寿光市MSM艾滋病知识知晓率及高危行为调查

目的了解寿光市男男性行为人群（MSM）的艾滋病防治知识知晓率,以及高危行为发生情况,为该人群的艾滋病防控工作提供科学依据。方法利用网络技术,在MSM QQ群发布共享文件《艾滋病知识知晓率及高危行为调查问卷》,同时借助群邮箱进行问卷调查。结果共调查400名MSM,20～30岁年龄段占41.25%;艾滋病知识知晓率为72.81%。最近6个月中,31.00%与异性有过性行为,81.25%有过同性性行为;37.54%发生同性肛交性行为时使用安全套;46.21%在与同性发生商业性行为时使用安全套。结论寿光市MSM的艾滋病防治知识知晓率低,安全套使用率低;采取针对性的宣传教育和干预措施,增强自我保护意识,减少高危性行为的发生,提高艾滋病知识知晓率和安全套使用率,防止艾滋病从高危人群向一般人群扩散是今后工作的重点。     

济南市MSM和暗娼人群AIDS相关知识和危险行为调查

目的 了解男男性行为者(MSM)和暗娼(FSW)两类高危人群艾滋病相关知识和危险行为状况.方法 在知情同意的前提下,对MSM人群和暗娼进行面对面的问卷调查及采样检测.结果 调查MSM人群656人,平均年龄(26.28±6.79)岁,艾滋病知识知晓率81.38%,最近6个月有85.98%的人与男性发生过肛交性行为,每次都使用安全套的占28.37%,艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染率2.17%,梅毒感染率为8.68%.调查FSW人群405人,平均年龄(23.98±4.56)岁,文化程度较低,艾滋病知识知晓率71.22%,最近5次与嫖客发生性行为时全部使用安全套的占78.27%,经偏相关分析,仅场所与其有关(偏相关系数r'=-0.2180,P＜0.01).路边店、出租屋的FSW安全套使用率较低.检测53人,HIV抗体均阴性.结论 济南市艾滋病有从MSM和FSW人群向普通人群扩散的潜在危险.建议加大对高危人群行为干预工作的力度.     

2011年辽宁省艾滋病哨点高危人群监测结果分析

目的了解辽宁省高危人群中艾滋病流行状况及相关行为信息,为制定艾滋病防治规划和开展有效干预提供科学依据。方法采用连续抽样调查的方法,对吸毒者、男男性行为者(Men who have sex with men,MSM)、暗娼、性病门诊男性就诊者进行问卷调查和血清学检测。结果 2011年共监测4类人群16 879人。吸毒者、MSM、暗娼、性病门诊男性就诊者的HIV阳性检出率分别是0.4%、4.3%、0和0.3%。吸毒者最近一年不安全商业性行为的比例为66.7%;MSM人群最近6个月肛交安全套坚持使用率为54.7%;暗娼最近一个月商业性行为坚持使用安全套的比例为62.9%。从2007-2011年辽宁省高危人群的HIV阳性检出率变化趋势来看,MSM人群HIV阳性检出率处于相对较高水平。结论 MSM人群HIV阳性率最高,提示该人群是艾滋病防控工作的重点。全省艾滋病疫情呈低流行态势,但诸多传播因素仍然存在,必须进行有效的行为干预。     

广东省性病门诊男性就诊者高危性行为和危险因素调查分析

目的了解性病门诊男性就诊者的高危性行为现状及其影响因素,为开展性病就诊者高危人群干预提供科学的依据。方法 2014年6-11月采用横断面调查,方便抽样的方式,利用问卷调查来收集数据,问卷内容包括病人的一般人口学特征、艾滋病性病知识、高危性行为、性病感染状态等。结果此次研究共纳入456名性病门诊男性就诊者,平均年龄为(34.06±11.40)岁,有31.84%的就诊者在与暗娼的最近一次性行为中没有使用安全套;53.66%的就诊者在最近一次与临时性伴性行为时没有使用安全套;HIV的感染率为3.29%,梅毒感染率为3.95%。通过多因素Logistic回归发现,年龄较小[比值比(OR)=3.768]、接受过健康教育(OR=1.790)和梅毒知识知晓率高(OR=1.725)的就诊者,倾向于在性行为过程中使用安全套。结论要加强性病门诊男性就诊者的性病艾滋病知识和行为教育,同时重点加强青少年和单身青年的教育力度,提高对于性病艾滋病的认知,降低高危性行为风险。     

