Detection of the KPC gene in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii during a PCR-based nosocomial surveillance study in Puerto Rico

A 6-month, PCR-based, island-wide hospital surveillance study of beta-lactam resistance in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii was conducted in Puerto Rico. Of 10,507 isolates, 1,239 (12%) unique, multi-beta-lactam-resistant isolates from all geographical regions were identified. The KPC gene was detected in 61 E. coli, 333 K. pneumoniae, 99 P. aeruginosa, and 41 A. baumannii isolates, indicating the widespread dissemination of the KPC gene in clinically significant nosocomial isolates.     

肝移植患者术后感染病原菌的分布和耐药性分析

目的 分析我院肝移植患者术后感染病原菌分布及药敏情况，为临床治疗提供参考。方法 对我院174例肝移植患者感染情况作回顾性分析，细菌的鉴定及药敏采用Microscan Walkaway 40全自动系统。结果 59．8％肝移植患者发生术后感染，部分为混合感染。感染部位包括呼吸道、胆道、血液及腹腔等。分离数居前5位的细菌是鲍曼不动杆菌、金葡菌、铜绿假单胞菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌和大肠埃希菌。分离到的革兰阴性菌对多种抗菌药物有不同程度耐药，对哌拉西林-三唑巴坦及亚胺培南耐药率相对较低。金葡菌绝大多数为耐甲氧西林菌株，仅对复方磺胺甲嗯唑及万古霉素敏感度较高。结论 肝移植患者术后感染病原菌常为多重耐药株，病原菌的监测工作对临床治疗有着重要意义。     

四川省细菌耐药监测网2011年川北地区细菌耐药性监测数据分析

目的掌握四川省川北地区医院临床分离细菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药状况。方法按统一监测方案,监测2011年度川北地区3所医院临床分离细菌耐药状况及细菌敏感性。依据2010年临床实验室标准化协会(Clinical and Labora-tory Standards Institute,CLSI)标准,以Whonet 5.5软件进行数据分析。结果 3家医院2011年1～12月各种临床标本中分离菌株共5006株,其中革兰阴性菌4010株,占80.1%;革兰阳性菌996株,占19.9%。最常见的细菌依次为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus au-reus,MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(Methicillin-resistant coagulase negative Staphylococcus,MRCNS)的检出率分别为18.2%和87.0%,未发现万古霉素、利奈唑胺耐药葡萄球菌。粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌对万古霉素耐药率分别为1.7%和2.6%,未发现利奈唑胺耐药肠球菌。大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamas-es,ESBLs)的比率分别为58.2%和27.7%。鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南的耐药率分别为43.2%和18.1%;鲍曼不动杆菌耐药率超过铜绿假单胞菌。结论本地区临床分离细菌耐药现象较为普遍,应加强细菌耐药监测管理,及时了解细菌耐药性情况,为临床用药提供依据。     

