前后的抗体水平。结果辐照致弱尾蚴单纯免疫组、正常尾蚴单纯感染组和免疫后予以感染的免疫攻击组的猪均针对LNFPIII产生了相应的IgM抗体应答。3组猪血清中针对PNGaseF处理SEA的特异性抗体IgG、IgM水平较未处理组略低,但抗体IgG和IgM水平差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05)。在单纯免疫组,猪血清中针对过碘酸处理SEA的特异性IgG、IgM、IgA抗体水平均较未处理组有所下降,差异有统计学意义(P均0.01),但辐照致弱日本血吸虫糖基成分所诱导的抗体水平均较低。在单纯感染组,猪血清中针对过碘酸处理SEA的抗体IgG、IgM水平在感染后第8周下降极为显著,抗体水平差异有统计学意义(P均0.01),其中糖基所诱导的抗体亚型以IgG1为主。此时,在虫负荷显著降低的免疫攻击组,日本血吸虫糖基成分能够显著增强IgG、IgM、IgA,特别是IgG2的表达。结论日本血吸虫糖基成分能够诱导宿主产生多种类型的抗体应答;且抗体亚型的表达与宿主的感染状态相关,即IgG1亚型的表达与日本血吸虫急性感染期的虫负荷和卵负荷一致;而具有免疫保护力的宿主能够针对日本血吸虫糖基成分产生IgG2应答。     

日本血吸虫感染保护性细胞免疫应答机制的研究进展

近年来，人们在血吸虫感染的获得性免疫应答机制，以及寻找血吸虫保护性抗原分子等方面做了大量研究，其中大多数研究集中于体液免疫机制。研究结果证明，体液免疫机制在抗血吸虫感染的保护性免疫应答中有一定的局限性，主要体现在某些血吸虫抗原分子虽能诱导较强的体液免疫，但并不能诱导产生很好的保护性。例如，抗可溶性虫卵抗原抗体滴度在血吸虫感染宿主血清抗体成分中虽然很高，但对宿主再感染并不都具有保护性作用，其中的封闭抗体已被证明对再次入侵的童虫反而起保护作用。     

细胞与体液免疫共同调节人类T细胞对日本血吸虫虫卵抗原的应答

在日本血吸虫感染中,T细胞应答可受细胞及体液机制的调节,但与曼氏血吸虫感染不同,在小鼠,血清介导的抑制作用起主要作用。为了确定抗体介导的调节机制在人体血吸虫病的免疫调节中究竟发挥多大作用,本文测定了血清IgG抗体在人类T细胞对日本血吸虫SEA的应答中的调节效应。用日本血吸虫病患者外周血淋巴细胞制备了日本血吸虫SEA特异性的人类T细胞系,经流式细胞仪分析显示其表型为CD3~+,4~+,8~-,     

SD大鼠抗日本血吸虫感染机理的初步研究

目的对SD大鼠天然抗日本血吸虫感染机理进行初步研究。方法用免疫印迹技术分析正常SD大鼠血清(NRS)、感染SD大鼠血清(IRS)对日本血吸虫成虫可溶性抗原(AWA)的识别；并用间接ELISA方法检测NRS抗AWA、日本血吸虫可溶性虫卵抗原(SEA)、日本血吸虫可溶性肺期童虫抗原(SSA)的IgG抗体及亚类；并观察了NRS、去补体血清对体外培养的童虫的杀伤作用。结果NRS可识别AWA中的75、47、34．5和23ku的抗原分子．IRS则主要识别分子质量为62～86、54．7、47、34．5、30．3和23ku的特异性条带；NRS抗AWA、SEA、SSA特异性IgG1抗体水平明显高于正常昆明鼠血清中相应的抗体水平，而IgG2b则无明显增高；SD大鼠去补体血清在体外对童虫的杀伤作用低于正常血清，培养48h童虫的死亡率分别为41．0%和76．2％。结论SD大鼠血清中存在天然抗日本血吸虫感染的抗体，此抗体在SD大鼠血清的杀伤机制中起重要作用。     