兰州市城关区801名男男性接触人群艾滋病和梅毒流行病学调查分析

目的了解甘肃省兰州市城关区男男性接触人群（men who have sex with men,MSM）艾滋病和梅毒流行趋势,分析相关危险因素,为降低MSM人群艾滋病和梅毒感染率提供科学依据。方法分析2012—2013年城关区MSM人群相关知识、行为调查问卷和血清学相关资料。结果在调查的801名MSM人群中,年龄最小17岁,最大57岁,21～30岁居多,占52.18%;高中文化程度居多,占41.95%,未婚占73.16%,本地户籍占92.76%;艾滋病相关知识知晓率为81.40%,最近一次与同性发生肛交行为安全套使用率为81.52%,最近六个月与同性发生肛交行为每次都使用安全套的比例仅为35.46%;有49.93%的MSM人群在最近六个月发生过商业性肛交性行为,每次都用安全套的比例为62.25%;有15.36%的MSM人群在最近六个月与异性发生过性行为,每次都用安全套的比例为51.22%;HIV阳性率3.75%,梅毒阳性率10.61%。结论兰州市城关区MSM人群安全套坚持使用率低、多性伴、梅毒感染率较高等促使HIV的传播,部分MSM双性恋的行为,使HIV具有向普通人群传播的危险。     

2010-2012年重庆市万州区三类人群艾滋病哨点监测结果分析

目的了解重庆市万州区三类人群的行为特征、艾滋病知识水平及艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染情况,为预防和控制艾滋病的流行提供科学依据。方法根据全国哨点监测方案的统一要求,以重复横断面调查方法,对性病门诊男性就诊者、暗娼、孕（产）妇进行监测。结果重庆市万州区2010—2012年共监测性病门诊男性就诊者1200人,19．5％发生过非婚性行为,19．92％与临时性伴发生过性行为,16．42％被诊断患过性病,艾滋病知识知晓率为83．25％,HIV阳性率为0．58％。监测暗娼l200人,最近一个月内与客人发生性关系时30．42％每次使用安全套,2．17％吸毒,3．08％被诊断患过性病,艾滋病知识知晓率为45．58％,未检出HIV阳性者。监测孕（产）妇1201人,3．16％注射过毒品,3．16％有丈夫以外的其他性伙伴,1．33％患过性病,艾滋病知识知晓率为69．53％,HIV阳性率为0．25％。结论万州区艾滋病高危人群高危行为普遍存在,急需加强预防控制措施,控制艾滋病的流行。     

山东省男性同性恋者综合行为监测情况分析

目的了解山东省男性同性恋行为特征及性病艾滋病感染状况,为实施有效的干预措施和防治对策提供信息和依据。方法对同性恋活动场所的157名男性同性恋者进行匿名问卷调查,并采集血标本。结果共调查男性同性恋者157人,以青壮年为主,平均年龄26岁,文化程度较高。艾滋病病毒(HIV)及梅毒阳性率均为4.5%。这部分人群艾滋病知识总知晓率较高,但采取高危险性行为的比例也非常高,最近6个月在肛交时坚持使用安全套的比例仅为29.9%。结论山东省男性同性恋人群中已经有较高的HIV感染率,并且艾滋病相关的高危行为普遍存在,必须对此类高危人群采取有效干预措施,同时加强中学生的性健康教育也迫在眉捷。     

308名女性性工作者艾滋病知识与性行为调查分析

目的 了解郑州市女性性工作者艾滋病知识知晓率和性行为特征,为制订有效的高危行为干预措施提供依据.方法 采用匿名问卷调查,对郑州市某收容教育所收容的女性性工作者进行艾滋病知识和性行为特征调查.结果 共调查308名女性性工作者,平均年龄23岁,81.49%为初中以下学历,70.13%来自农村;艾滋病防治知识总知晓率58.70%;初次发生性行为的平均年龄为18.5岁,初次卖淫的平均年龄为21.7岁;使用安全套者占93.51%,但每次均用者仅占13.48%;有吸毒史者占11.04%;患性病后到私人诊所就诊或自己买药治疗的占51.40%.结论 被调查人群存在艾滋病防治知识知晓率低,普遍存在传播艾滋病的高危性行为,应对其采取针对性的健康教育和行为干预措施,推广100%使用安全套,以降低艾滋病的感染及传播机会.     

