阿尔采默病和血管性痴呆死亡病例病程分析

目的 分析住院老年痴呆患者起病年龄,死亡年龄及病程。方法 对住院87例痴呆患者起病年龄,死亡年龄,病程进行统计分析,并对阿尔采默病(AD)与血管性痴呆(VD)组间及组内进行对照。结果 AD的起病年龄高于VD(P<0.01),AD的平均死亡年龄大于VD(P值<0.01),AD组的平均病程为(4.0±2.7)年,VD组的平均病程为(4.6±3.8)年,AD与VD的病程无明显差异(P>0.05),AD平均病程女性大于男性(P<0.05),男性平均(3.3±2.1)年,女性(5.3±3.1)年。结论 女性AD的生存时间明显长于男性,AD病人与VD病人存在不同的死亡影响因素。     

Alzheimer病死亡病例分析

本研究采用回顾性病例对照研究对死亡的33例住院 AD 患者进行了分析。结果表明,男性患者死亡年龄早于女性患者。存活时间>5年的患者中,女性(70%)显著高于男性(21.74%)。死亡原因主要为全身衰竭(30.3%)和肺部感染(18.2%),单因素和 Logistic 回归分析结果表明,躯体并发症、日常生活能力严重减退、阳性家族史和失语等4项为影响 AD 死亡的主要危险因素。     

老年期痴呆患者生存影响因素的5年随访研究

目的 了解老年期痴呆患生存情况，分析影响其生存的有关因素。方法 对符合CC—MD-2诊断标准的145例老年期痴呆患进行为期5年的随访研究，对影响生存的有关因素进行单因素分析和Cox回归分析。结果 老年期痴呆的5年生存率为49．19％，其中阿尔海默病(AD)和血管性痴呆(VD)分别为50．08％、47．23％。单因素分析显示慢性病史、MMSE值、治疗、精神病性症状、发病年龄、配偶照料等因素在生存组和死亡组中有显差异。Cox回归分析显示，影响生存的主要因素有2项，按RR值大小为发病年龄和配偶照料。结论 老年期痴呆是高病死率疾病，分析影响生存的危险因素并加以干预，可以延长其生存时间。     

老年期痴呆患者家属生存质量及其影响因素分析

目的探讨老年期痴呆患者家属生存质量及其影响因素。方法采用一般情况调查表、健康状况问卷（SF-36）、社会支持评定量表（SSRS）、简易智力状态检查（MMSE）、AD病理行为评分表（BEHAVE-AD）对老年期痴呆（AD和VD）患者和其家属进行评定,并与正常老人的家属和老年护理病人的家属进行比较。结果住院痴呆患者家属SF-36总分及因子分比正常对照组和老年护理组的家属评分低,但较门诊痴呆组家属评分高,均有显著性差异（P〈0．01～0．05）。单因素分析发现不同性别、年龄、文化程度、婚姻状况、工作情况、性格、病程、与患者的关系及有无躯体疾病之间SF-36总评分均具有非常显著性差异（P〈0．01）;逐步回归分析显示影响痴呆患者家属生存质量的因素依次为患者痴呆的严重程度,精神行为症状,与患者的血源关系,性别及获得的社会支持。结论老年期痴呆患者家属生存质量较差,影响因素是多方面的,应引起高度重视。     

老年期痴呆129例的临床研究

目的探讨老年期痴呆的病种分布、临床表现、影像特点和诊断方法.方法采用综合分析方法对129例老年期痴呆患者进行临床症状、神经心理、MRI检查,并以112名老年健康体检者为对照,总结了各种痴呆的特点和诊断方法.结果 1 29例老年期痴呆中,阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease, AD)55例,血管性痴呆(vascular dementia, VD)46例 ,混合性痴呆(mixed dementia, MD)18例.3种痴呆中记忆障碍均存在(100%),卒中病史在AD组中无,在VD组和MD组中分别为39例(84%)和7例(39%);神经系统局灶征在AD 组中未能发现,在VD组和MD组中分别为44例(95%)和5例(27%);影像变化AD组中全部有脑萎缩(100%),VD组多发性脑梗死42例(93%),MD组全部有脑萎缩(100%)和全部有腔梗(100%),但腔梗数量不超过5个.结论 (1)对各种痴呆的诊断步骤,应先符合痴呆的标准,再根据AD、VD和MD的标准进行分型.(2)老年期痴呆以AD为最多见,VD次之.(3)不同痴呆各有其不同的临床特点AD起病慢,无神经系统局灶征, 影像变化以脑萎缩为主,Hackinsk i缺血评分＜4分; VD多有脑血管病病史,起病快,有神经局灶征,影像变化以脑梗死为主 ; MD多兼有AD和VD的特点,脑血管病史不甚明确,影像学上既有脑萎缩又有散在的腔梗,数量多在5个以上.     