中国14家教学医院院内菌血症与肺炎和腹腔感染病原菌的抗生素耐药监测

目的 监测2006年10月-2007年10月我国不同地区14家教学医院分离的院内获得病原菌的分布和体外药物敏感性.方法 收集来自于院内菌血症、肺炎和腹腔感染患者标本的病原菌.菌株经中心实验室复核后,采用琼脂稀释法测定29种抗菌药物对菌株的MICs,数据输入WHONET5.4软件进行耐药性分析.结果 本研究共收集到2 660株病原菌.引起菌血症(BSI)的病原菌中分离率位于前3位的分别为大肠埃希菌(30.0%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(12.O%)和金黄色葡萄球菌(11.2%);引起院内获得性肺炎(HAP)的病原菌中分离率位于前3位的分别为铜绿假单胞菌(23.4%)、鲍曼不动杆菌(17.4%)和肺炎克雷伯菌(13.8%);引起腹腔感染(IAI)的病原菌中分离率位于前3位的分别为大肠埃希菌(38.8%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(10.2%)和铜绿假单胞菌(9.2%).对于大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌,敏感性大于80%的药物包括替加环素(100%)、美罗培南(99.3%～100%)、亚胺培南(98.5%～100%)和哌拉西林/三唑巴坦(83.8%～95.1%),氟喹诺酮类药物的敏感性为12.4%～44.9%.对于肠杆菌属、柠檬酸杆菌属、沙雷菌属,替加环素的敏感性为99.2%-100%,亚胺培南和美罗培南的敏感性为96.6%-100%.另外,敏感性较高的抗菌药物还有阿米卡星(82.8%～96.6%)、哌拉西林/三唑巴坦(73.4%～93.1%)、头孢吡肟(69.O%～82.8%)和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(72.6%～75.9%),氟喹诺酮类药物的敏感性为55.2%-82.8%.多苇耐药的铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌的发生率分别为18.7%和54.O%.多黏菌素B对铜绿假单胞菌的敏感性最高(93.5%),其次为阿米卡星和哌拉西林/三唑巴坦(均为75.1%).多黏菌素B对鲍曼不动杆菌的敏感性最高(96.2%),其次为替加环素(92.1%)、亚胺培南(59.4%)、米诺环素(59.4%)和美罗培南(56.5%).金黄色葡萄球菌中MRSA的发生率为64.5%,凝同酶阴性葡萄球菌巾MRSCoN的发生率为82.8%.所有葡萄球菌对替加环素、万古霉素和替考拉宁的均敏感.本次监测中发现9株万古霉素耐药的肠球菌(VRE),VRE发生率为4.3%.结论 替加环素、碳青霉烯类、哌拉西林/三唑巴坦、阿米卡星和头孢吡肟对医院分离的肠杆菌科菌保持较高的抗菌活性;多黏菌素B对铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌均体现出高抗菌活性,鲍曼不动杆菌对替加环素的敏感率达92.1%;替加环素、万古霉素和替考拉宁对院内革兰阳性球菌保持高的抗菌活性.     

住院患者下呼吸道感染主要病原菌及耐药性分析

目的了解住院患者下呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及耐药特点,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法对2006年至2008年住院患者下呼吸道感染痰标本所分离的病原菌,进行菌种和耐药性回顾性统计分析。结果临床所分离的1732株病原菌中,前几位依次为铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、白色念珠菌、阴沟肠杆菌、产碱假单胞菌和嗜麦芽假单胞,对抗菌药物耐药率普遍较高的细菌为铜绿假单胞菌和产碱假单胞菌。结论下呼吸道感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,临床应合理应用抗菌药物,以延缓细菌耐药性的产生。     

2018—2020年四川遂宁市中心医院细菌耐药性监测

目的 了解四川遂宁市中心医院2018—2020年临床分离菌的分布和耐药情况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 按照《全国临床检验操作规程》第4版进行细菌分离鉴定,药敏试验采用VITEK 2-Compact或纸片扩散法.折点判读参照CLSI 2020年版,使用WHONET 5.6软件进行结果分析.结果 2018—20...     

Evaluation of current activities of fluoroquinolones against gram-negative bacilli using centralized in vitro testing and electronic surveillance

Given the propensity for Enterobacteriaceae and clinically significant nonfermentative gram-negative bacilli to acquire antimicrobial resistance, consistent surveillance of the activities of agents commonly prescribed to treat infections arising from these organisms is imperative. This study determined the activities of two fluoroquinolones, levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, and seven comparative agents against recent clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia using two surveillance strategies: 1) centralized in vitro susceptibility testing of isolates collected from 27 hospital laboratories across the United States and 2) analysis of data from The Surveillance Network Database-USA, an electronic surveillance network comprising more than 200 laboratories nationwide. Regardless of the surveillance method, Enterobacteriaceae, P. aeruginosa, and A. baumannii demonstrated similar rates of susceptibility to levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Susceptibilities to the fluoroquinolones approached or exceeded 90% for all Enterobacteriaceae except Providencia spp. (相似文献   

Antimicrobial resistance in urinary tract pathogens in Canada from 2007 to 2009: CANWARD surveillance study

