非甾体抗炎药相关性上消化道出血64例分析

目的探讨非甾体抗炎药（NSAIDs）相关性上消化道出血的临床特点。方法回顾性分析360例上消化道出血住院患者的临床资料，根据出血前10d内是否服用过NSAIDs将患者分为服药组和未服药组，对比分析两组患者的临床资料。结果360例上消化道出血患者中有64例（17．78％）服用过NSAIDs。两组比较，服药组患者年龄偏大、多有消化性溃疡和心脑血管病史（P〈0．05）；出血前消化道症状不明显（P〈0．01）；血红蛋白下降更多（P〈0．05）；胃溃疡和复合性溃疡、多发黏膜病损的情况在服药组更多见（P〈0．05）。但两组患者的性别、Hp阳性率差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论老年友具有消化性溃疡、心脑血管病史者更易发生NSAIDs相关性上消化道出血，无腹痛性消化道出血是其临床表现的特点。     

Controversies and advances in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) analgesia in chronic pain management

Chronic pain can lead to significant disability with social and economic implications in the community. Traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been part of the management of chronic pain. The risk of adverse events with traditional NSAIDs has led to the development of alternative therapeutic options. Differential blockade of the enzymes involved in pain and inflammation can offer therapeutic options without the gastrointestinal side effects. However, this may be at the expense of other major cardiovascular side effects. Pain pathways that involve peripheral transmission may be altered by local application of analgesia to the skin overlying the painful area. Recent guidelines for osteoarthritis treatment from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence highlight the importance of topical NSAIDs in the armamentarium of pain management. NSAID combination drugs with gastric protection have provided alternatives to traditional NSAIDs, but the long-term sequelae are unknown.     

The double-edged sword of COX-2 selective NSAIDs

THE LAUNCH OF THE CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 (COX-2) selective NSAIDs was based on 2 hypotheses: (1) the major adverse effects limiting the usefulness of nonselective NSAIDs are gastrointestinal in nature and (2) COX-2 selective NSAIDs are associated with fewer gastrointestinal adverse effects than nonselective NSAIDs. At the time of the launch, neither of these hypotheses had been proven and, as documented in this review, both remain uncertain. The increased incidence of total and nongastrointestinal serious adverse events, with the COX-2 selective NSAIDs as compared with nonselective NSAIDs, in the Celecoxib Long-term Arthritis Safety Study (CLASS) and the Vioxx Gastrointestinal Outcomes Research (VIGOR) study remains a major concern. The increased morbidity associated with the COX-2 selective NSAIDs may be a manifestation of the COX-2 selectivity of rofecoxib and celecoxib or the supramaximal doses of these drugs used in the trials. Proof that the increased harm was not caused by the COX-2 selectivity of the drugs depends on demonstration in a randomized controlled trial that COX-2 selective NSAIDs at usual doses are as effective as nonselective NSAIDs and cause fewer gastrointestinal serious adverse events without increasing the incidence of total nongastrointestinal serious adverse events.     

COX-2 inhibition and thrombotic tendency: a need for surveillance

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors belong to a new class of drugs which have anti-inflammatory efficacy similar to that of traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), but are associated with a reduced incidence of adverse upper gastrointestinal events. Biochemical evidence that COX-2 inhibitors could promote or exacerbate a tendency to thrombosis is supported by recent results from clinical trials and case reports. Two agents in this class, celecoxib and rofecoxib, have been listed on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) for very broad indications in chronic arthropathies, suggesting that they will move into widespread community use. It is important to canvass the possibility that use of these agents could be associated with thrombotic events.     