住院老年期痴呆患者监护人生活质量及其影响因素

目的探讨住院老年期痴呆患者监护人生活质量及其影响因素。方法采用一般情况调查表、健康状况问卷（SF-36）、社会支持评定量表（SSRS）、简易智力状态检查（MMSE）、AD病理行为评分表（BEHAVE-AD）对住院老年期痴呆患者及门诊老年期痴呆（AD和VD）患者和其监护人进行评定,并与正常老人的监护人进行比较。结果住院痴呆患者监护人SF-36总分及因子分比正常对照低,但较门诊痴呆组评分高,均有显著性差异（P〈0．01-0．05）。单因素分析发现不同性别、年龄、文化程度、婚姻状况、工作情况、性格特征、病程、与患者的关系及有无躯体疾病之间比较,其SF-36总评分均具有非常显著性差异（P〈0．01）;逐步回归分析显示影响监护人生活质量的因素依次为患者痴呆的严重程度,精神行为症状,与患者关系,性别,社会支持。结论住院痴呆患者监护人生活质量较差,影响因素是多方面的,应引起高度重视。     

老年期痴呆抑郁和焦虑障碍共病研究

目的：了解老年期痴呆患者抑郁和焦虑障碍共病率及其相关因素。方法：将100例老年期痴呆患者分为两组,阿尔茨海默病（AD）组和血管性痴呆（VD）组。用简明精神病评定量表（BPRS）、Hamilton抑郁量表（HAMD）、Hamilton焦虑量表（HAMA）进行评定。结果：AD组有焦虑20例,伴抑郁17例;VD组有焦虑17例,伴抑郁15例。共病28例,AD组与VD组各14例。AD组与VD组在HAMD因子分有明显差异（P〈0．05）。结论：老年期痴呆患者抑郁和焦虑共病率较高,应引起高度重视。     

老年期痴呆的血浆半胱氨酸浓度检测的临床意义

目的：检测两种老年期痴呆即阿尔茨海默病（AD）和血管性痴呆（VD）患者血浆同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）水平,探讨其临床意义。方法：选取AD患者55例（AD组）、VD患者58例（VD组）和正常体检者30名（正常对照组）。VD组和AD组均按病情严重程度再分组：按痴呆严重程度根据总体衰退量表评分,得分3、4分者为轻度组,5分为中度组,6、7分为重度组。用酶联免疫吸附测定法测定受试对象血浆Hcy水平。结果：与正常对照组比较,AD组和VD组患者血浆Hcy明显升高（P〈0.05）,AD组与VD组间血浆Hcy水平差异无统计学意义（P=0.740 9）;AD重度组与AD轻度组比较（P〈0.05）,VD重度组与VD轻度组比较（P〈0.05）。结论：测定血浆Hcy水平对诊断AD和VD有帮助;AD和VD的病情严重程度与血浆Hcy水平有一定相关性。     

血及脑脊液β-淀粉样蛋白对老年期痴呆鉴别诊断的意义

目的:探讨血及脑脊液中β-淀粉样蛋白(β-AP)对老年期痴呆主要包括老年性痴呆(AD)、血管性痴呆(VD)及其他原因所致的痴呆(OD)的鉴别诊断意义。方法:采用平衡饱和竞争放射免疫分析法对55例不同类型的痴呆患者及30例正常对照者血清及脑脊液(CSF)中β-AP进行测定。结果:在正常对照组,随着观察者年龄的增长,血清β-AP含量缓慢增高,CSF中β-AP含量缓慢下降(r分别为0.56,0.52,均P<0.01)。不同病因痴呆患者血清β-AP含量均高于对照组,其中AD组最明显;CSF中β-AP含量在AD组最低,明显低于对照组(P<0.01),在VD组最高,接近对照组(P>0.05)。AD组中的重度痴呆患者,其β-AP含量在血清中升高最明显,同时在CSF中降低也最显著。结论:血清及CSF中β-AP含量变化的测定,可能有助于各型痴呆的鉴别诊断及AD患者病情轻重的判断,但这种变化具重叠性。     