From January 2007 to December 2009, an annual Canadian national surveillance study (CANWARD) tested 2,943 urinary culture pathogens for antimicrobial susceptibilities according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. The most frequently isolated urinary pathogens were as follows (number of isolates, percentage of all isolates): Escherichia coli (1,581, 54%), enterococci (410, 14%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (274, 9%), Proteus mirabilis (122, 4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (100, 3%), and Staphylococcus aureus (80, 3%). The rates of susceptibility to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) were 78, 86, 84, and 93%, respectively, for E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, and S. aureus. The rates of susceptibility to nitrofurantoin were 96, 97, 33, and 100%, respectively, for E. coli, enterococci, K. pneumoniae, and S. aureus. The rates of susceptibility to ciprofloxacin were 81, 40, 86, 81, 66, and 41%, respectively, for E. coli, enterococci, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus. Statistical analysis of resistance rates (resistant plus intermediate isolates) by year for E. coli over the 3-year study period demonstrated that increased resistance rates occurred only for amoxicillin-clavulanate (from 1.8 to 6.6%; P < 0.001) and for SXT (from 18.6 to 24.3%; P = 0.02). For isolates of E. coli, in a multivariate logistic regression model, hospital location was independently associated with resistance to ciprofloxacin (P = 0.026) with higher rates of resistance observed in inpatient areas (medical, surgical, and intensive care unit wards). Increased age was also associated with resistance to ciprofloxacin (P < 0.001) and with resistance to two or more commonly prescribed oral agents (amoxicillin-clavulanate, ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, and SXT) (P = 0.005). We conclude that frequently prescribed empirical agents for urinary tract infections, such as SXT and ciprofloxacin, demonstrate lowered in vitro susceptibilities when tested against recent clinical isolates.     

