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1.
Zusammenfassung Durch Behandeln mit Brom am Startpunkt zweidimensionaler Dünnschichtchromatogramme lassen sich viele Barbiturate reproduzierbar in Derivate überführen.Die nachfolgende Trennung gibt Aufschluß über die Struktur und führt anhand der Rf-Werte der Bromaddukte (die sich nach einem mitgeteilten Schema bilden) in den meisten Fällen zu einer genauen Spezifizierung.Die Methode ist auch auf Barbituratgemische anwendbar.Herrn Dr. D. Post danken wir für die freundliche Bereitstellung des umfangreichen Substan- zund Sichtlochkartenmaterials.  相似文献   

2.
目的  构建表达甲型H5N1禽流感病毒(H5N1 avian influenza A virus,H5N1 AIAV)NIBRG14株结构蛋白的重组痘苗病毒,为研制新型人用流感疫苗奠定基础。方法  通过反转录PCR扩增H5N1 AIAV NIBRG14株的血凝素(hemagglutinin,HA)和神经氨酸酶(neuraminidase,NA)编码基因,并将改造的HANA基因克隆至痘苗病毒穿梭质粒 pSCCK。在重组质粒与痘苗病毒天坛株(vaccinia virus Tiantan,VTT)于Vero细胞中发生同源重组后,筛选同时表达HA和NA的重组痘苗病毒(rVTT-HA/NA),并对其进行鉴定。结果  反转录PCR扩增的HANA基因大小约分别为1 700和1 400 bp,与预期相同。DNA测序证实,改造的HANA序列正确。对获得的rVTT-HA/NA进行PCR及测序表明,HANA基因正确插入VTT。蛋白质印迹显示,rVTT-HA/NA感染的Vero细胞表达的HA和NA能与相应的抗体发生反应。表达的HA具有血凝活性,血凝滴度为1∶32。结论  重组痘苗病毒rVTT-HA/NA可稳定表达H5N1 AIAV NIBRG14株的HA和NA。  相似文献   

3.
目的 评价免疫层析法NG-Test CARBA 5筛查碳青霉烯酶分型KPC、NDM、VIM、IMP和OXA48筛查价值。方法 计算机检索PubMed (2008.01-2020.12)数据库、ISI Web of Knowledge (2008.01-2020.12)数据库、中文期刊全文数据库(2008.01-2020.12)、中文科技期刊数据库(2008.01-2020.12)、万方数据库(2008.01-2020.12),利用手工检索,2名评价员严格依据纳入排除标准收集NGTest CARBA 5筛查碳青霉烯酶分型的试验。依据QUADAS质量评价标准评价纳入研究的质量,后用Meta-Disc软件对数据进行Meta分析。结果 最后纳入8个研究文献,一共纳入1634例菌株。Meta分析结果显示:NG-Test CARBA 5筛查碳青霉烯酶,包含KPC、NDM、VIM、IMP、OXA48合并敏感性和特异性分别为99.7%和100%、98.6%和100%、97.6%和100%、92.6%和100%、100%和99.8%。结论 NG-Test CARBA 5筛查KPC、NDM、VIM、IMP...  相似文献   

