恶性胆道梗阻ERCP术后早期胆道感染预测模型的建立与评价

背景与目的 早期胆道感染（EBI）作为恶性胆道梗阻（MBO）患者行内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）联合胆道支架植入术后的常见并发症,其对患者的生存时间和生活质量产生重要影响,目前的研究主要关注在胆道感染的危险因素方面,而有关EBI发生风险预测模型的研究少见。因此,本研究基于术前临床资料构建MBO患者行ERCP联合胆道支架植入术后EBI的风险预测模型,以期通过术前临床资料早期精准干预,降低患者EBI的发生率。方法 回顾性分析2018年1月—2021年9月在宁夏医科大学总医院肝胆外科行ERCP联合胆道支架植入术的285例患者临床资料（纳入的所有患者经影像资料或病理证据诊断为MBO）。研究终点为ERCP术后30 d内发生胆道感染。按照7∶3随机分为建模组及验证组。建模组资料经过单变量分析及多变量Logistic回归分析构建预测模型,人工神经网络（ANN）评价预测变量重要性。对模型进行内外部验证,绘制受试者工作曲线（ROC）及校正曲线评估检验模型。结果 共纳入285例患者临床资料,随机分组后建模组200例,验证组85例。单变量及多变量分析结果显示,梗阻位置（OR=5.942,95% CI=2.507~14.081,P<0.001）,胆结石（OR=4.821,95% CI=2.087~11.138,P<0.001）,糖尿病（OR=5.407,95% CI=2.067~14.148,P=0.001）,梗阻长度（OR=1.058,95% CI=1.028~1.089,P<0.001）为MBO患者ERCP术后EBI的独立危险因素,通过独立危险因素构建Logistic回归模型并以列线图形式将模型可视化。利用ANN评估预测变量所占权重由高到低依次为：梗阻长度（46.8%）、梗阻位置（18.6%）、糖尿病（18.1%）、胆结石（16.5%）。Logistic模型经内外部验证,曲线下面积（AUC）分别为0.807和0.831,C指数分别为0.807和0.831,Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度评估模型预测值与实值之间无明显偏差（建模组：P=0.845,验证组：P=0.197）。结论 所构建的Logistic模型可以较好地预测ERCP术后EBI的发生风险,经ANN评估梗阻长度是最重要的预测变量,此模型可为临床预防EBI的发生提供一定的价值。对于术后可能发生EBI的高危患者,术前应尽可能行相关干预措施,尽量避免相关危险因素的影响,减少EBI的发生。     

Prospective validation study of an algorithm for triage to MRCP or ERCP for investigation of suspected pancreatico-biliary disease

Background In patients with suspected pancreatico-biliary disease, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) should be reserved for those requiring therapeutic intervention. However, difficulty arises in identifying patients likely to require therapy in the early phase of diagnostic work-up. An algorithm has been developed by the authors based upon prospective assessment of ERCP patients for triage of patients to magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) or ERCP with suspected pancreatico-biliary disease. We aimed to validate this algorithm in an independent group of patients using a different group of endoscopists blinded to the algorithm. Methods Patients were stratified into different categories by clinical, ultrasound and liver function test findings. The algorithm stratified patients by the likelihood of therapeutic intervention. The accuracy of the algorithm for a therapeutic outcome was assessed by receiver operator characteristics (ROC) curve analysis. Results Hundred and twenty-five consecutive patients (Oct 2005 to July 2006) were prospectively assessed by MRCP or ERCP according to the algorithm, and the outcomes recorded. Fifty-seven patients were triaged to MRCP and 63 patients were triaged to ERCP. A category was not assessable in five patients. Three patients from the MRCP group required subsequent therapeutic ERCP. Diagnostic ERCP was performed in three patients in the ERCP group. ERCP-related complications occurred in four patients. The algorithm performed well in predicting the requirement for intervention as determined by the area under the ROC curve [0.84 (95%CI 0.76–0.92)]. Conclusions Our study confirms that an algorithm-based approach can reproducibly predict those patients requiring therapeutic biliary intervention.     

Prospective evaluation of failure modes in autogenous radiocephalic wrist access for haemodialysis.