2009年中国13家教学医院院内感染病原菌的抗生素耐药性监测

目的 监测2009年我国不同地区13家教学医院院内获得病原菌的分布和体外药物敏感性.方法 收集来自13家医院院内BSI、HAP和IAI患者标本的病原菌.菌株经中心实验室复核后,采用琼脂稀释法测定替加环素等抗菌药物的MIC值,数据输入WHONET5.6软件进行耐药性分析.结果 共收集到2 502株病原菌.引起BSI的前3位病原菌分别为大肠埃希菌[27.1%(285/1 052)]、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌[12.6%(133/1 052)]和肺炎克雷伯菌[10.8%(114/1 052)];引起HAP的前3位病原菌分别为鲍曼不动杆菌[28.8%(226/785)]、铜绿假单胞菌[16.1%(126/785)]和肺炎克雷伯菌[14.6%(115/785)];而IAI的主要病原菌为大肠埃希菌[31.0%(206/665)]、肺炎克雷伯菌[11.3%(75/665)]和屎肠球菌[10.8%(72/665)].对于大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌,敏感率大于80%的药物包括亚胺培南和美罗培南(98.1%～100%)、替加环素(95.3%～100%)、哌拉西林-三唑巴坦(88.6%～97.1%)和阿米卡星(88.3%～92.5%).对于肠杆菌属、柠檬酸杆菌属和沙雷菌属,替加环素的敏感率为93.5%～100%,亚胺培南和美罗培南的敏感率为92.9%～100%,敏感率较高的抗萧药物还包括阿米卡星(85.2%～96.7%)、哌拉西林-三唑巴坦(82.4%～96.4%)、头孢吡肟(79.6%～96.7%)和头孢哌酮-舒巴坦(78.7%～90.0%).铜绿假单胞菌对多黏菌素B的敏感率最高(100%),其次为阿米卡星和哌拉西林-三唑巴坦(81.9%和80.1%).鲍曼不动杆菌对多黏菌素B的敏感率最高(98.8%),其次为替加环素(90.1%)和米诺环素(72.O%).CRAB的发生率为60.1%.金黄色葡萄球菌中MRSA的发生率为60.2%,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中MRSCoN的发生率为84.2%.所有葡萄球菌对替加环素、万占霉素和利奈唑胺敏感,仅有1株溶血葡萄球菌对替考拉宁中介.本次监测发现2株利奈唑胺中介的粪肠球菌和1株万古霉素和替考拉宁耐药的屎肠球菌,替加环素对这3株肠球菌的MIC值范围为0.032～0.064μg/ml.结论 替加环素、碳青霉烯类、哌拉西林-三唑巴坦、阿米卡星和头孢吡肟对医院分离的肠杆菌科菌保持了较高的抗菌活性;多黏菌素B对铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌体现出高抗菌活性,替加环素对鲍曼不动杆菌抗菌活性较高;替加环素、万古霉素和替考拉宁、利奈唑胺对院内获得革兰阳性球菌保持了较高的抗菌活性.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate distribution and antimicrobial resistance among nosocomial pathogens from 13 teaching hospitals in China in 2009. Methods Non-repetitive pathogens from nosocomial BSI, HAP and IAI were collected and sent to the central lab for MIC determination by agar dilution method.WHONET5.6 software was used to analyze the data. Results A total of 2 502 clinical isolates were collected. The top three pathogens of BSI were Escherichia coli [27. 1% (285/1 052 )] , coagulase-negutive staphylococcus [12. 6% ( 133/1 052)] and Klebsiella pneumoniae [10. 8% ( 114/1 052)]. The top three pathogens of HAP were Acinetobacter baumannii [28. 8% (226/785)], Pseudomonas aeruginosa [16. 1% (126/785)] and Klebsiella pneumoniae [14.6% (115/785 )] . The top three pathogens of IAI were Escherichia coli[31.0% ( 206/665 )], Klebsiella pneumonia [11.3% ( 75/665 )] and Enterococcus faecium [10. 8% (72/665)]. Against Escherichia coil and Klebsiella spp. , the antimicrobial agents with higher than 80% susceptibility rate included imipenem and meropenem (98. 1%-100% ), tigecycline (95.3%-100% ), piperacillin-tazobactam ( 88.6% -97. 1% ) and amikacin ( 88. 3% -92. 5% ). Against Enterobacter spp. , Citrobacter spp. and Serratia spp. , the susceptibility rates of tigecycline were 93.5% -100% whereas the value of imipenem and meropenem were 92.9% -100%. Other antimicrobial agents with high activity included amikacin ( 85.2% -96. 7% ), pipcracillin-tazobactam ( 82.4% -96.4% ), cefepime ( 79. 6% -96. 7% ) and cefoperazonc-sulbactam (78. 7%-90. 0% ). Polymyxin B showed the highest susceptibility rateagainst Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( 100% ), followed by amikacin ( 81.9% ) and piperacillin-tazobactam (80.1% ). Polymyxin B also showed the highest susceptibility rate against Acinetobacter baumannii (98. 8% ), followed by tigecycline (90. 1% ) and minocycline (72. 0% ). The incidence of carbapenemresistant Acinetobacter baumannii was 60. 1%. The MRSA rate was 60. 2% and the MRSCoN rate was 84. 2%. All Staphylococcus strains were susceptible to tigecycline, vancomycin, teicoplanin and linezolid except for one isolate of Staphylococcus haemolysis with intermediate to teicoplanin. Two Enterococcus faecalis isolates which were intermediate to linezolid and one Enterococcus faecium isolate which was resistant to vancomycin and teicoplanin was found in this surveillance, while the MICs of tigecycline against these three isolates were 0. 032-0. 064 μg/ml. Conclusions Tigecycline, carbapenems, piperacillin-tazobactam,amikacin and cefepime remain relatively high activity against nosocomial Enterobacteriaceae. Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibite high susceptibility to polymyxin B, while Acinetobacter baumanni shows high susceptibility to polymyxin B and tigecycline. Tigecycline, vancomycin, teicoplanin and linezolid remain high activity against nosocomial gram-positive cocci.     