HIV阴性男男性行为者艾滋病相关行为特征及影响因素调查

目的了解艾滋病病毒(HIV)阴性男男性行为者(MSM)的艾滋病相关行为特征,分析高危性行为的影响因素,为在该人群中开展针对性干预措施提供依据。方法 2015—2016年,在宁波市采用非概率方便抽样进行样本招募,剔除HIV检测阳性的对象后,采用统一调查表进行艾滋病相关行为特征问卷调查。结果 918名MSM的平均年龄(29.9±8.4)岁,未婚554人(60.3%),本省499人(54.4%),在当地居住时间2年的671人(73.1%),文化程度大专及以上385人(41.9%)。艾滋病知识知晓率为92.5%(849人)。635人(69.2%)最近3个月与同性性伴发生过肛交,其中同性性伴中位数为2人(1~3人),155人(24.4%)与3个及以上同性性伴发生过肛交。918人中398人(43.4%)最近3个月与男性发生肛交时不用安全套。当地居住时间、文化程度和是否获得过医务人员/同伴面对面艾滋病宣传教育,对高危性行为的影响有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论HIV阴性MSM艾滋病知识知晓率较高,但仍存在多性伴以及无保护性行为现象。应针对流动人口、低文化人群加强宣教和干预,并提高面对面宣教干预工作质量,以降低该人群感染艾滋病的风险。     

2009-2011年上海市金山区暗娼哨点监测分析

目的了解金山区暗娼艾滋病性病流行状况及相关危险因素,为评估艾滋病性病防治工作及制定暗娼人群干预策略提供科学根据。方法采用问卷调查,现场收集金山区哨点监测对象的相关行为信息,并采集血液标本进行艾滋病病毒(HIV)、梅毒抗体检测。结果 2009-2011年,金山区暗娼艾滋病防治知识知晓率分别为82.0%、97.3%、86.3%,不同年龄段的暗娼对艾滋病知识知晓程度差异有统计学意义(χ2=47.35,P<0.01),且20～40岁年龄段艾滋病知识知晓率高于<20岁和>40岁年龄段。暗娼最近一次安全套使用率分别为56.9%、79.0%、87.3%,最近一次安全套使用率呈逐年上升趋势,差异有统计学意义(χ2=108.83,P<0.01)。暗娼对艾滋病防治知识知晓率不同与最近一次安全套使用率差异有统计学意义(χ2=18.04,P<0.01),安全套使用率随知晓率上升而上升。HIV抗体阳性率均为0,梅毒抗体阳性率分别为2.3%、3.8%、2.5%。结论通过采取综合性防治措施,暗娼艾滋病知识知晓率和商业性行为坚持使用安全套的比例在逐步上升。虽然HIV处于低流行态势,但存在性病流行,因此疫情存在上升风险,需不断开展干预和综合防治工作。     

CDC-funded HIV testing,HIV positivity,and linkage to HIV medical care in non-health care settings among young men who have sex with men (YMSM) in the United States