多发性脑梗死性痴呆死亡病例分析

目的 :了解多发性脑梗死性痴呆 (MID)死亡的危险因素。　方法 :设计统一的调查表 ,对 6 2例 MID死亡病例进行调查分析。　结果 :平均生存时间为 (4 .6± 3.4)年 ,死亡原因依次为肺部感染、全身衰竭、脑血管意外和心血管疾病。 L ogistic回归分析表明 ,发病年龄、烟酒嗜好、有无配偶等为影响 MID死亡的主要危险因素。　结论 :影响 MID病人死亡的因素是多方面的 ,死亡原因以躯体并发症为主 ,在临床上应给予重视。     

男性痴呆患者血清性激素的变化

目的:观察阿尔茨海默病(AD)和血管性痴呆(VD)男性患者血清性激素及促性腺激素的变化。方法:老年男性共114人,其中AD 3 2例;VD 3 0例;无痴呆正常老年人5 2名。采用化学发光法测定血中黄体生成素(LH )、促卵泡成熟素(FSH)、雌二醇(E2 )、催乳素(PRL)、睾酮(T)的含量,并计算E2 /T的比值。结果:AD组及VD组患者血清T水平较正常对照组低,差别有显著意义(P <0 .0 5 ,P <0 .0 1)。VD组患者血清E2 /T较正常对照组显著升高;也较AD组明显升高(P <0 .0 1,P <0 .0 5 )。AD、VD组患者血清E2 、LH、FSH、PRL与正常对照组比较,差别均无显著意义(P >0 .0 5 )。结论:老年男性AD及VD患者血清T水平降低。     

The accuracy of early diagnosis and predictors of death in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia--a follow-up study

A total of 87 patients with mild or moderate degree of dementia of the Alzheimer type (AD) or vascular dementia (VD) was identified (DSM-III criteria), and their cognitive capacity was evaluated by means of rating scales and psychometric tests. Three years later 30 patients (34%) were dead. Significantly more VD than AD patients died. Eight of the survivors declined to participate in a follow-up study, and 1 patient was excluded by mistake. Of the survivors, 17 had indisputably suffered cognitive decline during the follow-up period (4 VD and 13 AD, 35%). In the case of 11 patients (2 VD and 9 AD) cognitive decline remained doubtful, and 20 patients (9 VD and 11 AD, 42%) underwent no intellectual deterioration during the follow-up period. The results underline the problems of early diagnosis of dementia according to DSM-III criteria. For both sexes a high ischemia score and a low body mass index predicted death. A low score on a verbal fluency test predicted death for men but not for women, and a high difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased the risk of death for men but not for women.     

APOE genotype and survival in men and women with Alzheimer's disease

BACKGROUND: The epsilon 4 allele of the APOE gene (APOE) is more frequent in patients with AD than in the general population, but studies are inconclusive as to whether it affects rate of progression or survival. Because survival in AD is generally longer in women than in men, the authors investigated whether APOE affects 10-year survival equally in men and women. METHODS: APOE testing was performed on 125 patients with probable AD enrolled in the Johns Hopkins AD Research Center between November 1984 and March 1987. The 39 men and 86 women were followed at 6-month intervals until censoring (by death or withdrawal from the study) or March 1997. Patients were dichotomized into those with and those without at least one epsilon 4 allele. For each sex, a Cox proportional hazards regression, allowing for delayed entry and covarying for age at onset, was used to examine the effect of epsilon 4 on survival. RESULTS: All patients who died during the study period and had autopsy (n = 92) were found to have definite AD. Average survival from disease onset did not differ by sex (12.1 years in men; 12.3 years in women). In neither sex were differences found between epsilon 4-positive and epsilon 4-negative subgroups in education, duration of AD at entry, or severity of dementia. However, in both sexes the epsilon 4-positive subgroup was approximately 3 years older at onset of AD and at entry to the study than the epsilon 4-negative subgroup. Adjusting for age at onset, the presence of an epsilon 4 allele significantly increased the relative risk of death only for men (RR = 2.69; 95% CI = 1.23 to 5.87). CONCLUSIONS: In this sample of mostly white, well-educated research participants with AD, the APOE epsilon 4 allele was associated with shorter survival in men but not in women.     