4.
摘要: 目的 研究甲泼尼龙激素治疗对阿霉素肾病大鼠上颌骨骨密度 (BMD) 的影响。方法 将 40 只大鼠随机分为 4 组, 空白对照组、 激素组、 阿霉素肾病组、 阿霉素+激素组。阿霉素肾病组及阿霉素+激素组采用间隔 1 周 2 次尾静脉注射盐酸阿霉素 4 mg/kg 建立大鼠阿霉素肾病模型, 空白对照组和激素组尾静脉注射生理盐水 4 mg/kg。建模后激素组及阿霉素+激素组给予甲泼尼龙 30 mg/ (kg·d) 灌胃, 空白对照组及阿霉素肾病组给予等体积生理盐水灌胃。每日 1 次, 连续 10 周。采用酶联免疫吸附试验 (ELISA) 测定骨钙素 (BGP)、 Ⅰ型原胶原 N-端前肽 (PINP)、 β- Ⅰ型胶原交联 C 末端肽 (CTX) 水平; 并行上颌骨 micro-CT 三维扫描检测骨小梁厚度 (Tb.Th)、 骨小梁间隙 (Tb.Sp)、骨小梁数目 (Tb.N)、 骨体积分数 (BVF)、 BMD。结果 与其余 3 组相比, 阿霉素+激素组 BGP、 PINP 降低, CTX 升高(P<0.05)。经 micro-CT 三维扫描分析, 阿霉素+激素组上颌骨发生明显骨质疏松现象, 包括骨显微结构的改变, BMD 降低、 BVF 降低、 Tb.Th 减少以及 Tb.Sp 增宽 (P<0.05)。但各组 Tb.N 差异无统计学意义。结论 阿霉素肾病大鼠本身存在骨代谢异常, 大剂量激素治疗可加速骨质疏松的发生, 使其骨代谢水平下降, 影响骨小梁结构。  相似文献   

5.
目的 确定罗哌卡因用于超声引导下老年腹股沟疝患者髂腹下、髂腹股沟联合生殖股神经阻滞的半数有 效浓度(EC50)及95%有效浓度(EC95)。方法 择期行单侧腹股沟疝无张力修补术男性患者35例,美国麻醉医师协会 (ASA)分级Ⅱ~Ⅲ级,体质量指数19~27 kg/m2 ,年龄65~79岁。在超声引导下行髂腹下、髂腹股沟联合生殖股神经阻 滞,定位成功后,每个穿刺点注射罗哌卡因10 mL。手术开始前采用针刺法评价神经支配区域感觉阻滞情况,将手术 开始前目标神经皮肤分布区均无痛觉即视觉模拟评分(VAS)=0分作为阻滞有效的标准。罗哌卡因浓度按Dixon序 贯法确定,初始浓度为0.3%,阻滞有效时,下一例患者采用低一级浓度,反之,采用高一级浓度,相邻浓度的比值为1∶ 1.1。采用Probit概率单位回归分析法计算EC50、EC95及其95%可信区间(CI)。结果 35例患者中18例(51.4%)阻滞 成功,罗哌卡因EC50为0.263%(95%CI:0.248%~0.280%),EC95为0.348%(95%CI:0.323%~0.371%)。结论 超声引导 下髂腹下、髂腹股沟联合生殖股神经阻滞用于老年腹股沟疝手术时罗哌卡因的 EC50及 EC95分别为 0.263% 及 0.348%。  相似文献   

6.
 IL-6是炎症反应中的关键细胞因子,参与包括癌症在内的多种慢性炎症性疾病的发病机制。监测IL-6水平可在临床早期判断疾病类型,对了解疾病进展和预后具有重要意义。研究显示,IL-6通路是维持机体平衡和许多疾病失调的关键途径,靶向IL-6通路的抗体药物成为多种自身免疫病和癌症的创新疗法,并有可能应用于可产生细胞因子风暴的其他疾病。此文针对国内外已上市及在研靶向IL-6/IL-6受体信号通路的单克隆抗体药物的发展进行综述。  相似文献   

7.
目的 探究托法替布与肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α受体拮抗剂益赛普分别联合甲氨蝶呤治疗难治性类风湿关节炎(RRA)疗效及安全性。方法 采用随机数字表法将60例RRA患者分为A组、B组和C组,每组20例。A组采用枸橼酸托法替布(5 mg)联合甲氨蝶呤(10 mg)治疗,B组单用益赛普(25 mg)治疗,C组采用益赛普(25 ...  相似文献   

