Endovascular treatment of giant splenic aneurysm that developed after liver transplantation

Splenic artery aneurysms (SAAs) are not uncommon in patients with portal hypertension. They are usually diagnosed in preliminary examinations prior to orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) and are treated surgically at the time of transplantation. In our case, the patient developed a giant SAA after liver transplantation. This was detected incidentally upon routine ultrasound follow-up, and the diagnosis was confirmed on magnetic resonance (MR) angiography. The patient was treated by endovascular embolization because it is believed that this minimally invasive approach is beneficial in an immunocompromised patient following OLT. After coil embolization, to achieve complete and immediate blood flow exclusion of the sac, it was decided to inject some glue (N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate) directly into the aneurysm. The aneurysm was successfully obliterated. To the best of our knowledge the use of cyanoacrylate glue in an SSA has never been reported.     

The management of splenic artery aneurysm in patients awaiting liver transplantation

Asthana S, Toso C, McCarthy M, Shapiro AMJ. The management of splenic artery aneurysm in patients awaiting liver transplantation.
Clin Transplant 2010 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399‐0012.2009.01192.x
© 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Abstract: Splenic artery aneurysms (SAAs) are the third most common forms of intra‐abdominal aneurysm, and the most commonly encountered visceral aneurysms in the general population. SAAs occur more commonly in patients with portal hypertension and liver failure and, as such, are often encountered in patients undergoing high‐resolution abdominal imaging as part of a work‐up for liver transplantation. While rupture rates of between 2% and 10% have been reported in the literature, little is known about the natural history and behavior of these lesions in patients with liver disease. Interventional management options pose a challenge given the high anesthetic and surgical risk of such patients. This study was conducted to study the management of all SAAs diagnosed among patients presenting for a liver transplant assessment at a single center over a three‐yr period. We discuss the presentation and management options, with elective and emergent presentation of SAA in patients with end‐stage liver disease.     

肝移植术后脾动脉盗血综合征的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨肝移植术后脾动脉盗血综合征(SANS)的诊断和治疗.方法 回顾性分析1012例肝移植受者的临床资料,观察受者SASS的发生情况,并应用统计学方法分析受者性别、原发疾病、术前血小板水平及移植肝与受者的重量比(GRWR)等指标对SANS发生率的影响.SASS的诊断采用B型超声筛查与动脉造影检查相结合的方法.治疗均采用超选择性盗血动脉介入栓塞方法.术后对受者进行了8～36个月的随访,观察治疗效果.结果 有11例肝移植受者术后确诊为SANS,均发生于肝移植术后1个月内,平均(13.63±10.93)d,其发生率为1.09%(11/1012);受者的性别、原发疾病或术前血小板计数对肝移植术后SASS发生率的影响,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05),而GRWR较低者,SASS发生率较高(P＜0.01).经介入治疗后,11例受者存活情况良好,移植肝血流恢复正常,肝功能基本恢复正常,无血栓、缺血性胆道并发症发生.1例受者经介入治疗后脾脏周边部出现小片状梗死灶,其余10例受者脾脏无明显异常.结论 肝移植术后发生的SANS无明显特异性表现,应重视对GRWR较低受者的排查;采用B型超声筛查与动脉造影检查可以早期确诊;确诊后对盗血动脉进行超选择性介入栓塞治疗效果理想.     

Liver transplantation for alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency in children

Alpha-1-antitrypsin (a1-AT) deficiency is an inborn error of metabolism, which can cause liver disease. The condition is one of the most common genetic disorders in the Caucasian population. Here we review our experience with 21 children suffering from end-stage liver disease due to a1-AT deficiency. All children are PIZZ homozygotes. Nineteen of them initially presented with neonatal jaundice and two with hepatosplenomegaly in childhood. Twenty-five liver transplantions were performed. All children are currently alive at a median follow-up of 40 months. Liver replacement provides the only definite treatment for children with end-stage liver disease associated with a1-AT deficiency. Excellent results can be achieved by reducing waiting time for transplantation and by early referral to a liver transplant centre. Received: 27 April 1999 Revised: 27 December 1999 Accepted: 24 March 2000     

Evolving experience with prevention and treatment of splenic artery syndrome after orthotopic liver transplantation