先天性感染日本血吸虫家兔攻击感染后血清抗体动态的进一步研究

目的运用日本血吸虫成虫抗原和虫卵抗原检测日本血吸虫先天性感染仔兔攻击感染后的血清特异性IgG、IgM抗体并观察其动态变化,探讨仔兔先天性感染后的体液免疫应答.方法10只怀孕晚期母兔分为三组:4只孕兔人工感染700条日本血吸虫尾蚴/只,所产仔兔为先天性感染组(G1);3只孕兔人工感染700条日本血吸虫尾蚴/只,所产仔兔于出生后第55天攻击感染20条尾蚴/只,该组仔兔为先天性感染且攻击感染组(G2);3只孕兔不感染,正常分娩的健康同龄仔兔感染20条尾蚴/只作对照C组.三组仔兔分别于出生后第53、67、81、95天采血收集血清,分别运用AWA-ELISA及SEA-ELISA法检测血清特异性IgG、IgM抗体,观察动态变化.结果仔兔先天性感染率为66.7%(10/15);G2组和G1组10只先天性感染仔兔相比较,血清特异性IgG、IgM抗体动态规律均比较接近,无论是AWA-ELISA还是SEA-ELISA检测,出生后第95天仔兔IgG、IgM抗体0D均值在两组间差异均没有显著性(P＞0.05);对照组仔兔血清IgG、IgM出生后第95天检测几乎全部呈阳性,抗体阳性仔兔数明显多于同期G1、G2组,且0D均值也显著高于同期G1、G2组(P＜0.05).结论先天性感染日本血吸虫的仔兔血清抗体呈低免疫反应状态(hypo-responsiveness),可能存在免疫耐受,攻击性感染不能诱导仔兔免疫系统产生明显的保护性免疫.     

SD大鼠抗日本血吸虫感染机理的初步研究

目的　对SD大鼠天然抗日本血吸虫感染机理进行初步研究。　方法　用免疫印迹技术分析正常SD大鼠血清(NRS)、感染SD大鼠血清 (IRS)对日本血吸虫成虫可溶性抗原 (AWA)的识别 ;并用间接ELISA方法检测NRS抗AWA、日本血吸虫可溶性虫卵抗原 (SEA)、日本血吸虫可溶性肺期童虫抗原 (SSA)的IgG抗体及亚类 ;并观察了NRS、去补体血清对体外培养的童虫的杀伤作用。　结果　NRS可识别AWA中的 75、47、3 4.5和 2 3ku的抗原分子 ,IRS则主要识别分子质量为 62～ 86、5 4.7、47、3 4.5、3 0 .3和 2 3ku的特异性条带 ;NRS抗AWA、SEA、SSA特异性IgG1 抗体水平明显高于正常昆明鼠血清中相应的抗体水平 ,而IgG2b则无明显增高 ;SD大鼠去补体血清在体外对童虫的杀伤作用低于正常血清 ,培养 48h童虫的死亡率分别为 41.0 %和 76.2 %。　结论　SD大鼠血清中存在天然抗日本血吸虫感染的抗体 ,此抗体在SD大鼠血清的杀伤机制中起重要作用。     

树突状细胞和巨噬细胞诱导抗日本血吸虫保护性免疫作用比较(英文）

目的 比较树突状细胞(DCs)和巨噬细胞诱导抗日本血吸虫感染的保护性免疫作用。方法 用日本血吸虫可溶性虫卵抗原(SEA)体外分别负载DCs和巨噬细胞,将负载和未负载的DCs和巨噬细胞分别免疫BALB/c小鼠3次,血吸虫尾蚴攻击感染42 d后门静脉灌注法收集成虫,计数肝脏中的虫卵,比较各组小鼠血吸虫成虫负荷和雌虫生殖能力,以评估DCs和巨噬细胞诱导抗日本血吸虫感染的保护性免疫作用.ELISA检测血清特异性抗体水平。结果 SEA负载的DCs免疫组小鼠减虫率为26.3%,减卵率为37.9%,明显高于SEA负载的巨噬细胞组(22.0%和30.7%)和未负载的DCs及巨噬细胞对照组(16.3%,17.3%和11.7%,12.0%),攻击感染后42 d各组小鼠血清特异性抗体水平均升高,以负载的DCs免疫组小鼠最为明显。结论 体外抗原负载后,DCs诱导的抗日本血吸虫感染的保护性免疫力高于巨噬细胞.     

