Improving compliance with antihypertensive therapy

Optimal control of hypertension may be impeded by poor patient-physician communication, excessive dietary sodium, cost of antihypertensive medications and laboratory studies, and drugs that antagonize antihypertensive agents. The physician is responsible for removing as many of these obstacles as possible. Prescribing an effective, inexpensive, once-daily medication with minimal side effects will improve patient compliance considerably.     

3种抗高血压药物治疗高血压伴糖尿病肾病的疗效比较

目的比较氨氯地平、贝那普利和厄贝沙坦单独和联合使用治疗高血压伴糖尿病肾病的疗效及安全性。方法将268例患者按使用的降压药物类型分为氨氯地平组、贝那普利组、厄贝沙坦组、氨氯地平+贝那普利组(氨贝组)、氨氯地平+厄贝沙坦组(氨厄组)。比较各组治疗前后血压、尿微量白蛋白水平及不良反应发生情况。结果治疗后,氨氯地平组、贝那普利组和厄贝沙坦组均能较好地控制血压,贝那普利组和厄贝沙坦组的尿蛋白也有显著下降,但贝那普利组的不良反应发生率相对较高。联合用药组的降压疗效、肾脏保护作用及不良反应发生率均显著优于单药各组。结论氨氯地平、贝那普利和厄贝沙坦均具有明显的降压效果,其中厄贝沙坦降压作用与氨氯地平相当,厄贝沙坦与氨氯地平联用后疗效增强,不良反应少,值得临床使用。     

糖尿病肾病病人的健康教育

糖尿病肾病 (DN)特指糖尿病性肾小球硬化症 ,是糖尿病特有的肾脏并发病。其主要病理变化是肾脏的微血管病变 ,为糖尿病死亡的主要原因 ,尤其是在 1型糖尿病病人中 ,DN约占到病死率的 40 %。主要症状为血尿、蛋白尿、水肿、高血压及合并泌尿系统感染症状 ,开展健康教育是预防和控制糖尿病的基础和前提 ,健康教育的效果直接影响DN的健康理念模式。1　资料及方法1.1　一般资料　确诊为糖尿病肾病的住院病人 3 0例 ,其中男16例 ,女 14例 ;年龄 3 5岁～ 69岁 ;初中及其以上 2 1例 ,初中以下文化 9例 ;住院天数 5d～ 60d。1.2　方法　发放调查…     

Renal effects of antihypertensive therapy in uninephrectomized diabetic rats

Diabetic nephropathy is a major cause of chronic renal failure. The evidence available indicates that renal hemodynamics are altered in clinical and experimental diabetes mellitus. In these circumstances, an increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is associated with albuminuria and eventually with glomerulosclerosis. We studied the renal and hemodynamic effects of long-term treatment (5 months) using an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (trandolapril, 0.7 mg/g b.w. per day) and a calcium antagonist (verapamil, 20 mg/g b.w. per day), and the combination of the two (veratran) at the same dose, on streptozotocin-diabetic uninephrectomized rats. A moderate degree of hyperglycemia (2–4 g/l) was maintained with daily insulin. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured monthly using the tail-cuff method. Determinations were made of urinary protein excretion, creatinine clearance, urinary electrolyte excretion and, at the end of treatment, renal and cardiac hypertrophy. MAP was similar in control and untreated diabetic rats. Trandolapril and veratran reduced MAP whereas verapamil alone had no effect on these animals. All groups showed a slight proteinuria that increased with verapamil treatment. The GFR of diabetic animals was higher than in the control group (mainly the first 2 months), except for veratran group, in which it was similar to the control value. Urinary electrolyte excretion increased in all diabetic groups with no significant differences among them. Veratran induced a protective effect against cardiac hypertrophy. None of the treatments affected renal hypertrophy. It is concluded that in a murine model of diabetes without hypertension or proteinuria, a combination of verapamil and trandolapril prevents hyperfiltration whereas verapamil alone increases proteinuria.     

糖尿病肾病并发低血糖的护理

目的探讨糖尿病肾病患者并发低血糖的临床护理。方法在饮食、心理及透析方面进行全方位的护理及健康教育。结果减少了低血糖的发生,有利于糖尿病肾病的控制。结论不同阶段的护理措施对延缓低血糖并发症的发生,增进原发病治疗效果有显著的意义,提高了患者的生存质量。     

辛伐他汀治疗早期糖尿病肾病的疗效评价

目的观察辛伐他汀对早期糖尿病肾病患者尿微量白蛋白的影响。方法将确诊的早期糖尿病肾病患者100例随机分成对照组50例和治疗组50例,治疗前均检测血糖、血脂、血压、糖化血红蛋白、尿微量白蛋白和血清肌酐等指标。对照组给予口服降糖药物、抗凝、氯沙坦降压等常规治疗;治疗组除常规治疗外,增加辛伐他汀20mg,口服,每晚1次。治疗1年后,均再次检测上述指标,对比其两组治疗前后的变化。结果两组治疗后尿微量白蛋白均明显减少,其中对照组由（159.7±57.9）mg/24h降至（108.0±44.1）mg/24h（P〈0.01）,治疗组由（160.8±53.2）mg/24h降至（98.8±47.6）mg/24h（P〈0.01）,治疗组较对照组下降更明显（P〈0.01）。排除降脂作用后,治疗组尿微量白蛋白下降值仍明显优于对照组（P〈0.01）。结论辛伐他汀能减少早期糖尿病肾病患者尿微量白蛋白,且独立于其调脂效应外,延缓糖尿病肾病的进展。     