Trends in prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia in a Japanese community: the Hisayama Study

Sekita A, Ninomiya T, Tanizaki Y, Doi Y, Hata J, Yonemoto K, Arima H, Sasaki K, Iida M, Iwaki T, Kanba S, Kiyohara Y. Trends in prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia in a Japanese community: the Hisayama Study. Objective: To examine secular trends in the prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VD) in a general Japanese population. Method: Four cross‐sectional examinations were conducted among residents of a Japanese community aged ≥65 in 1985, 1992, 1998 and 2005. Results: The age‐ and sex‐adjusted prevalence of all‐cause dementia significantly increased with time (6.0% in 1985, 4.4% in 1992, 5.3% in 1998 and 8.3% in 2005; P for trend = 0.002). A similar trend was observed for AD (1.1%, 1.3%, 2.3% and 3.8% respectively; P for trend < 0.001), while the age‐ and sex‐adjusted prevalence of VD and other/unclassified dementia showed J‐shaped patterns (for VD: 2.3%, 1.5%, 1.5% and 2.5%, respectively, P for trend = 0.82; for other/unclassified dementia: 2.6%, 1.7%, 1.5% and 2.0%, P for trend = 0.26). The prevalence of AD was likely to increase with time from 1985 to 2005 among subjects aged 75 or older. The ratio of the prevalence of VD to that of AD decreased with time (2.1 in 1985, 1.2 in 1992, 0.7 in 1998 and 0.7 in 2005). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the prevalence of all‐cause dementia and AD significantly increased over the past two decades in the general Japanese population.     

Seizures in patients with Alzheimer’s disease or vascular dementia: A population‐based nested case–control analysis

Purpose: Patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have an increased risk of developing seizures or epilepsy. Little is known about the role of risk factors and about the risk of developing seizures/epilepsy in patients with vascular dementia (VD). The aim of this study was to assess incidence rates (IRs) of seizures/epilepsy in patients with AD, VD, or without dementia, and to identify potential risk factors of seizures or epilepsy. Methods: We conducted a follow‐up study with a nested case–control analysis using the United Kingdom–based General Practice Research Database (GPRD). We identified patients aged ≥65 years with an incident diagnosis of AD or VD between 1998 and 2008 and a matched comparison group of dementia‐free patients. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of developing seizures/epilepsy in patients with AD or VD, stratified by age at onset and duration of dementia as well as by use of antidementia drugs. Key Findings: Among 7,086 cases with AD, 4,438 with VD, and 11,524 matched dementia‐free patients, we identified 180 cases with an incident diagnosis of seizures/epilepsy. The IRs of epilepsy/seizures for patients with AD or VD were 5.6/1,000 person‐years (py) (95% CI 4.6–6.9) and 7.5/1,000 py (95% CI 5.7–9.7), respectively, and 0.8/1,000 py (95% CI 0.6–1.1) in the dementia‐free group. In the nested case–control analysis, patients with longer standing (≥3 years) AD had a slightly higher risk of developing seizures or epilepsy than those with a shorter disease duration, whereas in patients with VD the contrary was observed. Significance: Seizures or epilepsy were substantially more common in patients with AD and VD than in dementia‐free patients. The role of disease duration as a risk factor for seizures/epilepsy seems to differ between AD and VD.     

Alzheimer病与血管性痴呆临床特点的对照研究

目的 比较Alzheimer病(AD)与血管性痴呆(VD)的临床特点。方法 通过详细收集临床资料，并用痴呆严重程度临床评定量表(CDR)、简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)、日常生活能力量表(ADL)评定，对38例AD与30例VD患者的发病情况、行为、精神症状特点、认知功能、日常生活能力等进行比较。结果 VD患者多急性发病、呈阶梯性病程、伴有高血压和卒中史；AD患者脑电图改变主要是双额叶及双枕叶的节律改变，以θ波及δ波为主要活动，而VD患者以不对称为主要表现；抑郁、焦虑、欣快的发生率VD患者明显高于AD患者，而幻觉、妄想、饮食障碍则明显低于AD患者；时间定向、地点定向、物体命名评分AD患者明显低于VD患者，而图形描述评分高于VD患者；AD和VD患者存在着躯体生活、工具使用能力下降的不平衡，VD患者躯体生活能力下降更明显。结论 AD与VD患者的临床特点不同，发病基础、行为、精神症状、认知功能、智能障碍、日常生活能力的评价及CT和脑电图的检查等对痴呆的诊断与鉴别诊断均具有重要价值。     