8.
摘要: 目的 探讨子宫肌瘤并发淀粉样变患者发病机制。方法 子宫肌瘤患者 36 例。依据组织病理刚果红(CR) 染色结果分为淀粉样变组 6 例和非淀粉样变组 30 例。(1) 观察淀粉样变组淀粉样变沉积部位。(2) HE 染色比较 2 组炎性细胞浸润情况。(3) PAS 染色观察淀粉样变组多糖类物质沉积的变化。(4) 比较 2 组血红蛋白 (HGB)、 白细胞计数 (WBC)、 淋巴细胞绝对值 (LYM)、 中性粒细胞绝对值 (NEU)、 总蛋白 (TP)、 白蛋白 (Alb) 及前白蛋白 (PA) 的含量。结果 (1) 肌瘤实体纤维细胞间质未见淀粉样变, 而肌瘤周围的假被膜纤维区 (5/6) 及假被膜血管壁 (2/6) 淀粉样沉积发生率高。(2) 2 组均可见炎性细胞浸润。(3) 淀粉样变沉积阳性及阴性部位均可见 PAS 阳性。(4) 2 组 HGB、 WBC、 NEU、 LYM、 TP、 Alb 和 PA 水平差异均无统计学意义 (P > 0.05)。结论 子宫肌瘤纤维细胞功能改变引起局部组织细胞代谢微环境的变化可能与淀粉样变形成有关。  相似文献   

9.
Drug-induced changes in the specifically rewarding effect of brain stimulation can be shown by shifts in the location of the sharp rise in the function (reward summation function, RSF) which relates running speed in an alley to the number of pulses received as a reward. This method was used to characterize the depressions of self-stimulation induced by the dopamine antagonist pimozide (0.2–0.9 mg/kg) and clonidine, a drug which acts on presynaptic α-adrenoceptors to inhibit noradrenaline release. Pimozide shifted RSFs in the direction indicating a reduced rewarding effect of brain stimulation but did not proportionately depress the maximum running speed. The larger doses of pimozide led to extinction of alley running. Clonidine (0.03 and 0.15 mg/kg) similarly reduced the rewarding potency of brain stimulation but also depressed running speed. Piperoxane antagonized clonidine's effect on the RSF location but added to the depression of running speed, thus confirming that drug effects on reward are dissociable from performance effects with the RSF method. In the light of these and other recent findings it is suggested that dopaminergic mechanisms are directly involved in the putative reward system and noradrenaline may be indirectly involved in self-stimulation via an effect on cerebral metabolism.  相似文献   

10.
Lipidomics is systems-level analysis and characterization of lipids and their interacting moieties. The amount of information in the genomic and proteomic fields is greater than that in the lipidomics field, because of the complex nature of lipids and the limitations of tools for analysis. The main innovation during recent years that has spurred advances in lipid analysis has been the development of new mass spectroscopic techniques, particularly the "soft ionization" techniques electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization. Lipid metabolism may be of particular importance for the central nervous system, as it has a high concentration of lipids. The crucial role of lipids in cell signaling and tissue physiology is demonstrated by the many neurological disorders, including bipolar disorders and schizophrenia, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Niemann-Pick diseases, that involve deregulated lipid metabolism. Altered lipid metabolism is also believed to contribute to cerebral ischemic (stroke) injury. Lipidomics will provide a molecular signature to a certain pathway or a disease condition. Lipidomic analyses (characterizing complex mixtures of lipids and identifying previously unknown changes in lipid metabolism) together with RNA silencing, using small interfering RNA (siRNA), may provide powerful tools to elucidate the specific roles of lipid intermediates in cell signaling and open new opportunities for drug development.  相似文献   

11.
目的:观察新型肾上腺素α,β受体双重阻断剂TJ0711静脉注射对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)和哇巴因-高血压大鼠(OHR)2种模型的急性降压作用。方法:制备OHR模型:SD大鼠连续8周腹腔注射30 μg·kg-1·d-1哇巴因,将收缩压>21.3 kPa(1 kPa≈7.5 mmHg)者随机分为生理盐水(N.S)组、TJ0711 0.3,0.9,2.7 mg·kg-1剂量组、阳性对照卡维地洛1 mg·kg-1组(n=12);购得的SHR分组方法同OHR。用10%乌拉坦(1.3 g·kg-1,i.p)麻醉,仰位固定,分离一侧颈总动脉插管连接多通道生理记录仪测血压和心率,颈外静脉插管给药。观察给药前后大鼠收缩压、舒张压、心率的变化,分析TJ0711静注降压作用规律。结果:TJ0711静注给药后2~15 min即达到最大降压水平,降压作用维持25~75 min。对SHR和OHR两种高血压模型收缩压与舒张压下降趋势一致,但对SHR收缩压、舒张压最大降压幅度高于OHR。结论:TJ0711静脉注射能快速、短效降低SHR和OHR两高血压模型大鼠的血压同时使心率适当减慢,具有良好的急性降压特点。  相似文献   