INTRODUCTION: Radiocephalic wrist arteriovenous fistulae (RCAVF) are the primary and best option for vascular access for haemodialysis treatment. However, 10-24% of these AVFs fail due directly to thrombosis and non-maturation. In a prospective study, the failure modes of radiocephalic AVFs and the impact of surgical and interventional treatment on fistula outcome were investigated. METHODS: The rate of thrombosis and non-maturation was evaluated in 43 RCAVFs. The selection of RCAVF creation was made on preoperatively determined duplex parameters. Fistula function was evaluated post-operatively by clinical examination and non-invasively measured AVF blood flow. A policy of a liberal use of radiological and/or surgical revision of non-functioning RCAVFs was made on the basis of duplex measured blood flow and angiographically detected vessel stenosis. RESULTS: Primary fistula function was achieved in 26 of 43 patients (60%). Non-maturation and thrombosis occurred in 14 (33%) and three (7%) patients, respectively. A total of 12 interventions (PTA 6; surgery 6) were needed, resulting in salvage of eight RCAVFs (47%). The blood flow in functioning AVFs was significantly higher compared to non-functioning AVFs at 1 (754 vs 440 cc/min), 7 (799 vs 524 cc/min) and 42 days (946 vs 532 cc/min) post-operatively. At the end, 34 RCAVFs (79%) became functional as vascular access for haemodialysis treatment. CONCLUSION: Primary RCAVFs have a high rate of failure. An aggressive approach towards early interventional treatment of these non-functional AVFs is worthwhile and leads to a considerable salvage rate. Early post-operative AVF flow measurement indicates the chance of successful maturation of RCAVF.     

Prospective evaluation of a double-lumen subclavian dialysis catheter for acute vascular access.

The safety and efficacy of a parallel, double-lumen hemodialysis catheter used to achieve acute, temporary vascular access were evaluated prospectively in 134 hospitalized adult patients in whom 162 catheters were placed. The arterial flow rates and venous resistance were such that 84 per cent of the catheters provided satisfactory access for dialysis. Minor manipulations of the catheter were frequently required to maximize function. Three serious complications occurred, including one instance each of pneumothorax, hemorrhage, and nonfatal pericardial tamponade.     

Prospective validation of an algorithm to maximize native arteriovenous fistulae for chronic hemodialysis access

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate an algorithm to maximize native arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) for hemodialysis access. METHODS: The prospective study design was set in an academic, tertiary care medical center. The study subjects were adults referred for permanent, upper extremity hemodialysis access between April 1999 and May 2001. Intervention included Doppler arterial pressures/waveforms and duplex imaging of the basilic, cephalic, and central veins. The optimal configuration for an AVF was determined (criteria: vein >3 mm, no arterial inflow stenosis, no venous outflow stenosis) on the basis of the noninvasive studies, and unilateral arteriography/venography was performed to confirm the choice. Permanent hemodialysis access was created on the basis of the imaging studies, and remedial imaging/intervention was performed if the AVF failed to mature. Outcome measures included impact of the noninvasive/invasive imaging, perioperative morbidity/mortality, incidence of successful AVF, time to cannulation, and predictors of AVF failure with multivariate analysis. RESULTS: A total of 139 new access procedures was performed in 131 patients (age, 53 +/- 16 years; male, 51%; white, 60%; diabetic, 49%; actively undergoing dialysis, 50%; prior permanent access, 26%). The noninvasive imaging showed that 83% of the patients were candidates for AVF, with a mean of 2.7 +/- 2.1 possible configurations. Invasive imaging was abnormal in 38% (forearm arterial disease > central vein stenosis > inflow stenosis) and impacted the operative plan in 19%. AVF were performed in 90% of the cases (brachiobasilic > brachiocephalic > radiocephalic > radiobasilic), with prosthetic AVF performed primarily because of inadequate veins. Among the patients who underwent AVF, the 30-day mortality rate was 1%, the complication rate was 20% (wound, 10%; hand ischemia, 8%), and 24% needed a remedial procedure. The AVF matured sufficiently for cannulation in 84% of those with sufficient follow-up and was suitable for cannulation by 3.4 +/- 1.8 months. On the basis of an intention to treat approach, an AVF sufficient for cannulation developed in 71% of the 139 cases referred for access. The multivariate analysis predicted that female gender (odds ratio, 9.7; 95% CI, 2.2 to 43.5) and the radiocephalic configuration (odds ratio, 4.6; 95% CI, 1.1 to 18.6) were both independent predictors of failure of the fistula to mature. CONCLUSION: With the aggressive algorithm, the construction of native AVF is possible in the overwhelming majority of patients presenting for new hemodialysis access.     

