68例肾移植病人用环孢素及硫唑嘌呤出现肝损害

目的：分析肾移植术后病人口服环孢素和硫唑嘌呤引起肝功能损害情况。方法：肾移植术后病人６８例（男性５４例，女性１４例；年龄４１±ｓ７ａ），口服环孢素４．０ｍｇ／（ｋｇ·ｄ），ｐｏ，ｑｄ，每隔２ｗｋ减０．５ｍｇ／（ｋｇ·ｄ），最低剂量１．０ｍｇ／（ｋｇ·ｄ）；硫唑嘌呤与环孢素同时服，剂量为５０ｍｇ，ｐｏ，ｑｄ。根据不同疗程分为３组，第１组为≤９０ｄ；第２组为９１～１８０ｄ；第３组为＞１８０ｄ。结果：肾移植病人服环孢素和硫唑嘌呤前后肝功能损害发生率Ｐ＜０．０１，第１，第２组与第３组比较发生率均差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论：肾移植病人口服２药后均有不同程度肝损害。     

血肌酐值法预测地高辛个体化给药方案

在地高辛常规监测中，用血肌酐值法预测个体化药动学参数和给药方案。结果表明，８４例病人的地高辛药物动力学参数预测值为，ＣＬ７６±２１ｍｌ／（ｋｇ·ｈ），Ｖｄ７．０５±１．２０Ｌ／ｋｇ，Ｔ１／２６６±７ｈ。预测的个体化剂量为３．１±０．９μｇ／（ｋｇ·ｄ），预测的稳态血药浓度（Ｃ＿（ｓｓ））为１．２４±０．３８μｇ／Ｌ，与实测Ｃ＿（ｓｓ）１．２±０．４μｇ／Ｌ比较，差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

小诺米星在新生儿的药物动力学

本文报告２０例患儿（男性１２例，女性８例；日龄１５±ｓ８ｄ）应用小诺米星，Ａ组１０例以４ｍｇ／（ｋｇ·ｄ），Ｂ组１０例以５ｍｇ／（ｋｇ·ｄ），均ｂｉｄ，静脉滴注，观察其药物动力学与肾毒性。单剂０．５ｈ滴毕。结果：血药峰值分别为４．５与４．７μｇ／ｍＬ（Ｐ＞０．０５）。２组药物动力学参数（Ｖｄ，Ｃｌ，ＡＵＣ）与肾毒性参数（β２－ＭＧ，ＢＵＮ）差别均无显著意义（Ｐ＞０．０５）。提示该药用于新生儿，且剂量增至５ｍｇ／（ｋｇ·ｄ）于１ｗｋ内应用是安全的。     

止痛灵的镇痛抗炎作用

灌胃给止痛灵２６８．５或５３７．１ｍｇ／ｋｇ，能显著抑制小鼠冰醋酸扭体反应，并提高热板法的小鼠痛阈值（Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．０１）；１３４．３，２６８．５和５３７．１ｍｇ／ｋｇ均能抑制小鼠巴豆油所致耳壳肿胀度（Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．０１）；２６８．５和５３７．１ｍｇ／ｋｇ对大鼠蛋清性足跖肿胀度有抑制作用（Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ＜０．０１）；５３７．１ｍｇ／ｋｇ对大鼠肉芽肿的形成亦有抑制效果（Ｐ＜０．０５）。止痛灵ｉｇ小鼠ＬＤ５０为２．６９ｇ／ｋｇ，而阿司匹林ｉｇ小鼠ＬＤ５０为１．３６ｇ／ｋｇ。研究表明：止痛灵具有较强的镇痛、抗炎作用，且毒性较阿司匹林低。     

16岁以下少年肾移植受者术后环孢素用药分析

对１４例１６岁以下肾移植受者术后２周内环孢素用药进行回顾分析，结果在术后２周内所有受者的移植肾均恢复良好。环孢素的平均给药剂量为每天５．２±１．３ｍｇ／ｋｇ，环孢素血药浓度为１６０．３７±６０．７１μｇ／Ｌ，环孢素浓度与剂量的比值３１．３±１０．１，血尿素氮水平与为１７．６±６．１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，血清肌酐水平为２１０±１０２μｍｏｌ／Ｌ。     

肾移植术后受者环孢素的血药浓度监测

目的 观察环孢素血药浓度与肾移植效果间关系。方法 对97例接受同种异体肾脏移植术受术后8周内206例次环孢素血药浓度监测结果进行回顾性分析，按照受术后的临床表现、生化指标将其分为术后正常组、急性排斥组、急性毒性组，采用荧光偏振免疫测定法，以单克隆抗体试剂测定环孢素血药浓度。结果 术后正常组62例移植肾功能良好，环孢素的给药剂量为5．2±1.9mg/kg·d，171例次环孢素血药浓度的平均值为309．85±131．69μg/L;术后急性排斥组26例，距发生排斥反应最近一次的环孢素血药浓度平均为165．80±123．13μg/L ,环孢素的给药剂量为4．8±1．6mg/kg·d；术后急性毒性组9例，距发生毒性反应最近一次的环孢素血药浓度平均为556．51±102．50μg/L，环孢素的给药剂量为6．2±1．0mg/kg·d。三组之间环孢素的给药剂量无显性差异（P＞0．05），但环孢素血药浓度却相差很大，两两之间有显性差异（正常组与排斥组P＜0．05；正常组与毒性组P＜0．05；排斥组与毒性组（P＜0．01）。结论 环孢素浓度较低时，出现排斥反应的可能性较大；而环孢素浓度较高时，发生毒性反应的机会较多。     