非甾体类抗炎药致上消化道出血的临床特征分析

目的研究非甾体类抗炎药（NSAIDs）诱发上消化出血的临床特征。方法调查亳州市人民医院2008年1月～2011年5月因诊断上消化道出血收住院治疗142例患者,根据入院前10 d内有无服用过NSAIDs的病史,将患者分为NSAIDs组（49例）及非NSAIDs组（93例）两组进行分析比较。结果两组比较,患者的性别、消化道溃疡病史差异无统计学意义,但NSAIDs组患者在年龄、心血管病史、出血前消化道症状、血红蛋白含量、内镜下消化道溃疡、住院时间、72 h止血率等方面与非NSAIDs组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 NSAIDs是上消化道出血的重要病因,年老、患有心脑血管疾病者更易出现并发症,且止血效果欠佳。应掌握NSAIDs类药物的适应证和禁忌证,可同时使用胃肠道保护药。     

非甾体抗炎药相关性上消化道出血的临床分析

目的 探讨非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs)相关性上消化道出血的临床及内镜特点.方法 对177例上消化道出血病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析,根据出血前1周内是否服用NSAIDs分为NSAIDs组(36例)和非NSAIDs组(141例).对比分析两组患者的临床资料.结果 177例上消化道出血患者中有36例(20.34%)服用过NSAIDs.两组比较,NSAIDs组在年龄、溃疡类型、临床症状等方面均有显著差异,但在性别、Hp阳性率、既往溃疡病史上无显著性差异.结论 加强对非甾体抗炎药相关性上消化道出血的认识,合理用药,并采取相应措施,以降低使用NSAIDs引起上消化道出血的风险.     

风湿科需慎重选择非甾体类抗炎药

对风湿科医师来说,已经有很多的药物来治疗关节炎,包括镇痛药、非甾体类抗炎药(NSAIDs)、激素、缓解疾病抗风湿药、生物制剂等。非选择性NSAIDs或者环氧化酶2选择性抑制剂已经被风湿科医师广泛应用于关节炎患者,但是随之而来的是使用NSAIDs药物患者的心血管疾病、肾脏疾病和胃肠道疾病的发病率逐渐增加。不同的NSAIDs药物这些不良反应的差异较大。治疗方案中,使用NSAIDs一定要考虑导致这些不良反应的风险。风湿科医师在处方时一定要根据个体差异来评估使用NSAIDs的利弊。     

Considerations for the safe prescribing and use of COX-2-specific inhibitors

The majority of the "Australian COX-2-Specific Inhibitor (CSI) Prescribing Group" endorse the following points: CSIs are equivalent to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as anti-inflammatory agents. CSIs and NSAIDs modify symptoms but do not alter the course of musculoskeletal disease. CSIs do not eliminate the occurrence of ulcers or their serious complications, but are associated with considerably fewer peptic ulcers, slightly fewer upper GI symptoms and, according to published reports, fewer serious upper GI complications, notably bleeding, than CSIs and NSAIDs have similar effects on renal function and blood pressure. Whether any CSI poses a risk to cardiovascular safety remains subject to debate. Comorbidities and coprescribed drugs must be considered before initiating CSI (or NSAID) therapy. Patients prescribed CSIs (or NSAIDs) should be reviewed within the first few weeks of therapy to assess effectiveness, identify adverse effects and determine the need for ongoing therapy.     

中医药治疗非甾体消炎药相关性胃肠损伤的研究进展

非甾体消炎药(non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs,NSAIDs)临床应用广泛,是全世界范围内处方量最大的药物之一。长期服用NSAIDs 可出现相关胃肠道损伤,主要表现为黏膜糜烂、溃疡、出血、穿孔,可直接致死,严重危害人民健康。当前防治方法十分有限,主要以质子泵抑制剂、黏膜保护剂、微生态制剂以及对症治疗为主,疗效欠佳。中医中药以辨证施治为基础,在预防和治疗NSAIDs相关性胃肠损伤中疗效明显,不良反应较少。本文对近年来中医药治疗非甾体消炎药相关性胃肠损伤的相关基础及临床研究作一综述,明确中医药在非甾体消炎药相关性胃肠损伤防治中的理论依据及优势。     