Distribution and antibiotic resistance of pathogenic bacteria isolated from bloodstream infections in Xiangyang traditional Chinese medicine hospital北大核心CSCD

Objective To analyze the distribution and resistance profile of the pathogens isolated from bloodstream infections for better management of bloodstream infections. Methods The pathogenic bacteria were isolated from outpatients and inpatients with bloodstream infection during the period from January to December in 2014 and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The susceptibility data were reviewed retrospectively. Results A total of 637 strains of pathogenic bacteria were isolated from blood culture, including gram positive cocci (55.4%, 353/637), gram negative bacilli (44.1%, 281/637), and fungus (0.5%, 3/637). The most common pathogen was coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (34.9%), followed by Escherichia coli (14.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (9.9%), Enterococcus (9.9%), Staphylococcus aureus (8.3%) and Acinetobacter baumannii (7.4%). The staphylococcal strains isolated from blood were highly resistant to penicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, but showed low resistance to rifampin. No staphylococcal strain was found resistant to vancomycin, linezolid, or teicoplanin. Enterococcus faecium isolates showed significantly higher resistance rate than Enterococcus faecalis. The prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus was 47.1% in the staphylococcal strains isolated from blood. And 59.0% of the coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolates from blood were resistant to methicillin. E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates were highly resistant to the first and second generation cephalosporins, but showed relatively low resistance to amikacin. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases were produced in 50.0% of the E. coli isolates and 36.5% of the K. pneumoniae isolates. Of the A. baumannii strains isolated from bloodstream infections, 51.1% were resistant to imipenem, and 29.7% resistant to minocycline. A few of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were isolated from bloodstream infections, which were highly resistant to piperacillin. Conclusions More than half of the pathogens isolated from bloodstream infection in this hospital are gram positive bacteria. The resistance profile of these pathogens are helpful for doctors to select appropriate antimicrobial therapies in this hospital. © by Editorial Department of Chinese Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy.     

血培养阳性分离菌的分布和耐药性分析

目的了解血培养主要病原菌的分布及其耐药性。方法采用MicroScan WalkAway 96 PLUS及VITEK2 compact全自动微生物鉴定及药敏系统对阳性分离菌进行鉴定及药敏试验。按CLSI 2013标准采用WHONET5.6软件进行耐药性分析,IBM SPSS 20.0进行耐药率的比较。结果 503株非重复分离菌中,革兰阳性菌占57.8%,革兰阴性菌占36.0%,真菌占6.2%。凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（CNS）、大肠埃希菌、肠球菌属、金黄色葡萄球菌（金葡菌）和肺炎克雷伯菌是主要分离菌。耐甲氧西林金葡菌（MRSA）和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（MRCNS）的检出率分别为32.3%和71.7%。分离自ICU患者的CNS对多种抗菌药物的耐药率高于非ICU患者分离株（P〈0.05）。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对常用头孢菌素类抗生素耐药率较高,但对哌拉西林-他唑巴坦、亚胺培南和阿米卡星耐药率低。鲍曼不动杆菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药率高。念珠菌属对抗真菌药物耐药率低。结论血培养阳性分离菌分布广泛,不同病原菌间耐药性亦不相同。应加强对血培养病原菌分布和耐药性的监测。     

Antimicrobial susceptibility of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producers and multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii throughout the United States and comparative in vitro activity of tigecycline, a new glycylcycline antimicrobial

As part of the Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial, isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii were collected in the United States between January 2004 and January 2006. Determinations of antimicrobial susceptibility and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production were carried out according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. A high percentage of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae (>or=19.0%) was detected in New Jersey, Massachusetts, New York, and Missouri, and for E. coli, in the District of Columbia (9.5%). Against ESBL-producing isolates, the lowest MIC(90)s were for tigecycline (0.5-2 microg/mL) and imipenem (0.5-8 microg/mL). Overall, 282 (27.5%) A. baumannii isolates were resistant to >or=3 antimicrobial classes. The most common phenotype (33.0%) was resistance to cefepime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, levofloxacin, and piperacillin-tazobactam. Against multidrug-resistant A. baumannii, tigecycline and minocycline were the most active agents (MIC(90), 2 and 8 microg/mL, respectively).     

