格列齐特缓释片或格列吡嗪控释片联合二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病的临床观察

2型糖尿病忠者应用格列齐特缓释片或格列呲嗪控释片联合二甲双胍的临床疗效观察。方法：43例2型糖尿病患患者随机分为两组治疗,一组为使用格列齐特缓释片联合二甲双胍,一组为格列毗嗪控释片联合二甲双胍。治疗12周后以就两组的空腹向糖（FBG）及早镁后2h血糖（PBG）、糖基化血红蛋白（HbA）的对比情况,评价格列齐特缓释片和格列吡嗪控释片疗效有效性。同时通过空腹及餐后2h血糖的比较.强调糖尿病患者的个性化治疗。结果：12周治疗后,43例患者使用格列齐特缓释剂后和使用格列吡嗪控释片型对比的血糖化血红蛋白水平非常接近,组间差异无统计学意义,表明临床疗效相当。两组血糖日均值也相近。两组经血糖监测观察到低血糖发作次数差异无统计学意义。结论：格列齐特缓释片或格列吡嗪控释片疗效相似,但所有2型糖尿病患者空腹、餐后2小时及夜间血糖水平都不尽相同：有些患者表现为空塍血糖轻度升高,早餐后高血糖.夜间血糖轻度升高;另一些患者表现为空腹高血糖.早餐后2小时血糖轻度升高,夜间高血糖。缓释荆是l级释放（等比释放）较适台于前者,控释剂是0级释放（等量释放）较适台于后者。     

HbA1c检测在糖尿病诊断中的价值

测定68例空腹血糖（FPG）〈6．1mmol／L和糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）6％-7％就诊者口服75g葡萄糖后2h血糖（2hPG），研究HbA1c对糖耐量受损（IGT）的诊断价值。发现IGT患者（2hPG≥7．8mmol／L）与血糖正常者（2hPG〈7．8mmol／L）HbA1c水平无统计学差异（P〉0．05），提示HbA1c对IGT的诊断价值不高。     

卡格列净治疗冠心病伴糖尿病老年患者的疗效与安全性分析

目的 探讨卡格列净治疗冠心病伴糖尿病（coronary heart disease-diabetes mellitus, CHD-DM）老年患者的疗效及安全性。方法 择取2020年5月—2022年6月北京市回民医院收治的128例CHD-DM老年患者作为研究对象,采用随机数表法分为两组,各64例。参照组采用常规药物治疗,研究组在常规药物的基础上采用卡格列净治疗。观察两组患者治疗前后的血糖[空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2 h血糖（2 hPG）和糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）]、超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）和不良反应发生情况。结果 治疗前,两组的FPG、2 hPG、HbA1c、hsCRP水平对比差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;治疗后,研究组FPG(6.53±1.18)mmol/L、2 hPG(8.87±1.34)mmol/L、HbA1c(6.41±0.28)%、hs-CRP(10.34±2.49)mg/L比参照组更低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。两组生殖泌尿系感染、低血糖事件、血容量减少、消化道反应发生率对比,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 应用卡格列净治疗CHD...     

长效胰岛素治疗控制不佳的2型糖尿病的疗效

64例OADs但血糖控制不佳的T2DM患者（HbA1c〉7．5％）,随机分为甘精组和预混组各32例。甘精组在原有OADs的基础上,采用每晚10点注射Glarginel次;预混组停用OADs改为每日早晚餐前注射诺和锐30。根据空腹血糖（FBG）水平调整胰岛素用量,以两组FBG均达到5．6mmol／L为治疗目标,共治疗12周。结果两组的HbAIC均明显下降,但无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。甘精组FPG较预混组下降明显（P〈0．05）,达到FBG≤5．6mmol／L（66％VS55％,P〈0．05）和HbA。c≤7．0％（59％VS47％,P〈0．05）的更多。低血糖的比例低（P〈0．05）。结论在原有OADs方案基础上加用Glargine,更多的患者安全达标（HbA,c≤7．0％且不发生低血糖）。     