In the United States, HIV infection disproportionately affects young gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men, aged 13–24 years (collectively referred to as YMSM), specifically black YMSM. Knowledge of HIV status is the first step for timely and essential prevention and treatment services. Because YMSM are disproportionately affected by HIV, the number of CDC-funded HIV testing events, overall and newly diagnosed HIV positivity, and linkage to HIV medical care among YMSM in non-health care settings were examined from 61 health department jurisdictions. Differences by age and race/ethnicity were analyzed. Additionally, trends in number of HIV testing events and newly diagnosed HIV positivity were examined from 2011 to 2015. In 2015, 42,184 testing events were conducted among YMSM in non-health care settings; this represents only 6% of tests in non-health care settings. Overall and newly diagnosed HIV positivity was 2.8% and 2.1%, respectively, with black/African–American YMSM being disproportionately affected (5.6% for overall; 4% for newly diagnosed); 71% of YMSM were linked within 90 days. The newly diagnosed HIV positivity among YMSM decreased from 2.8% in 2011 to 2.4% in 2015, and the number of newly diagnosed YMSM also decreased. Further targeted testing efforts among YMSM are needed to identify undiagnosed YMSM, specifically black YMSM.     

Ethnic and gay community attachments and sexual risk behaviors among urban Latino young men who have sex with men.

Culturally relevant prevention programs are required to reduce HIV risk exposure of Latino young men who have sex with men (YMSM). As part of Hermanos Jóvenes, 465 Latino YMSM were surveyed at community venues of New York City outside the gay-identified area of lower Manhattan. We examined factors that influence ethnic and gay community attachments; the association between community attachments and social support in sexual matters; and the relationship between levels of attachment, social support in sexual matters, and sexual risk behaviors. Sixty-eight percent felt closely connected to their ethnic community; about 34% were highly attached to both neighborhood and New York City gay communities. Greater social support in sexual matters was associated with ethnic and gay community attachments. Latino YMSM connected to their ethnic community were about 40% less likely to report recent unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) with a male partner, and 60% less likely to have engaged in UAI during the last sexual contact with a nonmain male partner. Gay community attachment was not significantly related to risk behaviors. Findings point to the importance of ethnic ties and involving ethnic community organizations in HIV prevention efforts.     

Associations of unprotected anal intercourse with Grindr-met partners among Grindr-using young men who have sex with men in Los Angeles

Grindr, a geosocial smartphone application, is a networking medium for men who have sex with men. Although three quarters of young men who have sex with men (YMSM) Grindr users report having sex with a Grindr-met partner, the correlates of risky sexual behavior with Grindr-met partners are unknown. A randomly selected sample of 18- to 24-year-old, Grindr-using YMSM completed an anonymous online questionnaire assessing patterns of Grindr use and sexual behavior with their last Grindr-met partners. Of the 146 YMSM who reported having sex with Grindr-met partners, 20% had unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) at last sex with their Grindr-met partner. In the multivariable model, YMSM who used Grindr for at least one year showed naked chest/abs in their profile photo, and reported more past month Grindr-met partners were more likely to report UAI. These findings suggest that familiarity with the app was associated with YMSM's UAI with Grindr-met partners. Moreover, sexualized profile photos (i.e., naked chest/abs) may be associated with sexual risk-taking behaviors. HIV prevention interventions delivered or linked through such apps should target individuals who are longer/frequent users and who present sexualized profiles.     

Keeping them in "STYLE": finding, linking, and retaining young HIV-positive black and Latino men who have sex with men in care

Young men who have sex with men (YMSM) of color are at particularly increased risk for HIV infection compared to white MSM. National data highlight the need to link YMSM of color to care to improve their overall health and stem further infections, yet, there is limited data on interventions and clinical outcomes focused on engaging and retaining youth, specifically HIV-infected YMSM of color in care. To address the medical care needs of this underserved population, in 2005, the Health Research and Services Administration (HRSA) created the YMSM of Color Initiative. Utilizing a social marketing campaign targeting youth and members of their sexual and social networks, testing and outreach on college campuses and within the broader community, and a tightly linked medical-social support network, we created STYLE (Strength Through Youth Livin' Empowered), a novel intervention that sought to diagnose, engage, and retain HIV-positive black and Latino YMSM in HIV primary care services. Over a 3-year period, 81 men were either newly diagnosed or reengaged in care. Overall, 63% of the cohort was retained in clinical care; defined as attending at least one medical visit every 4 months. Compared to the 3 years prior to STYLE, the odds ratio for whether or not someone attended a clinic visit was 2.58 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.34-4.98) if enrolled in STYLE. We conclude that compared to a pre-STYLE cohort, STYLE was an effective intervention that increased HIV diagnoses, provided efficient and timely engagement in care for both those newly diagnosed and those who had fallen out of care and improved overall retention.     