青蒿琥酯治疗小鼠日本血吸虫病的血清学研究

目的观察青蒿琥酯对日本血吸虫感染小鼠的治疗作用及血清IgG的动态变化，探讨血清抗体与体外杀童虫效果的相关性。方法用日本血吸虫感染C57／BL6小鼠，在感染后8、15、22和29d分别一次性灌服300mg／kg青蒿琥酯，对照组小鼠灌服1％羧甲基纤维素钠。最后一次给药后7d剖杀小鼠，计算成虫数和虫卵数，以ELISA法检测小鼠血清中日本血吸虫特异性IgG抗体的水平，观察接受青蒿琥酯治疗的小鼠血清与巨噬细胞体外协同杀伤日本血吸虫童虫的效应。结果青蒿琥酯治疗组小鼠未检获成虫和虫卵；血清中日本血吸虫尾蚴抗原特异的IgG抗体水平在感染后21d达高峰，此后下降；成虫抗原特异的IgG抗体水平呈上升态势，二者与对照组比较差异均无显著性；青蒿琥酯治疗小鼠血清中虫卵抗原特异的IgG抗体呈低水平状态，显著低于对照组。青蒿琥酯治疗组小鼠血清和对照组小鼠血清均具有较强的体外杀童虫效果。结论青蒿琥酯对日本血吸虫感染的小鼠具有显著的治疗效果，其血清与巨噬细胞在体外具有协同杀伤童虫的作用。     

Recent advances in gut immunology

In recent years, there have been significant advances in our understanding of the mucosal immune system. In addition to unravelling some of the complexities of this system, including the discovery of completely new cells types, further insights into the three‐way interactions between mucosal immune cells, the intestinal epithelium and the microbial communities colonizing the GI tract promise to redefine our understanding of how intestinal homeostasis is maintained, but also how dysregulation of these highly integrated interactions conspires to cause disease. In this review, we will discuss major recent advances in the role of key immune players in the gut, including innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), mucosa‐associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells) and cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), including how these cells interact with the intestinal epithelial and their crosstalk with components of the intestinal microbiota, and how these interactions shape host health.     

Serotype-independent pneumococcal experimental vaccines that induce cellular as well as humoral immunity

For prevention of Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) infections in infancy, protein-conjugated capsular polysaccharide vaccines provide serotype-specific, antibody-mediated immunity but do not cover all of the 90+ capsule serotypes. Therefore, microbiologists have sought protective noncapsular antigens common to all strains. Alternatively, we investigated killed cells of a noncapsulated strain, which expose many such common antigens. Given to mice intranasally, this vaccine elicits antibody-independent, CD4+ T lymphocyte-dependent accelerated clearance of pneumococci of various serotypes from the nasopharynx mediated by the cytokine IL-17A. Such immunity may reproduce the natural resistance that develops in infants before capsular antibodies arise. Given by injection, the killed cell vaccine induces bifunctional immunity: plasma antibodies protective against fatal pneumonia challenge, as well as IL-17A-mediated nasopharyngeal clearance. Human testing of this inexpensive candidate vaccine by intramuscular injection is planned. Bacterial cellular vaccines are complex--a challenge for reproducibility. However, when several known protective antigens were deleted, the killed pneumococcal vaccine was still protective. This antigenic redundancy may prevent vaccine escape variants by recombinational loss, which is frequent in pneumococcus. Biochemically defined immunogens with bifunctional activity have also been devised. These immunogens are three-component conjugates in which cell wall teichoic acid (a common antigen capable of T cell activation) is coupled to a genetic fusion of two common pneumococcal proteins: a protective surface antigen and a derivative of pneumolysin, which provides TLR4 agonist activity and induces antitoxic immunity. Such constructs induce accelerated clearance when given intranasally and induce both immune mechanisms when injected. The defined composition permits analysis of structure-function activity.     

动脉粥样硬化形成与发展中的自身免疫反应

关于动脉粥样硬化的发病机制,目前尚未完全阐述清楚。近年来的研究显示自身免疫反应在动脉粥样硬化形成和发展过程中具有重要作用。现就自身免疫反应在动脉粥样硬化形成和发展过程中的作用做一综述。     

Immune reaction and colorectal cancer: Friends or foes?

The potential clinical impact of enhancing antitumor immunity is increasingly recognized in oncology therapeutics for solid tumors. Colorectal cancer is one of the most studied neoplasms for the tumor-host immunity relationship. Although immune cell populations involved in such a relationship and their prognostic role in colorectal cancer development have clearly been identified, still no approved therapies based on host immunity intensification have so far been introduced in clinical practice. Moreover, a recognized risk in enhancing immune reaction for colitis-associated colorectal cancer development has limited the emphasis of this approach. The aim of the present review is to discuss immune components involved in the host immune reaction against colorectal cancer and analyze the fine balance between pro-tumoral and anti-tumoral effect of immunity in this model of disease.     