老年脑卒中相关性肺炎病原菌分布及对抗生素的耐药性

目的探讨老年脑卒中相关性肺炎病原菌分布及对抗生素的耐药性。方法选择脑卒中相关性肺炎的老年患者231例,进行痰培养及药敏试验,并分析。结果 135例患者检出病原体,总阳性率为58.44%,其中包括革兰阴性菌共86株(63.70%),革兰阳性菌共23株(17.03%),真菌26株(19.26%),其中混合感染占18.51%。革兰阴性菌中主要包括:肺炎克雷伯杆菌有27株(20.0%),鲍曼不动杆菌17株(12.60%),铜绿假单胞菌14株(10.37%)。革兰阳性菌中包括金黄色葡萄球菌13株(9.63%),肺炎链球菌7株(5.19%),凝固酶阳性葡萄球菌3株(2.22%)。真菌中白假丝酵母菌最为多见,有17株(12.0%)。对肺炎克雷伯杆菌敏感的抗生素有亚胺培南、头孢吡肟等;对鲍曼不动杆菌较敏感的抗生素有亚胺培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、阿米卡星等;对铜绿假单胞菌较敏感的抗生素有亚胺培南、头孢吡肟、阿米卡星等。革兰阴性菌中检出产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)菌共3株,其中肺炎克雷伯杆菌2株,大肠埃希菌1株。结论脑卒中患者并发肺部感染的病原体主要为革兰阴性菌,应控制抗生素的滥用,以减少耐药菌株的产生。     

安庆地区临床感染主要病原菌菌种分布及其耐药性分析

目的 研究安庆市立医院2010年度临床感染病原菌的菌种分布及其耐药现状.方法 用Walkaway-40微生物自动鉴定仪鉴定菌种及药敏试验.结果 临床分离的1536株病原菌中革兰阴性杆菌、革兰阳性球菌和真菌所占比例分别为59.11%、30.21%和10.68%.分离率最高的8种病原菌为铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、表皮葡萄球菌、白色假丝酵母菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和阴沟肠杆菌,占所有分离病原菌的83.14%.产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属检出率分别为65.1%、60.0%.泛耐药铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌检出率分别为2.8%和8.4%.结论 加强病原菌及其耐药性检测和监测,对病原学诊断及指导合理选用抗生素具有重要参考价值.     

Surveillance for antimicrobial susceptibility among clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii from hospitalized patients in the United States, 1998 to 2001

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii are the most prevalent nonfermentative bacterial species isolated from clinical specimens of hospitalized patients. A surveillance study of 65 laboratories in the United States from 1998 to 2001 found >90% of isolates of P. aeruginosa from hospitalized patients to be susceptible to amikacin and piperacillin-tazobactam; 80 to 90% of isolates to be susceptible to cefepime, ceftazidime, imipenem, and meropenem; and 70 to 80% of isolates to be susceptible to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, levofloxacin, and ticarcillin-clavulanate. From 1998 to 2001, decreases in antimicrobial susceptibility (percents) among non-intensive-care-unit (non-ICU) inpatients and ICU patients, respectively, were greatest for ciprofloxacin (6.1 and 6.5), levofloxacin (6.6 and 3.5), and ceftazidime (4.8 and 3.3). Combined 1998 to 2001 results for A. baumannii isolated from non-ICU inpatients and ICU patients, respectively, demonstrated that >90% of isolates tested were susceptible to imipenem (96.5 and 96.6%) and meropenem (91.6 and 91.7%); fewer isolates from both non-ICU inpatients and ICU patients were susceptible to amikacin and ticarcillin-clavulanate (70 to 80% susceptible); and <60% of isolates were susceptible to ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, or levofloxacin. From 1998 to 2001, rates of multidrug resistance (resistance to at least three of the drugs ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and imipenem) showed small increases among P. aeruginosa strains isolated from non-ICU inpatients (5.5 to 7.0%) and ICU patients (7.4 to 9.1%). From 1998 to 2001, rates of multidrug resistance among A. baumannii strains isolated from non-ICU inpatients (27.6 to 32.5%) and ICU patients (11.6 to 24.2%) were higher and more variable than those observed for P. aeruginosa. Isolates concurrently susceptible, intermediate, or resistant to both imipenem and meropenem accounted for 89.8 and 91.2% of P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii isolates, respectively, studied from 1998 to 2001. In conclusion, for aminoglycosides and most beta-lactams susceptibility rates for P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii were constant or decreased only marginally (相似文献   