12.
Multiple new small molecules such as tyrosine kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and proteasome inhibitors have been approved in the last decade and are a considerable progress for cancer therapy. Drug transporters are important determinants of drug concentrations in the systemic circulation. Moreover, expression of drug transporters in blood-tissue barriers (e.g. blood-brain barrier) can limit access of small molecules to the tumour (e.g. brain tumour). Finally, transporter expression and (up)regulation in the tumour itself is known to affect local drug concentrations in the tumour tissue contributing to multidrug resistance observed for multiple anticancer agents. This review summarizes the current knowledge on: (i) small molecules as substrates of uptake and efflux transporters; (ii) the impact of transporter deficiency in knockout mouse models on plasma and tissue concentrations; (iii) small molecules as inhibitors of uptake and efflux transporters with possible consequences for drug-drug interactions and the reversal of multidrug resistance; and (iv) on clinical studies investigating the association of polymorphisms in genes encoding drug transporters with pharmacokinetics, outcome and toxicity during treatment with the small molecules.  相似文献   

13.
丁敏  李春君  邢云芝  于倩  王鹏华  于德民 《天津医药》2015,43(11):1217-1221
目的 探讨胰高血糖素样肽-1 (GLP-1) 受体激动剂 (GLP-1Ra) 减少高糖诱导的β细胞凋亡作用的可能机制。方法 正常对照 (N, 普通饲料喂养) 组、 2 型糖尿病 (T2DM) 组和 GLP-1 Ra 组[利拉鲁肽 200 μg/ (kg·d) ]大鼠干预12 周。比较各组大鼠造模前、 造模后给药前 (0 周) 及 12 周末血糖水平。高压液相色谱分析法测定糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c); 全自动生化分析仪测定天冬氨酸转氨酶 (AST)、 肌酐 (CR) 及尿素氮 (BUN) 等; TUNEL染色观察胰岛细胞凋亡情况; 免疫组化法测定 cleaved caspase 3; DCFH-DA 荧光探针检测胰岛活性氧簇 (ROS); 免疫组织化学法检测NADPH氧化酶(NOX) 催化亚基 (NOX2)。结果 12周时, GLP-1Ra组的血糖、 HbA1c、 总胆固醇 (TC) 及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (LDL-c) 水平均低于T2DM组 (P<0.05); GLP-1Ra组胰岛细胞凋亡率和cleaved caspase 3水平较T2DM组下降(P<0.05); 应用 Apocynin 抑制前, GLP-1Ra 组胰岛 ROS 水平明显低于 T2DM 组, 并与 N 组差异无统计学意义 (P>0.05), 应用Apocynin 抑制后, 各组间差异均无统计学意义 (P>0.05)。GLP-1Ra 组胰岛NOX2水平较T2DM 组下降(P<0.05)。结论 GLP-1Ra能抑制糖尿病大鼠β细胞的凋亡, 抑制NOX2来源的ROS产生可能是重要的潜在机制之一。  相似文献   