Gastrointestinal toxicity with celecoxib vs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: the CLASS study: A randomized controlled trial. Celecoxib Long-term Arthritis Safety Study

CONTEXT: Conventional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are associated with a spectrum of toxic effects, notably gastrointestinal (GI) effects, because of inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1. Whether COX-2-specific inhibitors are associated with fewer clinical GI toxic effects is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether celecoxib, a COX-2-specific inhibitor, is associated with a lower incidence of significant upper GI toxic effects and other adverse effects compared with conventional NSAIDs. DESIGN: The Celecoxib Long-term Arthritis Safety Study (CLASS), a double-blind, randomized controlled trial conducted from September 1998 to March 2000. SETTING: Three hundred eighty-six clinical sites in the United States and Canada. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 8059 patients (>/=18 years old) with osteoarthritis (OA) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were enrolled in the study, and 7968 received at least 1 dose of study drug. A total of 4573 patients (57%) received treatment for 6 months. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomly assigned to receive celecoxib, 400 mg twice per day (2 and 4 times the maximum RA and OA dosages, respectively; n = 3987); ibuprofen, 800 mg 3 times per day (n = 1985); or diclofenac, 75 mg twice per day (n = 1996). Aspirin use for cardiovascular prophylaxis (相似文献   

The use of therapeutic medications for soft-tissue injuries in sports medicine

The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to treat most muscle, ligament and tendon injuries should be reassessed. They have, at best, a mild effect on relieving symptoms and are potentially deleterious to tissue healing. Soft-tissue injury associated with definite inflammatory conditions such as bursitis or synovitis or involving nerve impingement does warrant short-term treatment with NSAIDs. Paracetamol has similar efficacy to NSAIDs in soft-tissue injury, is cheaper, and has a lower side-effect profile. It is the analgesic of choice for most soft-tissue injury. Cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors should not be used to treat soft-tissue injuries unless impingement is a major feature and non-selective NSAIDs are contraindicated (eg, coexisting gastric disorder), and the patient is not at cardiovascular risk. Corticosteroid injections for tendon injuries may achieve a mild to moderate reduction in pain for up to 6 weeks. However, they do not promote tendon healing, so should generally be used only when healing is not a critical goal. Promising new therapeutic treatments for soft-tissue injuries include topical glyceryl trinitrate, aprotinin injections, and prolotherapy.     

COX‐2 inhibitors and the heart: are all coxibs the same?

The selective COX-2 inhibitors (coxibs) were originally developed to minimise the adverse effects of conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) while maintaining the same analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Many large studies confirmed the improved gastric side effect profile of coxibs compared with non-selective NSAIDs; however, reports of increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality followed, and the manufacturer Merck was forced to withdraw rofecoxib (Vioxx) from the market. Other coxibs have also either perished or had restrictions placed on their use. However, there seem to be significant differences between coxibs regarding their cardiovascular profiles, and the evidence for a class effect is dubious. In this paper, the current body of knowledge regarding the cardiovascular toxicities of coxibs is reviewed. The take home message for prescribing NSAIDs and those coxibs still on the market seems to be one of caution rather than contraindication, except in patients with significant cardiovascular risk factors.     

Prospective study of acute gastrointestinal bleeding attributable to anti-inflammatory drug ingestion in the Yorkshire region of the United Kingdom

Objective: To assess the general use of all non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and their relation to upper gastrointestinal bleeding in view of National Institute for Clinical Excellence guidelines published in July 2001 in the UK. Methods: Cross sectional study on all patients who were referred for endoscopy for suspected upper gastrointestinal bleeding in six hospitals in Yorkshire region of the UK. Results: One hundred and sixty three patients presented for endoscopy for suspected upper gastrointestinal bleeding, 43 patients were taking at least one ulcerogenic drug, and 120 were not. The mean age difference between these two groups was eight years (p<0.01). The absolute difference between the proportion of patients with peptic ulcer disease/erosion (PUD) in NSAID with/without aspirin group and no ulcerogenic drug group was 31% (p = 0.02). The difference between the proportion of PUD in cyclo-oxygenase 2 with/without aspirin group and no ulcerogenic drug group was 30% (p = 0.1). The overall 30 days mortality rate was 14.1%. Conclusions: Elderly patients are being inappropriately prescribed conventional NSAIDs. NSAIDs with or without aspirin use are still associated with a significant risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the era of cyclo-oxygenase 2 selective agents. Substitution with cyclo-oxygenase 2 selective NSAIDs is not without risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding.     