Prospective,randomized evaluation of a cuffed expanded polytetrafluoroethylene graft for hemodialysis vascular access

BACKGROUND: A cuffed expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) hemodialysis graft was developed to address the problem of recurrent stenosis at the graft-vein anastomosis. The purpose of this study was to compare graft patency and blood flow rates of cuffed and noncuffed (standard) ePTFE grafts placed for hemodialysis access. METHODS: Forty-eight patients were prospectively randomized and followed for up to 24 months after placement of a cuffed or standard ePTFE graft for hemodialysis access. Study end points included time to graft failure and blood flow rates on hemodialysis. RESULTS: Risk factors for graft failure were similar in both groups. However, the overall incidence of graft failure was significantly lower in the cuffed ePTFE graft group (P =.039). Graft patency rates in the cuffed versus standard groups were 64% versus 32% at 12 months (P =.037) and 58% versus 21% at 24 months (P =.0213). No cuffed ePTFE graft failed as a result of venous outflow stenosis. Average graft flow rates were similar when first measured 3 months postoperatively (845 mL/min, cuffed vs 715 mL/min, standard; P =.51) but declined more rapidly in the standard group (12 months, 623 vs 253 mL/min [P =.037]; 24 months, 531 vs 121 mL/min [P =.012]). CONCLUSIONS: The cuffed ePTFE graft was associated with increased blood flow rates during hemodialysis and improved graft patency compared with a standard ePTFE graft. Our results suggest a beneficial effect of the cuffed venous geometry for hemodialysis vascular access.     

Prospective evaluation of an anemia treatment algorithm in hemodialysis patients

Current guidelines recommend maintaining the hematocrits of chronic hemodialysis patients in the low to mid-30s. Maintaining patients' hematocrits within a narrow range requires frequent monitoring of their hematocrits and iron studies and periodic adjustment of erythropoietin doses and administration of intravenous iron. We designed a simple anemia treatment algorithm to streamline the management of anemia in hemodialysis patients. The protocol required formal monthly decisions about the administration of intravenous iron or changes in erythropoietin dose. This algorithm was implemented by dialysis nurses and evaluated prospectively for 6 months in a single dialysis unit (30 patients). The proportion of patients whose hematocrits were within the desired target (31% to 35%) increased from 27% at baseline to 61% during months 4 through 6 of the algorithm. Conversely, the proportion of patients whose hematocrit values were below the target decreased from 46% at baseline to 18% during months 4 through 6 of the algorithm (P=0.004). The percentage of patients whose hematocrit values were above the target did not increase. The proportion of patients whose transferrin saturation was less than 18% decreased from 47% at baseline to 20% during months 4 through 6 of the algorithm (P=0.04). The weekly erythropoietin dose administered decreased from 11,200+/-1,400 units at baseline to 9,400+/-1,200 units in month 6 of the algorithm (P=0.06). We conclude that a simple anemia treatment algorithm implemented by dialysis nurses is feasible and efficacious and may increase the proportion of hemodialysis patients whose hematocrit values are within the target range, without increasing erythropoietin requirements.     

A new guidewire cannulation technique in ERCP: successful deep biliary access with triple-lumen sphincterotome and guidewire controlled by the endoscopist

Background  

Current studies have addressed ways to improve the success of selective biliary cannulation in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of deep bile duct access using a short-wire system with sphincterotome and guidewire controlled only by the endoscopist.     

Multicenter evaluation of the bovine mesenteric vein bioprostheses for hemodialysis access in patients with an earlier failed prosthetic graft

BACKGROUND: The number of patients requiring hemodialysis increases each year, with a large cohort of patients still requiring prosthetic grafts for hemodialysis. All available prosthetic vascular access grafts have predictable failure rates, leading to a large group of patients with multiple failed access grafts. This report evaluates use of mesenteric vein bioprosthesis (MVB) as a conduit for patients who have failed at least one earlier synthetic vascular access graft. STUDY DESIGN: Two-hundred seventy-six access grafts were implanted in patients who had at least one earlier failed synthetic graft. Of these grafts, 183 were MVB and 93 were synthetic. Graft histories were obtained from 128 of the 183 patients who received the MVB, representing a nonrandomized historic data set of previously failed grafts as an internal control group (INT). Patency was determined by Kaplan-Meier analysis, and the Cox proportional hazards model was used for multivariate analysis of factors predictive of effect. RESULTS: Primary patency at 12 months was 35.6% MVB versus 28.4% synthetic grafts. At 24 months, secondary patency was 60.3% MVB, 42.9% synthetic, and 18.0% INT (p < 0.0001, log- rank). Complication rates, including dilation, seroma, infection, and thrombosis, were all notably lower for the MVB compared with synthetic grafts by Cox regression (p < 0.001). Intervention rate per patient year was lower in the MVB group (0.97 versus 1.37) compared with synthetic grafts (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: MVB provided superior secondary graft patency compared with both historic graft data or newly implanted nonrandomized synthetic implants. A considerable reduction in thrombosis, infection, and interventions was observed with the MVB graft. These results suggest that MVB offers a safe alternative to patients who have a history of failing synthetic access grafts and may represent an option for extending vascular access to this patient population.     