14.
目的:研究沙利度胺乳膏对小鼠皮炎湿疹模型的治疗作用及抗炎机制。方法:60只小鼠被随机分为正常对照组,模型对照组,沙利度胺乳膏低、中、高浓度组和阳性(氢化可的松)对照组(每组10只)。采用二硝基氯苯(DNCB)诱导小鼠慢性皮炎湿疹模型。正常对照组和模型对照组给予空白基质,其他用药组外用给药,1 d 2次,连续15 d。千分尺测量小鼠左右耳中部厚度,计算左右耳厚度差;电子天平称量左右耳片质量,计算左右耳质量差;HE染色观察小鼠耳组织病理学变化,并进行病理组织学评分;ELISA法测定小鼠血清中TNF-α、IL-2、IL-4、IL-12、IL-18的含量。结果:沙利度胺乳膏能减轻小鼠耳厚度,减轻耳部炎症程度,升高其降低的IL-2、IL-4、IL-18水平,降低其升高的TNF-α、IL-12水平,并呈现良好的量效关系。结论:沙利度胺乳膏对皮炎湿疹有较好的治疗作用,其作用机制可能与调节Th1和Th2平衡有关。沙利度胺乳膏有望开发成一种治疗慢性皮炎湿疹的新药。  相似文献   

15.
李越洋  田晨△ 《天津医药》2018,46(11):1245-1248
摘要: 急性髓系白血病 (AML) 是成人最常见的急性白血病, 诱导化疗仍是AML的一线治疗手段。但是, 由于 AML诱导化疗毒性较高, 且有高失败率及高复发率的特点, 在AML患者中应用受限。近年来, 去甲基化药物地西他滨和阿扎胞苷在AML表观遗传学治疗中得到深入研究, 已经动摇了诱导化疗在AML治疗中的地位。随着对AML生物学研究的深入, 发现越来越多的靶点可影响AML的生物学进程。针对这些靶点的靶向药物分为3类: 第一类是突变位点抑制剂, 如FLT3和IDH抑制剂; 第二类是调节代谢或信号通路的抑制剂, 如Bcl-2拮抗剂及表观遗传学药物;第三类是靶向细胞毒性药物。2017年美国血液学年会报道, AML靶向治疗最有前景的药物为调节代谢或信号通路的抑制剂, 其中BCL-2抑制剂Venetoclax在AML的临床试验报告被评为本届会议最佳。本文就BCL-2抑制剂在 AML的治疗进展做一综述。  相似文献   

16.
孙玉福  闫骏 《天津医药》2020,48(2):152-155
摘要:骨骼肌缺血再灌注损伤发病机制较为复杂,所导致的后果严重,有效减轻此类损伤具有重要的临床意义。 气体信使分子硫化氢(H2S)可减轻骨骼肌缺血再灌注损伤,国内外均有对于其机制的研究,这些机制包括清除氧自 由基、减少细胞死亡、减轻白细胞聚集、减少微循环无复流现象的发生以及同NO的相互作用等。本文就H2S影响骨 骼肌缺血再灌注损伤的各种机制作一综述,旨在为临床实践中减轻骨骼肌缺血再灌注损伤提供理论基础及新的研 究思路。  相似文献   

17.
目的 优化福司氟康唑合成工艺。方法 以廉价易得氟康唑为起始原料,使用三氯氧磷进行氯磷酸酯化,之后与苄 醇进行缩合,得到中间体 c,将中间体 c 用 Pd/C 催化,以甲酸铵为氢供体,进行脱苄基,经过酸化,析晶,得福司氟康唑。结 果 总收率达 70.7%,纯度为 98.8%,产品结构经 1 H NMR 确证。结论 本文设计了一条新的合成路线,该合成过程操作简单, 起始原料便宜易得,反应条件温和,收率高,易于工业化。  相似文献   