非甾体类抗炎药相关性上消化道出血的临床特征分析

目的：探讨非甾体类抗炎药（Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs,NSAIDs）相关性上消化道出血的临床特征。方法选择因呕血或黑便就诊并行急诊胃镜检查确诊的144例患者,分为NSAIDs组和非NSAIDs组,将两组患者进行分析比较。结果NSAIDs组患者年龄≥60岁占67.7%、有消化道症状占32.3%、有心脑血管病史占61.3%、胃镜下糜烂性胃炎和胃溃疡占92.0%、HP 阳性占25.8%,与非 NSAIDs 组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;而 NSAIDs 组患者男性占54.8%、呕血占22.6%,与非NSAIDs组比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论非甾体类抗炎药是上消化道出血的重要病因,伴有心脑血管疾病或病史的老年患者多见,多不伴有消化道症状和HP感染,且以胃溃疡居多。     

老年人非甾体类抗炎药致消化道出血患者的临床特征观察

目的：分析老年人非甾体类抗炎药（NSAIDs）致消化道出血临床特征。方法方便选取从2014年1月—2016年1月收治的100例NSAIDs致消化道出血患者,根据年龄分为中青年组（50例）与老年组（50例）,观察两组血红蛋白（Hb）、凝血酶时间（TT）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、凝血酶原时间（PT）、纤维蛋白原（Fg）、血小板数量（PLT）等指标,分析其临床特征。结果老年组中,28例应用NSAIDs（主要为阿司匹林）,占56.00%,明显高于中青年组36.00%（P<0.05）。老年组中,应用NSAIDs一周后,11例发生上消化道出血（22.00%）,低于中青年组60.00%（P<0.05）羌率有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论与中青年相比,老年人NSAIDs致消化道出血临床特征存在一定差异,需采取个体化治疗。     

Is non‐steroidal anti‐inflammaory drug (NSAID) enteropathy clinically more important than NSAID gastropathy?

The side effects of conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on the stomach is undoubtedly a serious public health problem contributing significantly to the morbidity and mortality of patients receiving these drugs. However, the damage of NSAIDs is not confined to the stomach. Indeed the short term and long term damage of NSAIDs on the small bowel (NSAID enteropathy) is more frequent than NSAID gastropathy. Furthermore, NSAID enteropathy is associated with complications (bleeding and protein loss). While many of these are mild, the serious events (significant bleeding, perforation, obstruction, and sudden death) are frequent as that reported for NSAID gastropathy. The diagnosis of NSAID enteropathy has been greatly aided by the introduction of wireless capsule enteroscopy.     

埃索美拉唑对防治非甾体类抗炎药致胃肠道黏膜损伤的研究进展

随着非甾体类抗炎药(NSAIDs)在临床的广泛应用,其对胃肠道黏膜的损害已受到越来越多的重视,而在众多防治NSAIDs相关性胃肠道黏膜损伤的质子泵抑制药物中,埃索美拉唑作为全球第一个单一异构体质子泵抑制剂,以其相对独特的代谢途径,较其他质子泵抑制药物具有高效持久的抑酸效果,药物动力学稳定性高,个体差异小,不良反应小等优势,得到临床的广泛应用和越来越多的关注。     