Minimally invasive interventions for concurrent diseases of extrahepatic biliary ducts and pancreas

The results of treatment of 689 patients with calculous cholecystitis and of 12 with cholecystogenic acute pancreatitis (AP), to whom laparoscopic interventions were performed, are adduced. In 50 patients the indexes of operative stress were studied up. The laparoscopic cholecystectomy efficacy was established in patients with cholecystogenic AP in the absence of obturational jaundice.     

Prospective evaluation of biliary reconstruction with duct-to-duct continuous suture in adult live donor liver transplantation

Purpose  

Biliary reconstruction remains the Achilles’ heel of adult live donor liver transplantation (LDLT). The study aims to investigate the feasibility of duct-to-duct hepaticocholedochostomy in LDLT.     

A simplified algorithm for optimization of large-scale gas networks

A number of sophisticated algorithms exist for the optimization of large-scale systems. However, from a practical viewpoint one must always balance the cost of such optimization in applications with the saving that results. This paper presents a simplified algorithm for large-scale gas networks which, although yielding a suboptimal energy saving, is nevertheless simple to apply and demands only moderate back-up facilities. To illustrate the proposed method an example is chosen in which there are fifty nodes and three compressors.     

ERCP下胆道内支架引流术在老年梗阻性黄疸病人中的应用

目的探讨采用内窥镜逆行胰胆管造影（endoscopic retrograde cholangiopanereatography,ERCP）下胆道支架引流术治疗老年梗阻性黄疸的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2009年2月经CT、MRI和超声检查证实的老年梗阻性黄疸39例,采用ERCP胆道内支架引流术的临床资料。结果本组39例中32例经ERCP胆管支架置入成功,支架置入后造影示支架通畅无移位,扩张良好,术后病人胆红素水平较术前明显下降。结论对老年梗阻性黄疸病人,ERCP胆道内支架引流术是一种安全、有效的治疗方法,具有创伤小、安全等优点。     

胰管支架表面括约肌预切开在ERCP困难胆管插管中的应用效果

目的 探讨胰管支架表面括约肌预切开(PPDS)在ERCP困难胆管插管中的应用效果.方法 回顾性统计分析2016年6月1日至2021年5月31日上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院北部院区所有ERCP术病例资料,将在ERCP操作过程中导丝意外进入胰管的困难胆管插管者,根据术中选择插管方法,分为两组:(1)PPDS组,(2)双导...     

股骨转子间骨折内固定失败的风险评估

 目的 总结分析股骨转子间骨折内固定治疗失败的原因, 初步提出股骨转子间骨折的内固定手术失败风险评估表。方法 回顾性分析2008 年4 月至2011年4 月, 四家医院收治的267 例接受内固定治疗的股骨转子间骨折患者, 分析患者的年龄、性别、高血压、糖尿病、烟酒史、激素史、骨质疏松程度及骨折分型等因素与内固定失败的相关性。通过手术风险评估表评分, 将患者分为手术失败低危风险组、中危风险组和高危风险组, 比较各组内固定术后失败率差异是否有统计学意义。结果 接受内固定手术治疗的267例患者中42 例患者治疗失败。患者高龄、糖尿病、严重骨质疏松、骨折不稳定等危险因素与内固定失败相关, 而患者的性别、高血压、烟酒史、激素应用史等因素与内固定失败无关。糖尿病史、骨质疏松程度、骨折稳定性是患者内固定失败的危险因素(OR 分别为3.76, 2.37 和2.74, P<0.05)。股骨转子间骨折内固定失败患者主要集中在中、高危风险组。结论 严重骨质疏松、不稳定性骨折以及糖尿病均为致股骨转子间骨折手术失败的重要因素。对低危风险组的股骨转子间骨折患者可以首选内固定治疗, 而对中危风险组和高危风险组患者建议谨慎选择内固定治疗, 对高龄、高危风险组患者必要时可行人工关节置换术。