18.
环孢素(cyclosporine A,CsA)作为钙调磷酸酶的抑制剂发挥免疫抑制作用而广泛用于器官移植和自身免疫病的治疗。然而,该药在患者个体间的疗效差异大。细胞色素P450(cytochrome P450,CYP)3A4和CYP3A5是CsA体内代谢的肝药酶,此外,肠道P-糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein,P-gp)对该药的外排作用也显著影响CsA的吸收。目前研究示CYP3A5*3、CYP3A4*1B、*18B、*22的多态性,以及编码P-gp的ABCB1基因中的3种多态性,即C1236T、G2677T/A和C3435T,与CsA代谢及疗效相关联,但结论仍然存在争议。本文主要对上述研究结果进行归纳和分析,还同时对参与调节CYP活性或CsA药理作用发挥路径中涉及的分子,包括过氧化物酶体增殖剂激活受体α(peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor alpha,PPAR-α)、CYP450氧化还原酶(cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase,POR)、孕烷X受体(pregnane X receptor,PXR)及甲酰肽受体1(formyl peptide receptor 1,FPR1)的基因多态性也进行小结,从较全面的角度归纳新近关于基因多态性对CsA在体内的代谢、疗效发挥所产生的影响的研究进展。  相似文献   

19.
Staphylococccus aureus represents one of the most challenging human pathogens as well as a common colonizer of human skin and mucosal surfaces. S. aureus causes a wide range of diseases from skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) to debilitating and life-threatening conditions such as osteomyelitis, endocarditis, and necrotizing pneumonia. The range of diseases reflects the remarkable diversity of the virulence factors produced by this pathogen, including surface antigens involved in the establishment of infection and a large number of toxins that mediate a vast array of cellular responses. The staphylococcal toxins are generally believed to have evolved to disarm the innate immune system, the first line of defense against this pathogen. This review focuses on recent advances on elucidating the biological functions of S. aureus bicomponent pore-forming toxins (BCPFTs) and their utility as targets for preventive and therapeutic intervention. These toxins are cytolytic to a variety of immune cells, primarily neutrophils, as well as cells with a critical barrier function. The lytic activity of BCPFTs towards immune cells implies a critical role in immune evasion, and a number of epidemiological studies and animal experiments relate these toxins to clinical disease, particularly SSTI and necrotizing pneumonia. Antibody-mediated neutralization of this lytic activity may provide a strategy for development of toxoid-based vaccines or immunotherapeutics for prevention or mitigation of clinical diseases. However, certain BCPFTs have been proposed to act as danger signals that may alert the immune system through an inflammatory response. The utility of a neutralizing vaccination strategy must be weighed against such immune-activating potential.  相似文献   

20.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

TNF-α is an inflammatory cytokine implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma and it causes airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction and airway hyperresponsiveness to a number of spasmogens following inhalation.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

We compared contractions of guinea pig isolated trachea incubated with saline or TNF-α for 1, 2 or 4 days to electrical field stimulation (EFS), 5-HT or methacholine. In addition, we compared bronchoconstriction in anaesthetized guinea pigs 6 h after intratracheal instillation of saline or TNF-α to vagal nerve stimulation, i.v. 5-HT or methacholine. Differential counts were performed on the bronchoalvelolar lavage fluid (BALF).

KEY RESULTS

Maximum contractions to methacholine, 5-HT and EFS were not different between freshly prepared and saline-incubated tissues. Exposure to TNF-α concentration-dependently potentiated contractions to 5-HT and EFS, but not methacholine. All contractions were atropine-sensitive, but not hexamethonium-sensitive. 5-HT-evoked contractions were inhibited by ketanserin or epithelial denudation. Only EFS-evoked contractions were tetrodotoxin-sensitive. Vagal stimulation, i.v. 5-HT or MCh caused a significant atropine-sensitive, frequency- and dose-dependent bronchoconstriction and decreased blood pressure similarly in both saline and TNF-α pre-treated animals. TNF-α potentiated the bronchoconstriction to vagal stimulation and 5-HT, but not MCh. The BALF from saline-treated animals contained predominantly macrophages, whereas that from TNF-α–treated animals contained neutrophils.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

TNF-α caused airway hyperresponsiveness to nerve stimulation in vivo and increased contractility in vitro. However, responsiveness to MCh was unchanged, suggesting a pre-synaptic action of TNF-α on parasympathetic nerves. TNF-α-induced airway hyperresponsiveness to 5-HT suggested an increased 5-HT2A receptor-mediated acetylcholine release from epithelial cells.  相似文献   

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