脂必妥对大鼠高脂血症模型血脂水平的影响

目的：研究脂必妥的降脂疗效。方法：通过对大鼠腹腔注射脂酶抑制剂——１０％泰洛沙泊溶液（３ｍＬ／ｋｇ）后７ｍｉｎ，分别用脂必妥２．５９，１．２９，０．６５ｇ／ｋｇ，及洛伐他汀１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ灌胃给药。结果：脂必妥２．５９ｇ／ｋｇ组及洛伐他汀组（１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）的胆固醇（ＴＣ）值分别降低３３％（Ｐ＜０．０１）及３１％（Ｐ＜０．０１），组间比较Ｐ＞０．０５；低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＬＤＬ－ｃｈ）值分别降低５０％（Ｐ＜０．０１）及４４％（Ｐ＜０．０１）；脂必妥１．２９ｇ／ｋｇ组亦能降低ＴＣ及ＬＤＬ－ｃｈ值１８％（Ｐ＜０．０５）及２６％（Ｐ＜０．０５）；小剂量０．６５ｇ／ｋｇ的脂必妥仅能降低ＴＣ１４％（Ｐ＜０．０５）；各组对三酰甘油（ＴＧ）值均无显著降低作用（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论：脂必妥有显著降低血脂过多大鼠ＴＣ及ＬＤＬ－ｃｈ值的作用。     

高效液相色谱法与紫外法测定慢性阻塞性肺病患者茶碱血药浓度的评价

本文用高效液相色谱法（ＨＰＬＣ）和双波长紫外分光光度法（ＵＶ）平行测定了２ｌ例慢性阻塞性肺病（ＣＯＰＤ）患者的血清茶碱浓度，共１２３例次。两种方法之间有良好的线性关系（ｒ＝０．９７６１，Ｐ＜０．０ｌ），但ＵＶ法较ＨＰＬＣ法测得的血清茶喊浓度低（△Ｃ＝－０．６±１．６ｍｇ／Ｌ，ｎ＝１２３，Ｐ＜０．０５）。药物动力学研究表明：两种方法所得药＋时曲线均符合一房室模型，血药浓度的差异并不影响茶碱的主要药动学参数值及由此预测的给药剂量。Ｋａ为３±５／２．５±２．８ｈ~(－１)；Ｋ为０．４±０．０７／０．１５±０．０５ｈ~(－１)；Ｔ１／２为５．７±２．４／５．０±１．８ｈ；Ｃｌ为０．０９±０．０５／０．０８±０．０４Ｌ／（ｋｇ·ｈ）；Ｄ为１．０±０．６／０．９±０．４ｍｇ／（ｋｇ·ｈ），Ｐ＞０．０５。     

环丙沙星在健康人中药物动力学研究

本文对３０例健康男子口服环丙沙星胶囊后的药物动力学特性进行研究。受试者单剂量口服７５０ｍｇ胶囊，其血药浓度用ＨＰＬＣ离子对色谱，荧光检测器测定环丙沙星浓度。健康人口服环丙沙星的药物动力学特性显示一房室和二房室模型。其主要药动学参数：Ｔ１／２为３．６５±０．７８ｈ；Ｋａ为２．０７±０．９３１／ｈ；Ｖｄ２．０３±０．５６Ｌ／ｋｇ；Ｃｍａｘ４．９４±０．９７μｇ／ｍｌ；Ｔｍａｘ１．４６±０．３７ｈ；ＣＬＴ０．３９±０．０３Ｌ／ｈ·ｋｇ。     

应用Bayesian反馈法预测阿替洛尔药物动力学参数及血药浓度

应用Ｂａｙｅｓｉａｎ反馈法预测２１例高血压病人，口服阿替洛尔的个体药动学参数及稳态血药浓度（Ｃｐｓｓ）并与经典药动学方法估算结果作比较，结果表明本法的Ｔ１／２为６．０±１．７ｈ，Ｖｄ为１．４３±０．１３Ｌ／ｋｇ，ＣＬ为１７２±３４ｍｌ／（ｈ·ｋｇ）；经典法的Ｔ１／２为６．８±２．４ｈ，Ｖｄ为１．４５±０．５６Ｌ／ｋｇ，ＣＬ为１６４±８５ｍｌ／（ｈ·ｋｇ）。两者无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。两法所测得Ｃｐｓｓ有较好相关性（ｒ＝０．９９３）。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.