Impaired hepatic arterial perfusion after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) may lead to ischemic biliary tract lesions and graft‐loss. Hampered hepatic arterial blood flow is observed in patients with hypersplenism, often described as arterial steal syndrome (ASS). However, arterial and portal perfusions are directly linked via the hepatic arterial buffer response (HABR). Recently, the term ‘splenic artery syndrome’ (SAS) was coined to describe the effect of portal hyperperfusion leading to diminished hepatic arterial blood flow. We retrospectively analyzed 650 transplantations in 585 patients. According to preoperative imaging, 78 patients underwent prophylactic intraoperative ligation of the splenic artery. In case of postoperative SAS, coil‐embolization of the splenic artery was performed. After exclusion of 14 2nd and 3rd retransplantations and 83 procedures with arterial interposition grafts, SAS was diagnosed in 28 of 553 transplantations (5.1%). Twenty‐six patients were treated with coil‐embolization, leading to improved liver function, but requiring postinterventional splenectomy in two patients. Additionally, two patients with SAS underwent splenectomy or retransplantation without preceding embolization. Prophylactic ligation could not prevent SAS entirely (n = 2), but resulted in a significantly lower rate of complications than postoperative coil‐embolization. We recommend prophylactic ligation of the splenic artery for patients at risk of developing SAS. Post‐transplant coil‐embolization of the splenic artery corrected hemodynamic changes of SAS, but was associated with a significant morbidity.     

应用受者脾动脉重建移植肝动脉

目的探讨应用受者脾动脉重建移植肝动脉的方法。方法回顾性分析1999年5月至2005年7月完成的328例次原位肝移植中的肝动脉重建方法。其中7例受者因肝总动脉不适宜吻合而采用脾动脉重建移植肝动脉。7例受者均为男性,平均年龄(42.5±11.3)岁。肝移植术中,于胰腺体部上缘处游离受者脾动脉干2cm,结扎其远端,利用其近心端与供肝肝总动脉对端吻合;在2.5倍手术放大镜下,以7-0Prolene缝线连续缝合方式完成动脉重建。结果术后行间断彩色多普勒超声扫描监测显示:7例受者肝动脉血液供应良好,无血栓形成,无胆系并发症发生,无脾脏梗死征象。2例肝细胞癌患者分别在术后18、21个月死于癌肿复发,5例良性肝病患者术后随访22.6个月(12~38个月),肝功能良好,1年生存率为100%。结论在肝移植受者肝总动脉不适宜重建移植肝动脉时,选择性应用受者的脾动脉是简便可行的动脉重建方式。     

肝移植中使用受体脾动脉行肝动脉重建

目的探讨在肝移植中受体肝动脉存在病变的情况下肝动脉重建的方法。方法在二例肝移植病人中,选用受体脾动脉与供体肝动脉端端吻合以重建肝动脉。结果术后分别随访5个月和2年,肝动脉通畅,肝功能正常,无胆管并发症,无脾梗塞和脾功能异常。结论肝移植中受体的脾动脉可以用来行肝动脉重建。     

Giant Aneurysm of the Splenic Artery Adherent to the Pancreas with Splenic Infarct: Report of a Case

Giant aneurysms of the splenic artery are extremely rare clinical entities. The size of splenic aneurysms rarely exceeds 3 cm. The treatment includes surgical procedures that sometimes require pancreatectomy. We present a case of a 9 cm giant splenic artery aneurysm tightly adherent to the pancreas which was treated surgically.     

肝脏移植术后脾动脉盗血综合征的诊治

目的　探讨肝移植术后脾动脉盗血综合征的诊治。方法　介绍肝移植术后脾动脉盗血综合征的诊治经验。结果　 6 1例肝移植病例中 ,1例术前伴有肝炎后肝硬化、门静脉高压症病例肝移植术后出现激素冲击难以控制的高胆红素血症 ,Doppler超声提示肝动脉血流频谱偏弱 ,腹腔动脉造影证实脾动脉盗血综合征 ,经脾动脉栓塞后治愈。结论　脾动脉盗血综合征为肝移植术后少见的肝动脉并发症 ,可以引起严重的移植物损害 ,应及时诊断和治疗。     

同种异体原位肝移植的肝动脉重建

目的 总结同种异体原位肝移植术中肝动脉吻合的经验。方法 回顾悸分析20例原位肝移植术中影响肝动脉吻合的因素和处理技巧。结果 16例行供、受者肝固有动脉端端吻合，3例供者肝总动脉与受者肝固有动脉吻合，1例供者肝总动脉与受者脾动脉吻合；术后彩色多普勒超声监测显示肝动脉血流通畅，均未发现有血栓形成或肝动脉狭窄，全部病例未发生胆道并发症，现存活15例。结论 合理选择吻合用血管是避免术后发生血栓形成和动脉狭窄的关键。     

Splenic artery aneurysm associated with systemic lupus erythematosus: Report of a case

We herein report on a 64-year-old Japanese female patient who presented with a splenic artery aneurysm (SAA) associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The saccular aneurysm, which measured 3 cm in diameter, was located in the proximal third of the splenic artery from the pancreas with a portosystemic shunt. A double ligation of the splenic artery (the distal and proximal sides of the aneurysm) was performed without a splenectomy. The postoperative course showed acute pancreatitis without either splenic infarction or portal thrombus. To our knowledge, the closed association of SLE with an aneurysmal dilatation of the splenic artery has not been previously reported. Both the pathogenesis and the management of SAA associated with SLE are discussed following the presentation of this case. This is the first reported case of SAA associated with SLE.     