中国门诊2型糖尿病患者口服药降糖达标状况调查及格列齐特缓释片优化治疗效果分析

目的 评估中国门诊2型糖尿病患者口服药降糖达标的现状,评价格列齐特缓释片[达美康缓释片,施维雅(天津)制药有限公司]一天一次的优化降糖方案的疗效及安全性.方法 在全国20多个城市的54家医院通过义诊调查门诊口服药治疗(3个月以上)的2型糖尿病患者,评估HbA1c≤6.5%的达标率;对未达标患者入组优化治疗,即采用一天一次的格列齐特缓释片治疗替换每日多次服用的促分泌药物(磺脲类或格列奈类药物),治疗3个月后评价其临床疗效及安全性.结果 血糖控制现状调查显示,5 586名2型糖尿病患者的HbA1c为(7.97±2.89)%,达标率为14.1%.1 721例未达标的患者进行优化治疗后,HbA1c从优化前(8.23±4.00)%降为(6.86±2.24)%,平均值下降1.37%(P<0.001),达标率提高为34.1%;空腹血糖从(8.87±4.65)mmol/L下降为(7.13±5.82)mmol/L;餐后2 h血糖从(12.50±4.00)mmoL/L下降为(8.96±3.61)mmol/L;仅有2.6%的患者报告可疑低血糖发生.结论 目前中国门诊口服药治疗的2型糖尿病患者的血糖控制达标率较低;采用每日一次的格列齐特缓释片优化治疗方案,能安全有效地降低血糖,提高HbA1c达标率,对于优化2型糖尿病的管理有重要意义.     

诺和锐、二甲双胍及吡格列酮联用治疗超重及肥胖T2DM的效果观察

目的探讨诺和锐、二甲双胍和吡格列酮联合治疗超重及肥胖2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者的临床疗效。方法将60例超重及肥胖T2DM患者随机分为A、B、C三组各20例,A组予诺和灵30R皮下注射;B组予诺和锐三餐前及中效胰岛素每晚睡前皮下注射;C组在B组基础上口服二甲双胍和吡格列酮,治疗目标均为空腹血糖（FBG）4—7mmol／L、餐后2h血糖7—10mmol／L、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）〈6．5％,各组疗程均为12周。治疗前后分别采用放免法测定FBG、餐后2h血糖及HbA1c;记录胰岛素用量及低血糖发生率。结果治疗后三组FBG均较治疗前显著降低,但组间比较无显著差异;B、C组餐后2h血糖、HbA1c均显著低于A组,且C组HbA1c显著低于B组（P均〈0．05）;胰岛素用量c组〈A组〈B组,B、C组低血糖反应发生率显著低于A组（P均〈0．05）。结论诺和锐、吡格列酮及二甲双胍联合治疗超重及肥胖T2DM患者,可降低餐后血糖、改善血糖控制、减少胰岛素用量及低血糖事件。     

HbA1c达标的老年糖尿病患者HbA1c与血糖波动的关系

目的探讨糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）达标（HbA1c〈7．5％）的老年2型糖尿病患者HbA1c与血糖波动的关系。方法选取HbA1c〈7．5％的住院老年糖尿病患者100例，采用动态血糖监测系统（CGMS）进行3d的血糖监测，分析血糖波动情况，计算平均血糖、高血糖持续时间以及平均血糖漂移幅度（MAGE），分析HbA1c与上述测定值之间的相关性。结果59．5％的患者血糖最高值超过11．1mmol/L，29．7％的患者发生低血糖（〈3．9mmol/L）；血糖超过7．8mmol/L占全天的时间百分比为33％；血糖超过11．1mmol/L占全天的时间百分比为（10．2&#177;1．2）％；低血糖占时间百分比（5．2&#177;1．5）％；HbA1c与CGMS平均血糖值呈显著正相关（r=0．55，P〈0．01），与高血糖持续时间相关（r=0．48，P〈0．01），与MAGE无关（r=0．12，P〉0．05）。结论HbA1c达标的老年2型糖尿病人血糖波动大；HbA1c与平均血糖以及高血糖持续时间相关。与血糖波动无关；HbA1c和血糖波动是评价血糖控制的量与质的独立指标。     