环氧合酶/5-脂氧合酶双重抑制剂的研究进展

非甾体类抗炎药(NSAID)广泛用于各种炎症的治疗。长期使用经典的NSAID会产生严重的副作用，尤其是胃肠道副作用。为避免经典的NSAID的副作用，开发出了选择性COX-2抑制剂，但长期使用选择性COX-2抑制剂对心血管系统有副作用。COX/5-LOX双重抑制剂通过同时阻断炎症介质前列腺素和白三烯的形成，产生协同的抗炎作用，有望提高疗效，同时避免COX抑制剂引发的副作用。本文对COX/5-LOX双重抑制剂的抗炎镇痛作用机制，以及研究现状进行综述。     

An evidence-based approach to prescribing NSAIDs in musculoskeletal disease: a Canadian consensus. Canadian NSAID Consensus Participants.

OBJECTIVE. To make recommendations for the long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in primary care practice, particularly for patients at high risk for NSAID-induced complications. OPTIONS. The use of misoprostol to prevent gastrointestinal ulceration and other unwanted NSAIDs effects was considered. The role of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) versus COX-1 inhibiting agents was also examined. OUTCOMES. Reduction of complications associated with long-term use of NSAIDs. EVIDENCE. Evidence was gathered in late 1995 from published research studies and reviews. Position papers were prepared by faculty and advisory board members and discussed at the Canadian NSAID Consensus Symposium in Cambridge, Ont., Jan. 26 and 27, 1996. VALUES. Recommendations were based on randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials (level I evidence) and case-control studies (level II evidence) involving NSAID use when such evidence was available. When the scientific literature was incomplete or inconsistent in a particular area, recommendations reflect the consensus of the participants at the symposium (level III evidence). Physicians were recruited from across Canada for their expertise in rheumatology, gastroenterology, epidemiology, gerontology, family practice, and clinical and basic scientific research. BENEFITS, HARMS AND COSTS. Although a reduction in complications due to inappropriate NSAID use should reduce costs of additional investigations, admissions to hospital and time lost from work, definitive cost analysis studies are not yet available. RECOMMENDATIONS. Currently, no NSAID is available that lacks potential for serious toxicity; therefore, long-term use of NSAIDs should be avoided whenever possible, particularly in high-risk patients (e.g., those who are elderly, suffer from hypertension, congestive heart failure, renal or hepatic impairment or volume depletion, take certain concomitant medications or have a history of peptic ulcer disease) (level I evidence). If NSAIDs are to be used in patients with gastric or nephrotoxic risk factors, the lowest effective dose of NSAID should be used (level III evidence); NSAIDs that are weak COX-1 inhibitors may be preferred (level II evidence). In addition, concomitant administration of misoprostol is recommended in patients at increased risk for upper gastrointestinal complications (level I evidence). However, the clinical judgement of the practising clinician must always be part of any therapeutic decision. VALIDATION. These recommendations are based on the consensus of Canadian experts in rheumatology, gastroenterology and epidemiology, and have been subjected to external peer review.     

COX-2 inhibitors

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors constitute a new group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) which, at recommended doses, block prostaglandin production by cyclooxygenase-2, but not by cyclooxygenase-1. Two COX-2 inhibitors are currently available in Australia--celecoxib, which is taken twice daily, and rofecoxib, which is taken once daily. Both drugs act rapidly in providing pain relief and their anti-inflammatory analgesic effect in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis is equivalent to standard doses of non-selective NSAIDs. Celecoxib and rofecoxib show significantly lower incidences of gastrotoxicity (as measured by endoscopic studies and gastrointestinal ulcers and bleeds) than non-selective NSAIDs. There is Level 2 evidence that COX-2 inhibitors: reduce pain in classic pain models--third-molar extraction, dysmenorrhoea and after orthopaedic surgery; reduce pain and disability in osteoarthritis of the hip and knee; and reduce pain and disability in rheumatoid arthritis. Other adverse effects, such as interference with antihypertensive agents and the potential to produce renal dysfunction in patients with compromised renal function by COX-2 inhibitors, seem similar to those of non-selective NSAIDs.