A qualitative study of Thai HIV-positive young men who have sex with men and transgender women demonstrates the need for eHealth interventions to optimize the HIV care continuum

In Thailand, young men who have sex with men (YMSM) and transgender women (TG) are disproportionately affected by HIV and have suboptimal care continuum outcomes. Although Thai YMSM and young TG are early adopters of emerging technologies and have high Internet and technology access and utilization, the potential of technology has not been harnessed to optimize the HIV treatment cascade. We interviewed 18 behaviorally HIV-infected YMSM and young TG regarding care challenges, identified how eHealth could address care needs, and elicited preferences for eHealth interventions. Participants reported struggling with individual and societal-level stigma which negatively impacted linkage to and retention in care, and antiretroviral therapy adherence. YMSM and young TG described inadequate in-person support services and heavily relied on random online resources to fill information and support gaps, but sometimes viewed them as untrustworthy or inconsistent. Participants universally endorsed the development of eHealth resources and proposed how they could ameliorate individual-level fears over stigma and improve public perceptions about HIV. Personalized and integrated eHealth interventions with interactive, user-driven structures, credible content, rewards for engagement, real-time counseling and reminder support could help overcome barriers YMSM and young TG face in traditional HIV healthcare systems and have the potential to improve care outcomes.     

Epidemiologic data on young men of color who have sex with men

Young men of color who have sex with men (YMSM of color) have been disproportionately affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States. Between 2001 and 2006, HIV/AIDS diagnoses increased 93.1% among African-American MSM aged 13-24 and 45.8% among Latino MSM aged 13-24. Many multisite studies have yielded valuable information on the behaviors associated with HIV infection in adolescents, MSM, African-Americans, and Latinos. Studies among adolescents found a high prevalence of risky sexual behaviors, including having multiple partners and unprotected intercourse and frequent substance use. Multisite studies of MSM also found frequent reports of alcohol and drug abuse, and one study found that nearly one-half (48%) of HIV-positive MSM were unaware of their infection. Similarly, two multisite studies of YMSM found high rates of unprotected sex, substance use, and HIV-infection among YMSM of color. Recognizing these challenges, the HIV/AIDS Bureau (HAB) of the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) funded the first multisite study to improve engagement, linkage to HIV care, and retention in care for HIV-positive YMSM of color. The objective of this article is to review the epidemiologic data on HIV-positive YMSM of color from surveillance and multisite studies in order to identify the needs of this population and the gaps in the literature.     

HIV prevention with young men who have sex with men: what young men themselves say is needed. Medical College of Wisconsin CITY Project Research Team

Young men who have sex with men (YMSM), and particularly ethnic minority YMSM, experience high incidence HIV infection due to continued patterns of high-risk sexual behaviour. The intent of this research was to systematically solicit input and recommendations from YMSM themselves concerning the kinds of HIV prevention programmes that would best meet their needs and would address risk issues they believed are critical. In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with a sample of 72 purposively selected YMSM to identify necessary components of HIV prevention targeting YMSM. Respondents noted a need for comprehensive HIV prevention programmes that addressed issues related to dating and intimacy, sexuality and arousal, drugs and alcohol, self-esteem and self-worth, abuse and coercion, and sexual identity. Respondents emphasized the importance of keeping programmes confidential, fun, comfortable, accepting and open to all YMSM regardless of sexual identity. Identified community resource needs included safe havens for youth, more peer educators and older MSM mentors, increased school-based sexuality education, and greater support from the society at large as well as from churches, the gay community and communities of Color. Implications of these findings for HIV prevention are discussed.     