Assessment of pathogen frequency and resistance patterns among pediatric patient isolates: report from the 2004 SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program on 3 continents

Selecting empiric or directed therapy for pathogens isolated from pediatric patients can be problematic. Many antimicrobial agents are not indicated for use in pediatric patients, and regional variations of resistance mechanisms have been reported. The purpose of this study was to analyze antimicrobial resistance patterns and pathogen occurrence rates in pediatric-aged patient infections on 3 continents using data from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program. A total of 3537 clinical isolates were collected from 47 medical centers in 2004. With a protocol that dictated a sampling of 80 consecutive isolates from children (< or =18 years of age), all samples were forwarded to a central laboratory for reference susceptibility testing. Broth microdilution methods and current Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute breakpoint criteria were used. The 15 most frequently observed pathogens accounted for 93.6% of all isolates. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common pathogen isolated in North America (27.4%) and Europe (19.0%), but Escherichia coli was most common in Latin America (19.3%). All Streptococcus pneumoniae strains from North America and Latin America were susceptible to the newer fluoroquinolones, gatifloxacin and levofloxacin. However, 2 S. pneumoniae strains from Italy were resistant to gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin (> or =4 microg/mL). Ribotype and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns found that these resistant pneumococci were clonal. Numerous strains of Klebsiella spp. (22.5%), E. coli (4.5%), and Proteus mirabilis (4.9%) exhibited phenotypic extended-spectrum beta-lactamase resistance patterns. Four Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains (3 from Latin America and 1 from Europe) were multidrug resistant, 2 P. aeruginosa isolates from Turkey were resistant to polymyxin B (> or =4 microg/mL), and 8.7% of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolates from Latin America were resistant to the "drug of choice", trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Physicians should be aware of pathogen occurrences that vary by children's age, geographic location, and prior antimicrobial exposure. Therefore, continued surveillance will be necessary to monitor emerging antimicrobial resistance in the pediatric patient population, especially because new agents such as the fluoroquinolones are used to a greater extent in this age group.     

神经外科患者临床感染细菌分布和耐药性监测

目的监测神经外科患者临床感染病原菌流行病学分布及其耐药状况。方法收集2002年1月至2005年12月白求恩国际和平医院神经外科住院患者临床感染有关的病原学资料。结果神经外科临床感染易感部位依次为下呼吸道、中枢神经系统、泌尿道、血液。细菌学检查共检出115株细菌,以肺炎克雷伯菌（31株,27．0％）、铜绿假单胞菌（24株,20．9％）和鲍曼不动杆菌（21株,18．3％）位居前3位。革兰阴性杆菌的总体药物敏感性为：亚胺培南93．5％,哌拉西林-他唑巴坦67．3％,头孢他啶和氨曲南均为33．6％,环丙沙星26．2％,阿米卡星15．9％。结论神经外科患者临床感染以下呼吸道感染为主,革兰阴性杆菌多见,尤其是肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌,其耐药性相当严重,应当引起足够重视。     