甘精胰岛素联合二甲双胍治疗老年2型糖尿病临床分析

45例血糖控制不良的老年T2DM患者（FBG〉8．0mmol／L,HbA1c〉7．5％）,随机分为A组（n=25）和B组（n=20）,两组均联台口服二甲双胍850mg,qd,以两组FPG〈60mmol／L为达标,共治疗12周,比较治疗后两组血糖达标时间、平均FPG水平、HbA1c、胰岛素用量、低血糖发生率,结果A组在血糖达标时间及低血糖发生率方面明显低于B组（P〈0．05）。结论甘精胰岛素联合二甲双胍的治疗方案,其降糖始果显著,低血糖发生率低,安全性高,适合老年糖尿病的治疗。     

长效胰岛素联合格华止治疗2型糖尿病的疗效和安全性

70例口服降糖药（OAD）但血糖控制不良的（T2DM）患者（HbA1c〉7．5％）,随机分为Glargine治疗组（n=35）和NPH组（n=35）,分别采用每晚10点注射Glargine和NPH加口服格华止500mg,tid治疗。根据空腹血糖（FBG）调整用量,以达到5．6mmol／L为治疗目标,共12周,结果：平均FBG和HbA1c无明显差异（P〉0．05）;但Glargine组低血糖发生率明显少于NPH组（P〈0．05）。结论：每日注射1次长、中效胰岛素联合格华止的方案可使血糖控制不良的T2DM患者血糖获得理想控制,Glargine的低血糖发生率明显低于NPH。     

甘精胰岛素联合格列美脲治疗磺脲类药物继发失效2型糖尿病的临床观察

80例口服磺脲类降糖药血糖控制不理想的2型糖尿病患者随机分为甘精胰岛素加口服格列美脲片组（A组）和预混胰岛素组（B组）,甘精胰岛素予睡前皮下注射胰岛素、口服格列美脲,预混胰岛素早晚餐前半皮下注射胰岛素。治疗12周。观察治疗前后空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白、空腹C肽、餐后C肽的变化。结果A组治疗后FPG（6．4±1．5）mmol／L,2hPG（8．8±1．5）mmol／L,HbA1c（6．8±0．7）％;B组治疗后FPG（6．4±1．1）mmol／L,2hPG（8．9±1．3）mmol／L,HbA1c（6．7±0．8）％,较治疗前差异有极显著性（P〈0．叭）;但A组的低血糖事件明显少于B组（P〈0．01）;且A组治疗后C肽水平明显升高。结论甘精胰岛素联用格列美脲片治疗2型糖尿病的方案安全有效,简便易行,能减少低血糖事件的发生,且可能改善胰岛功能。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Angiographic diagnosis of the degree of serosal invasion of carcinoma of the colon

Angiography using Prostaglandin El^® was performed on 38 patients with carcinoma of the colon in order to diagnose the degree of serosal cancer invasion. The findings at angiography were classified into four groups:1) AG-S3, abnormal change (irregularity and/or encasement) up to marginal vessels; 2) AG-S2, abnormality up to vasa recta; 3) AG-S1, abnormality of penetrating branches of vasa recta within the wall of the colon; and 4) AG-S0, no distinct findings of abovementioned vessels. These angiographic findings were compared with both macroscopic and microscopic serosal cancer invasion. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the macroscopic findings in 84.2 percent of cases. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the microscopic findings in 32.4 percent of cases. Macroscopic findings confirm the angiographic diagnosis precisely but the conflict with microscopic findings should not be overlooked. This may be the result of inflammatory change, adhesion, and fibrosis around carcinoma of the colon.