Survival and cause of death in Alzheimer''s disease and multi-infarct dementia

Survival and causes of death of 218 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and of 115 patients with multi-infarct dementia (MID) were examined. The patients were originally found in a community-based epidemiological survey of dementia, and all patients with AD or MID alive on the prevalence day were included. The 6-years survival rate for AD was 21.1% vs. the expected rate 48.5%, that for MID 11.9% vs. 45.2% expected. A comparison of relative survival rates suggested that MID carries a less favorable survival prognosis than AD. The mean durations were: AD 5.7 years and MID 5.2 years; median duration being 5 years in both diseases. The excess mortality in both AD and MID was independent of age. In AD, the survival rate decreased with increasing severity of dementia, while in MID the mortality was the same regardless of the severity of the dementia. The dementia disorder was the underlying cause of death in 68% of AD patients, and in 38% of MID patients, bronchopneumonia being the most frequent immediate cause of death in both groups. As a cause of death, acute cerebrovascular accidents occurred more often in MID patients than in the general population of comparable age. Malignant diseases were less frequent as a cause of death in both dementia groups than in the general population.     

Apolipoprotein E phenotypes in healthy normal controls and demented subjects with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia in Mie Prefecture of Japan

In order to clarify the association between apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), we analyzed the distribution of the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) phenotypes and the frequency of the apo E alleles epsilon2, epsilon3, and epsilon4 in Japanese healthy controls (n = 1090, an average age of 51.2+/-12.6 years) and demented patients (n=103, mean age of 73.6+/-9.2 years). Demented subjects were divided into three subgroups: early-onset AD group (EOAD; n=25, mean age 63.0+/-6.2 years), late-onset AD group (LOAD; n=33, mean age 79.3+/-5.1 years), and vascular dementia group (VD; n=45, mean age 75.3+/-8.0 years). The apolipoprotein E phenotype was determined by isoelectric focusing and immunoblotting. There were no significant differences in the distribution of the apo E phenotypes by gender or age, and the estimated frequencies of epsilon2, epsilon3 and epsilon4 were 0.05, 0.86 and 0.09, respectively, in the normal controls. There was a significant difference in the distribution of the apo E phenotypes between LOAD and elderly controls aged more than 65 years (P<0.0001). The distribution of the apo E phenotypes in EOAD was the same as that in LOAD. The frequency of the epsilon4 allele was significantly higher in LOAD (0.35, P<0.0001) and EOAD (0.28, P<0.0001) than that in the control subjects (0.07), but not in VD (0.12, P=0.1630). The present findings suggest that ApoE4 is related with both EOAD and LOAD, but not with VD, and support the hypothesis that it is a genetic risk factor of AD.     

Serum levels of coenzyme Q10 in patients with Alzheimer's disease

Summary. We compared serum levels of coenzyme Q₁₀ and the coenzyme Q₁₀/cholesterol ratio in 44 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), 17 patients with vascular dementia (VD), and 21 matched controls. The mean serum coenzyme Q₁₀ and cholesterol levels and the coenzyme Q₁₀/cholesterol ratio of patients with AD or VD did not differ significantly from those of controls. Coenzyme Q₁₀ levels and coenzyme Q₁₀/cholesterol ratio of AD or VD patients were not correlated with age, age at onset, duration of the disease or scores of the MiniMental State Examination. These results suggest that these values are not related with the risk for AD or VD. Received July 19, 1999; accepted October 14, 1999     

SPECT in Alzheimer's disease: features associated with bilateral parietotemporal hypoperfusion

OBJECTIVE: To investigate why bilateral parietotemporal hypoperfusion, the typical SPECT pattern of Alzheimer's disease (AD), occurs in some but not in all patients with probable AD. METHODS: We reviewed the SPECT scans of 220 patients presenting with cognitive impairment. Among them, 104 patients fulfilled NINCDS-ADRDA criteria for probable AD, 48 (32 women) with early onset (before age of 65) and 56 (40 women) with late onset of the symptoms. Dementia severity was assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination. The SPECT scans were classified by visual inspection blind to clinical diagnoses. RESULTS: Bilateral parietotemporal hypoperfusion was more frequent in patients with severe AD, in those with early onset of the symptoms, and in men. Duration of symptoms, type of gamma-camera or radiopharmaceutical agent used were not associated with this SPECT pattern. CONCLUSION: These findings may be useful in the clinical setting and point to heterogeneity of AD according to age at onset.