Brief report: Motivations for HIV testing among young men who have sex with men in Los Angeles County

ABSTRACT

Despite current prevention efforts, HIV incidence continues to rise among young men who have sex with men (YMSM) in the United States. Identification of new infections through routine testing is an important first step in the HIV treatment cascade; behavioral assessment among those who test negative may prompt deployment of new biomedical prevention efforts. The present study interviewed 100 YMSM (mean age 25) in Los Angeles, California, with the goal of identifying and understanding HIV testing beliefs and behaviors. Analysis of responses to brief semistructured interviews was conducted using content analysis. Findings highlight high rates of testing (91% lifetime tested; 59% in past 6 months) but reveal a disconnect between HIV testing and risk assessment. Partnerships between academic institutions, community-based organizations, and individual practitioners may facilitate community-wide HIV testing complemented by biomedical interventions. Further exploration of YMSM’s attitudes toward HIV testing is warranted.     

Predictors of Over-Reporting HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Adherence Among Young Men Who Have Sex With Men (YMSM) in Self-Reported Versus Biomarker Data

Young men who have sex with men (YMSM) face a disproportionately high burden of HIV. Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is effective in preventing HIV acquisition, but adherence to PrEP among YMSM may be inadequate. Medication adherence may be assessed via biomarkers, which are expensive and invasive, or via self-report through Audio Computer Assisted Self-Interview (ACASI), which may result in over-reporting of adherence. In this paper we assess the potential of a new method of self-report, the Interactive Questionnaire System (iQS), in validly estimating true adherence rates. PrEP adherence among 167 YMSM aged 15–23 was measured via dried blood spot (DBS), ACASI, and iQS twice over a 24-week study period. Both ACASI- and iQS-reported data revealed that over 40% of individuals self-reporting adequate PrEP adherence had DBS-estimated drug levels indicating inadequate adherence. Adjusted logistic repeated measures random intercept regression analyses indicated that younger YMSM had higher odds of over-reporting adherence than older YMSM—each 1 year increase in age was associated with 0.79 times the odds of over-reporting adherence (95% CI 0.63, 0.98; p value = 0.031), and being African American was associated with 3.22 times greater odds of over-reporting than non-African Americans (95% CI 1.51, 6.90; p-value = 0.0003). These results suggest that ACASI and iQS methods of self-report significantly overestimate true PrEP adherence rates among YMSM, and that the odds of over-reporting adherence may be affected by both age and race.     

Sexual risk behaviors among apps-using young men who have sex with men in Hong Kong

This study is among the first to examine the sexual risk behaviors and attendant factors of young men who have sex with men (YMSM) in Hong Kong using location-aware gay social networking mobile applications (“gay apps”). Among the 213 YMSM (M_age?=?21.52, SD?=?2.29 years, range 17–25) who reported their recent (past six months) sexual history with male partners and gay apps use, inconsistent condom use (ICU) during anal sex was fairly common (60.2% regular partners, 45.8% non-regular partners). One-fifth of the sample reported condomless internal ejaculation (CIE) during anal sex (19.3% insertive, 19.8% receptive). Frequent “Grindr” and “Jack'd” users were less likely to report anal sex, and hence ICU, with regular [adjusted odds ratio (AOR)?=?0.72] and non-regular (AOR?=?0.62) partners, respectively. Sexual partnering via apps doubled the odds of ICU with both regular (AOR?=?1.99) and non-regular (AOR?=?2.17) partners. The odds of ICU with regular partners also increased with relationship status (AOR?=?2.86 exclusive, AOR?=?3.23 non-exclusive) but reduced for those who never had STI/HIV testing (AOR?=?0.27). With non-regular partners, YMSM's likelihood of ICU increased with more recent partners (AOR?=?3.25) and drug use (AOR?=?3.79), but reduced with group sex (AOR?=?0.15). The odds of receptive CIE increased with alcohol consumption (AOR?=?4.04), non-exclusive relationship (AOR?=?4.10), and more recent partners (AOR?=?2.47), but reduced with group sex (AOR?=?0.15) and older age (AOR?=?0.84). For insertive CIE, the odds increased with bisexual YMSM (AOR?=?2.89), exclusive relationship (AOR?=?3.97), and longtime apps-use (AOR?=?1.81). The findings identify meaningful differences among YMSM app-users that inform sexual health intervention and suggest attention on alcohol or drug use during sex and condomless sex with non-exclusive regular partners.