妊娠滋养叶细胞疾病的超声诊断

妊娠滋养叶细胞疾病( gestational trophoblastic disease,GTD)是指一组来源于胎盘绒毛滋养细胞的疾病。包括葡萄胎、侵蚀性葡萄胎和绒毛膜癌等。可以认为这几种疾病之间有一定联系,良性葡萄胎可能延续发展,经侵蚀性葡萄胎至绒癌。萄葡胎亚洲国家发病率比欧洲或北美高3~10倍[1]。约10%~20%的葡萄胎患者有可能发展为侵蚀性葡萄胎。绒癌除上述途径恶化而来外,也可直接发生于葡萄胎、流产或足月妊娠分娩以后。其临床诊断有一定困难,主要依靠病史、临床表现、HCG测定、诊断性刮宫等项检查。早期诊断与及时化疗是治疗成功的关键。近年来,随着超声显像技术的应用和发展,妊娠滋养叶细胞疾病的诊断率明显提高。现将其超声诊断的研究综述如下。     

22例侵蚀性葡萄胎化疗病人的护理体会

目的 探讨侵蚀性葡萄胎化疗病人的护理方法及特点.方法 对22例侵蚀性葡萄胎化疗病人,在化疗前做好心理护理,针对化疗期间出现的各系统反应,采取相应的护理措施.结果 22例侵蚀性葡萄胎化疗病人在化疗期间无紧张顾虑和恐惧心理,保持心态平衡,积极配合.结论 化疗前做好细致的心理疏导,化疗期间密切观察病情变化和采取正确护理技术,是减少并发症提高化疗成功率及促进早日康复的重要措施.     

恶性滋养细胞肿瘤47例临床分析

目的总结恶性滋养细胞肿瘤的诊治经验,探讨恶性滋养细胞肿瘤的治疗方法及效果。方法回顾分析我院47例恶性滋养细胞肿瘤的临床资料。结果侵蚀性葡萄胎42例,绒癌5例。平均发病年龄31.5岁,47例治疗均以化疗为主,其中单纯化疗41例,化疗加手术治疗6例。侵蚀性葡萄胎治愈率97.6%（1/42）,绒癌治愈率100%（5/5）。结论临床上将病理、血HCG以及B超有机的结合起来使恶性滋养细胞肿瘤能够得到早期诊断,化疗对恶性滋养细胞有较好的疗效。     

PCNA和Caspase-3在妊娠滋养细胞疾病中的表达及意义

目的研究PCNA和Caspase-3在妊娠滋养细胞疾病中的表达变化及意义,为妊娠滋养细胞疾病早期诊断、预后判断提供理论依据。方法收集滋养细胞疾病标本50例,其中葡萄胎10例(均为完全性葡萄胎),侵蚀性葡萄胎20例,绒毛膜癌20例。正常早孕绒毛标本10例为对照组。应用免疫组织化学技术检测PCNA和Caspase-3在早孕绒毛、葡萄胎、侵蚀性葡萄胎、绒毛膜癌组织中的表达情况。结果 PCNA在正常早孕绒毛、葡萄胎、侵蚀性葡萄胎和绒癌中的表达分别为10.24%、20.70%、50.92%、53.65%,各组差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。Caspase-3在正常早孕绒毛、葡萄胎、侵蚀性葡萄胎和绒癌中的表达先升高又降低,分别为1.25%、2.60%、6.40%、1.90%,各组差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 PCNA及Caspase-3表达异常,增殖/凋亡失衡是引起GTT的重要因素。     

危机管理对门诊口腔正畸不良事件及护理满意度的影响

目的 探讨危机管理对门诊口腔正畸患者不良事件发生率及护理满意度的影响。方法 选取2017年1月~2018年3月本院门诊口腔正畸患者70例,随机分为观察组和对照组,各35例。对照组实行常规护理管理,观察组在对照组基础上增加危机管理模式,比较两组不良事件发生率及护理满意度。结果 管理后,观察组不良事件发生率为2.86%,低于对照组的28.57%,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;观察组护理满意度为97.14%,高于对照组的74.29%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05)。结论 将危机管理用于门诊口腔正畸患者中,可有效降低不良事件发生率及护理满意度。     