2018年陕西省人民医院细菌耐药性监测

目的研究陕西省人民医院2018年临床分离菌的分布及耐药情况。方法采用纸片扩散法和自动化仪器法进行药敏试验,结果分析采用WHONET 5.6软件。结果2018年该院临床共分离出非重复菌株8001株,其中革兰阳性菌占24.0%(1919/8001),革兰阴性菌占76.0%(6082/8001)。葡萄球菌属中,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)的检出率分别为52.6%和69.4%。MRCNS中有2株(0.7%)对利奈唑胺耐药,其余葡萄球菌对万古霉素和利奈唑胺均全敏感。肠球菌属中粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌各占38.8%和56.1%。未发现对万古霉素、替考拉宁耐药的粪肠球菌,而屎肠球菌对两药的耐药率分别为0.6%和0.5%;粪肠球菌对利奈唑胺的耐药率为2.2%,屎肠球菌无耐药株。对头孢曲松耐药的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌的检出率分别为57.1%、61.4%和65.4%。对亚胺培南和美罗培南,大肠埃希菌的耐药率均为1.2%,肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药率为57.7%和58.1%,铜绿假单胞菌的耐药率为41.6%和34.3%。鲍曼不动杆菌对多黏菌素B和替加环素耐药率分别为0.4%和2.7%,对阿米卡星、米诺环素、甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲[口恶]唑耐药率相对较低(18.9%~48.4%),对其他抗菌药物耐药率均较高(81.7%~95.7%)。结论该院临床分离菌耐药性处于较高水平,尤其是耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌,对临床的抗菌治疗构成严重威胁,应继续加强耐药性监测并加强抗菌药物的规范管理和使用。     

2014~2019年郑州大学第一附属医院血培养分离病原菌临床分布及耐药性分析

目的　了解郑州大学第一附属医院血培养病原菌的构成及耐药性。方法　回顾性分析郑州大学第一附属医院 2014年 1月 ~2019年 12月间临床血培养分离的 13 456株细菌药敏结果,按照 CLSI2019年标准,使用 WHONET 5.6软件进行数据分析。结果　血培养分离前 5位的细菌分别为大肠埃希菌 3 121株（23.2%）、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌 2 822株（21.0%）、肺炎克雷伯菌 2 038株（15.1%）、金黄色葡萄球菌 844株（6.3%）和屎肠球菌 727株（5.4%）。大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南、厄他培南的耐药率分别为 3.7%和 4.2%。肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南、厄他培南的耐药率分别为 43.5%和 47.6%。鲍曼不动杆菌对大多数测试抗生素耐药性高,而铜绿假单胞菌对大多数抗生素保持较高的敏感性。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（ MRSA）和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（ MRCNS）的检出率分别为 42.1%和 84.2%,未发现万古霉素耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌。结论　郑州大学第一附属医院血培养分离细菌耐药情况较为严重,临床应合理应用抗生素,主动开展细菌耐药性监测,遏制细菌耐药性的上升。     

Antimicrobial susceptibilities among clinical isolates of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in a Taiwanese University Hospital.

Infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria with resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins require the identification of effective alternative antimicrobial therapy. To determine the role of other pre-existing or currently available antimicrobial agents in treating infections caused by these multidrug-resistant pathogens, we evaluated the in vitro susceptibilities of these agents in 411 non-duplicate isolates of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria recovered between January 1999 and December 1999 in a major teaching hospital in Taipei, Taiwan. These isolates included cefotaxime-resistant (MICs > or = 2 mg/L) Escherichia coli (66 isolates) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (77 isolates); cefotaxime-resistant (MICs > or = 64 mg/L) Enterobacter cloacae (59 isolates), Serratia marcescens (52 isolates) and Citrobacter freundii (52 isolates); and ceftazidime-resistant (MICs > or = 64 mg/L) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (50 isolates) and Acinetobacter baumannii (55 isolates). Overall, carbapenems (imipenem and meropenem) had good activity against the cefotaxime-resistant Enterobacteriaceae tested (>90% of isolates were susceptible). However, carbapenems had limited activity against the ceftazidime-resistant P. aeruginosa (only 4% of isolates were susceptible) and A. baumannii (51-56% of isolates were susceptible). Among the E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates tested, 33.3% and 58.4%, respectively, exhibited extended-spectrum beta-lactamase phenotype, determined by the double disc method. Over 80% of cefotaxime-resistant E. cloacae and C. freundii were susceptible to cefepime, but this agent had limited activity against other bacteria tested. Susceptibilities of these isolates to ciprofloxacin varied, ranging from 25% for A. baumannii to 92% for E. cloacae. Newer fluoroquinolones (moxifloxacin and trovafloxacin) had equal or less activity against these organisms, except for A. baumannii for which their MIC(90)s (8-16 mg/L) were four- to 16-fold less than that of ciprofloxacin (MIC(90) 128 mg/L).