抗HBV特异性主动免疫疗法对标准乙型肝炎疫苗免疫无应答者免疫效果分析

目的探讨抗HBV特异性主动免疫疗法对标准重组乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗无应答者的免疫效果。方法按0-1-6月方案把472例出生时未接种乙肝疫苗、学龄期常规接种乙肝疫苗无应答者分为2组:主动免疫组106例,为抗HBV主动免疫疗法组,采用乙肝疫苗联合IL-2及MG-CSF行三角肌肌内注射;单用组366例,为单用标准乙肝疫苗注射。结果第一针免疫后7个月,主动免疫组抗HBs的阳性率88.0%,明显高于单用组56.8%(P<0.05);抗HBs滴度主动免疫组为276.7±46.3mIU/ml,明显高于单用组184.6±36.6mIU/ml(P<0.01);免疫后的抗HBs阳性率与家中是否有HBV感染者无关(P<0.05)。结论抗HBV特异性主动免疫对初次免疫无应答者的再次免疫有一定的疗效。     

免疫系统的衰老及其机制

免疫系统随着年龄的增加而功能退化,出现免疫系统衰老.免疫系统衰老与老年人群感染的易感性、疫苗的低效性、自身免疫性疾病增加以及肿瘤多发性密切相关.免疫系统衰老的特征表现为细胞介导的免疫功能下降以及抗体介导的体液免疫应答的降低.在衰老过程中,T细胞和B细胞功能的下降与先天性免疫系统功能的降低同时存在.本文就免疫系统随年龄衰老的改变及其内在机制进行综述.     

Role of autoimmunity in primary biliary cirrhosis

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease characterized by the presence of serum autoantibodies and chronic nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis. The pathogenesis of PBC involves environmental factors, genetic predisposition and loss of immune tolerance. In recent years, it has become univocally accepted that an inappropriately activated immune response is one of the most important factors in PBC. In this study, the role of autoimmunity in PBC is summarized and a feasible research orientation is recommended.     

Conditional ablation of CD205+ conventional dendritic cells impacts the regulation of T-cell immunity and homeostasis in vivo

Dendritic cells (DCs) are composed of multiple subsets that play a dual role in inducing immunity and tolerance. However, it is unclear how CD205(+) conventional DCs (cDCs) control immune responses in vivo. Here we generated knock-in mice with the selective conditional ablation of CD205(+) cDCs. CD205(+) cDCs contributed to antigen-specific priming of CD4(+) T cells under steady-state conditions, whereas they were dispensable for antigen-specific CD4(+) T-cell responses under inflammatory conditions. In contrast, CD205(+) cDCs were required for antigen-specific priming of CD8(+) T cells to generate cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) mediated through cross-presentation. Although CD205(+) cDCs were involved in the thymic generation of CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs), they maintained the homeostasis of CD4(+) Tregs and CD4(+) effector T cells in peripheral and mucosal tissues. On the other hand, CD205(+) cDCs were involved in the inflammation triggered by Toll-like receptor ligand as well as bacterial and viral infections. Upon microbial infections, CD205(+) cDCs contributed to the cross-priming of CD8(+) T cells for generating antimicrobial CTLs to efficiently eliminate pathogens, whereas they suppressed antimicrobial CD4(+) T-cell responses. Thus, these findings reveal a critical role for CD205(+) cDCs in the regulation of T-cell immunity and homeostasis in vivo.     

Hepatitis C virus-specific immune responses in noninjecting drug users

Noninjection drug use, although recognized as an emerging risk factor for acquisition of other blood-born pathogens, is still unconfirmed as a route of hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission. Our goal was to measure HCV exposure and prevalence in noninjection drug users (NIDUs). Fifty-seven NIDUs were screened by extensive questionnaire to exclude prior injection drug use and evaluated for HCV-specific serologic and cellular immune responses. HCV-specific T-cell responses were measured using interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay with overlapping HCV peptides covering the entire HCV genome. Fifteen individuals who never used illicit drugs served as negative controls. Eleven people with no history of injecting drug use (19.3%) were HCV seropositive: seven with chronic HCV infection and four with previously resolved infection. Of 51 NIDUs with ELISpot results, HCV-specific cellular immunity was detected in 5 (9.8%). These responses were relatively weak and narrow. We did not find significant associations between HCV-specific immune responses and noninjection drug use practices. Subjects with HCV-specific immunity, however, were significantly more likely to have bought sex in the past 6 months, to have had more casual partners of the opposite sex in the last 6 months, and those partners were more likely to have ever injected drugs compared to subjects without HCV-specific immunity. In summary, we found serologic or cellular HCV-specific immune responses in 27.5% of NIDUs. Our results suggest that sexual behaviour associated with noninjection drug use might be a risk factor for HCV acquisition. Additional studies are needed to precisely determine the practices that lead to HCV exposure among this population.