血绒毛膜促性腺激素与彩色多普勒血流显像在恶性滋养细胞肿瘤诊治中的应用

用彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)与放射免疫分析(RIA)技术检测绒毛膜促性腺激素(β-HCG)均为近年来应用于临床的检测手段.我院将两者联合应用于恶性滋养细胞肿瘤的诊断及化疗后的疗效观察,旨在探讨其在鉴别良、恶性滋养细胞肿瘤的价值以及化疗后的疗效评价. 资料与方法 1 一般情况 选自1995年1月至1998年6月我院住院恶性滋养细胞肿瘤患者共32例作为观察组(以下简称观察组),其中侵蚀性葡萄胎20例,绒癌12例.年龄19～45岁.所有病例均在入院后及每次化疗后测血β-HCG并作CDFI检查.以同期住院的20例良性葡萄胎作为对照.     

血绒毛膜促性腺激素与彩色多普勒血流显像在恶性滋养细胞肿瘤…

用彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)与放射免疫分析(RIA)技术检测绒毛膜促性腺激素(β-HCG)均为近年来应用于临床的检测手段.我院将两者联合应用于恶性滋养细胞肿瘤的诊断及化疗后的疗效观察,旨在探讨其在鉴别良、恶性滋养细胞肿瘤的价值以及化疗后的疗效评价. 资料与方法 1 一般情况 选自1995年1月至1998年6月我院住院恶性滋养细胞肿瘤患者共32例作为观察组(以下简称观察组),其中侵蚀性葡萄胎20例,绒癌12例.年龄19～45岁.所有病例均在入院后及每次化疗后测血β-HCG并作CDFI检查.以同期住院的20例良性葡萄胎作为对照.     

肿瘤患者参与静脉化疗安全管理的实施效果

目的:探讨患者参与静脉化疗安全管理的实施效果.方法:将2320例住院静脉化疗的肿瘤患者按照住院化疗的时间段分为对照组(1029例)和观察组(1291例),对照组按照化疗管理规范实施静脉化疗安全管理,观察组在护士的引导和支持下,由患者或家属与护士共同参与静脉化疗安全管理,包括决策性参与、照护性参与及诉求性参与等内容.结果:实施患者参与静脉化疗安全管理后,化疗相关护理不良事件发生率为0.62%,低于实施前的3.50%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论:患者参与静脉化疗安全管理有助于降低化疗相关护理不良事件的发生.     

早孕绒毛及妊娠滋养细胞疾病中癌基因表达的研究

目的:研究癌基因c-myc和N-ras在早孕绒毛及GTD中的表达。方法:地高辛标记的c-myc、N-ras裸核探针与石腊包埋的18例早孕绒毛及54例GTD组织进行原位杂交。结果:c-myc mRNA在早孕绒毛、葡萄胎、侵蚀性葡萄胎和绒癌中阳性表达率分别为27.8%、44.4%、55.5%和84.4%。N-ras mRNA在早孕绒毛、葡萄胎、侵蚀性葡萄胎和绒癌组织中阳性表达率分别为83.8%、88.9%、77.8%和44.4%。Ⅲ-Ⅳ期GTT中c-myc阳性表达率高于Ⅰ期。c-myc和N-ras在GTT组织中共同表达率为47.2%。结论:c-myc与GTD病变的发展及临床分期有关,N-ras为GTT发生的早期事件。     

妊娠滋养细胞疾病中拓扑异构酶Ⅱα与Ki-67的免疫组织化学研究

一、材料与方法1.病例选择 :复习解放军总医院、香港大学玛丽医院和河北医科大学附属医院病理科存档的妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤 ,选择资料完整的 76例。其中 ,伴有绒毛水肿的流产 15份、部分性葡萄胎 2 0份、完全性葡萄胎 2 0份、侵蚀性葡萄胎 13份和绒癌 8份。除侵蚀性葡萄胎和绒癌为子宫切除标本外 ,余均来源于刮宫标本。所有标本均经 4%甲醛固定 ,石蜡包埋。同时选择妊娠早期和妊晚期正常胎盘作为对照组。2 .免疫组织化学方法 :采用枸橼酸 微波 ＡＢＣ法 ,检测鼠抗人拓扑异构酶 (ｔｏｐｏｉｓｏｍｅｒａｓｅ ,Ｔｏｐｏ)Ⅱα(单抗Ｋｉ Ｓ1,1∶2 0…     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.