部分脾动脉栓塞术治疗肝硬化门静脉高压症的临床疗效分析

目的探讨部分脾动脉栓塞术（PSE）治疗肝硬化门静脉高压症的临床疗效。方法选取我院62例肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血和脾功能亢进患者。全组均行PSE,观察手术前后外周血象变化,门静脉、脾静脉管径变化及术后并发症发生情况。结果PSE术后白细胞、血小板计数高于术前（P〈0．05）;门静脉、脾静脉管径较术前缩小（P〈0．05）,全组病例无严重并发症发生。结论PSE治疗肝硬化并脾功能亢进操作简便、创伤较小、疗效稳固,可以抢救和预防再出血,尤适用于高危病重、老年不适于手术治疗者,是值得临床推广和应用的手术方法。     

肝移植术中复杂的肝动脉重建

目的探讨供肝肝动脉解剖变异的整形重建方式及对移植后肝动脉血栓形成(HAT)、胆道并发症及移植疗效的影响。方法回顾性分析1999年5月至2005年9月完成的330例原位肝移植临床资料。应用显微外科技术对变异肝动脉进行整形。供肝肝动脉整形、重建及供受者间动脉的吻合在2.5倍放大镜下以7-0、8-0 Prolene或Vascufil缝线完成。术后每日用多普勒超声检查肝动脉血流1周,其后定期监测。结果67例供肝肝动脉存在解剖变异,占20.5%(67/327),实施血管重建性吻合79例次。存在动脉变异供肝附加血管整形重建组围手术期HAT发生率与无肝动脉变异供肝肝移植组围手术期HAT发生率比较(1.5%vs1.15%);随访期内胆道并发症发生率与无肝动脉变异供肝肝移植组发生率比较(9.0%vs7.7%),均无显著差异(P>0.05)。两组受者比较,1、3年生存率无显著差异(91.3%vs90.7%,86.7%vs88.2%)(P>0.05)。结论应用存在肝动脉变异并血管整形的供肝,实施肝移植不增加HAT及胆道并发症发生率,并可取得与无变异肝动脉供肝相同的远期疗效。     

肝移植术中复杂的肝动脉重建

目的 探讨供肝肝动脉解剖变异的整形重建方式及对移植后肝动脉血栓形成（HAT）、胆道并发症及移植疗效的影响。方法 回顾性分析1999年5月至2005年9月完成的330例原位肝移植临床资料。应用显微外科技术对变异肝动脉进行整形。供肝肝动脉整形、重建及供受者问动脉的吻合在2．5倍放大镜下以7-0、8-0 Prolene或Vascufil缝线完成。术后每日用多普勒超声检查肝动脉血流1周，其后定期监测。结果 67例供肝肝动脉存在解剖变异，占20．5%（67／327），实施血管重建性吻合79例次。存在动脉变异供肝附加血管整形重建组围手术期HAT发生率与无肝动脉变异供肝肝移植组围手术期HAT发生率比较（1．5％7351．15％）；随访期内胆道并发症发生率与无肝动脉变异供肝肝移植组发生率比较（9．0％vs7．7%），均无显著差异（P〉0．05）。两组受者比较，1、3年生存率无显著差异（91．3％vs90．7％，86．7％vs88．2％）（P〉0．05）。结论 应用存在肝动脉变异并血管整形的供肝，实施肝移植不增加HAT及胆道并发症发生率，并可取得与无变异肝动脉供肝相同的远期疗效。     

原位肝移植后门脉高压和脾功能亢进的恢复过程

采用全血细胞计数监测和彩色多普勒超声断层的方法对两例因肝硬化合并门脉高压脾功能亢进而行同种异体原位肝移植术的患者进行了临床观察。全血细胞计数监测显示；与术前相比，红细胞计数在术后一个月之内未见明显改善，一个月之后逐渐恢复近于正常。术后１３天白细胞计数和血小板计数恢复至正常范围。     

肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄的防治策略

目的 探讨肝移植术后不同肝动脉狭窄类型治疗时机的选择和疗效.方法 2003年10月至2007年5月,本院共有21例肝移植病人术后发生肝动脉狭窄,其中19例接受肝动脉支架放置术,2例定期随访观察;同时监测介入治疗前后肝功能、肝动脉通畅程度变化及病人临床转归等情况.结果 肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄发生率为3.43%(21/613),诊断中位时间146 d.6例早期肝动脉狭窄病人均接受介入治疗,其中病死2例,存活4例病人中有2例再移植.15例晚期肝动脉狭窄病人中,13例接受介入治疗,其中病死4例,再移植2例,7例存活但肝功能反复出现异常.另外2例在肝门及肝内分支形成良好的侧支循环,肝功能维持稳定.结论 移植术后应根据肝动脉狭窄类型、胆道缺血损伤程度以及有无良好侧支循环代偿等综合因素采取个体化治疗策略.     

肝移植术后门静脉瘤2例并文献复习

目的  总结肝移植术后门静脉瘤的诊疗经验。 方法  回顾性分析2例肝移植术后门静脉瘤患者的临床资料,结合文献复习总结其临床特点、诊断、治疗及预后。 结果  两例肝移植术后门静脉瘤均为肝内型,同时合并门静脉血栓、门静脉高压表现。例1患者给予针对性内科保守治疗,患者拒绝行再次肝移植手术,出院后病情加重,最终因移植肝衰竭、肾衰竭、肺部感染、感染性休克死亡。例2患者给予大剂量糖皮质激素冲击治疗,患者肝功能无改善,接受二次肝移植后恢复顺利。 结论  肝移植术后远期合并门静脉瘤（尤其是肝内型）可能预示预后不良,需正确认识、密切随访、积极处理,适时考虑再次肝移植是可供选择的治疗方案。     

原位肝移植肝动脉并发症的防治

目的 探讨原位肝移植肝动脉并发症的预防及治疗。方法 回顾性分析1999年2月至2001年2月完成的22例原位肝移植，其中4例行体外静脉转流下的原位肝移植术，17例行背驮式原位肝移植，1例为活体供肝部分肝移植。11例供肝的肝固有动脉与受者的肝固有动脉吻合，4例供者脾动脉与受者肝总动脉吻合，3例供者腹腔动脉与受者肝总动脉吻合，2例应用供者髂动脉在供者肝固有动脉与受者腹主动脉间架桥吻合，1例供者肝右动脉与受者肝固有动脉吻合，1例供者肝固有动脉与受者异位肝右动脉吻合。术后以多普勒超声扫描监测肝动脉血流。结果 1例术后5d时发生肝动脉血栓形成，以尿酶介入溶栓后出现吻合口出血，再次手术行肝动脉吻合。21例无肝动脉并发症发生。15例随访1－20个月，多普勒超声扫描提示肝动脉血流、形态正常，胆道造影未见肝外胆管狭窄，血清学检查提示肝功能状态良好。结论 原位肝移植预防肝动脉并发症的关键在于血管吻合时操作精细，实现血管内膜对内膜的无张力吻合。     

门静脉高压症原位肝移植前后内脏血流动力学变化的临床研究

目的 研究门静脉高压症原位肝移植前后内脏血流动力学变化及其对脾功能亢进、侧支循环、术后肝功能恢复的影响.方法 2002年6月至2005年10月上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院外科共完成173例原位肝移植术.选取其中38例肝硬化门静脉高压症患者,分别于术前、术后1、3、5、7 d、1个月、6个月、1、2、3年行彩色多普勒超声检查,监测患者门静脉血流平均速度、门静脉血流量、肝动脉阻力指数等血流动力学指标和脾脏大小变化,并与8例急性重症肝炎患者及20名健康人进行对照,同时观察其对肝功能和食管胃底曲张静脉的影响.结果 肝硬化门静脉高压症患者术后门静脉血流平均速度从术前(13.7±4.2)cm/s升至(58.4±25.2)cm/s,门静脉血流量从(958±445)ml/min升至(3024±1207)ml/min,肝动脉阻力指数从0.65±0.11升至0.74±0.12,均明显高于急性重症肝炎组和正常对照组(P<0.05),门静脉血流平均速度和门静脉血流量分别于术后6个月、2年降至正常对照组水平.肝硬化门静脉高压症组术后脾功能亢进从术后第2天开始改善,至术后1个月完全恢复,但脾脏肿大在术后3年仍然存在.术后食管胃底曲张静脉亦明显改善.结论 肝硬化门静脉高压症患者原位肝移植术后内脏高血流动力学仍将长期存在,但并不影响脾功能亢进和食管胃底静脉曲张以及肝功能的恢复.