糖尿病肾病患者血液透析的护理

目的：探讨糖尿病肾病患者血液透析的护理。方法：回顾性分析84例糖尿病肾病患者血液透析的护理措施,包括做动静脉内瘘的护理,中心静脉置管的护理,预防并发症,饮食护理,心理护理。结果：病情缓解48例,因经济原因放弃治疗8例,转院8例,因并发症死亡20例。结论：糖尿病肾病患者血液透析时并发症发生率高,根据患者具体情况制定个性化的护理方案,从生理和心理全方位展开护理,可以有效提高患者的生存质量。     

糖尿病肾病尿微量白蛋白的相关因素分析

糖尿病发病率增长之迅速，已使其成为一非传染性流行病。我国糖尿病的患病率已超过总人口的2．5％。30％～45％的1型糖尿病和5％～10％的2型糖尿病患将发展为终末期肾病，需透析或肾移植来维持生命。在临床常规方法诊断糖尿病肾病时几乎已无法防止患肾功能的衰退，如在早期诊断糖尿病肾病，即微量蛋白尿期或之前，予针对性治疗．有可能控制和延缓肾病的进一步发展。本研究旨在探讨与2型糖尿病尿微量白蛋白相关的各项危险因素，指导临床对糖尿病肾病的早期预防及诊疗。     

血液高凝状态加重糖尿病肾病肾功能障碍

目的 探讨糖尿病肾病患者血液高凝状态与肾功能的关系。方法 46例伴有肾病综合征的糖尿病肾病患者,以24h内生肌酐清除率分为高（H）、中（M）和低（L）三组,并对其中14例实施华法林治疗。系统检测凝血、纤溶及肾功指标。结果 伴随肾病进展,凝血活性进一步亢进;华法林治疗改善高凝状态后,可降低肾病恶化速度。结论 血液高凝状态是糖尿病肾病患者肾功能障碍的原因之一。     

老年糖尿病肾病尿毒症患者的护理

糖尿病肾病(DN)是糖尿病血管病变的严重慢性并发症之一,已成为糖尿病患者的死亡原因.在终末期慢性肾功能衰竭做透析和肾移植的患者中约25%是糖尿病肾病患者,而Ⅰ型糖尿病患者多死于肾功能衰竭,老年患者死亡率更高,正确的治疗与护理,对老年糖尿病肾病尿毒症患者的预后至关重要.     

糖尿病肾病54例饮食干预

目的:探讨糖尿病肾病患者的饮食干预方法.方法:对54例糖尿痛肾病患者采取饮食干预,比较患者干预前后空腹血糖(FBG)、肌酐(Cr)、尿素氮(BUN)及尿糖、尿蛋白的情况.结果:干预后患者的FBG、Cr、BUN与干预前比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05,P<0.01),且患者的尿糖、尿蛋白情况明显好转.结论:对糖尿病肾病患者采用饮食干预,配以适当的饮食护理,能减轻患者的临床症状,有效延缓糖尿病肾病的进展,提高患者的生存质量.     

从最新指南看糖尿病肾病的降压治疗

2013年被誉为"高血压指南年",《2014年美国成人高血压管理指南》(JNC 8)于2013年发布,该指南明确了高血压领域三个核心问题:(1)何时启动降压治疗;(2)降压治疗的靶目标值是多少;(3)如何选择降压药物。糖尿病肾病患者中,80%伴有血压升高,合理地选择降压药物并有效地控制血压,对糖尿病肾病的防治及预后有重大意义。JNC 8推荐的一线降压药物,包括血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)、血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻滞剂(ARB)、钙离子拮抗剂(CCB)和利尿剂。该指南提出:≥18岁且<60岁的糖尿病肾病患者血压应控制在140/90 mm Hg以下,继续强化降压获益很少,且造成的不良后果的发生率增加;糖尿病肾病患者降压方案,首选ACEI或ARB,因其降低血压的同时兼具肾脏保护作用。     

The diabetic patient as paradigm for selective antihypertensive therapy

General recommendations from US and international organizations indicate that an ideal approach to the therapy of hypertension should begin with lifestyle modifications, such as decreased salt and fat intake and a careful aerobic exercise program, with the therapeutic goal of a blood pressure (BP) < 140/90 mm Hg. The most recent guidelines recommend more rigorous targets for BP lowering in high-risk populations, such as those with hypertension and concomitant diabetes and/or renal disease with proteinuria. This chapter addresses hypertension in patients with diabetes as an example of a group at especially high risk. It reviews recent clinical trials that support more rigorous BP goals in such patients to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and considers the importance of combination therapy in achieving these goals.     

Results of chronic hemodialysis treatment in patients with diabetic nephropathy

In order to evaluate the differences in morbidity and mortality of diabetics on haemodialysis (HD), data on 12 patients with diabetic nephropathy and 14 non-diabetic patients have been analyzed retrospectively since 1982. The groups were matched for sex, age and duration of HD. We analyzed the differences in survival rate, the number of hospitalization days and the causes of death. Values of BUN, creatinine, calcium, phosphate, cholesterol and triglycerides, alkaline phosphatase, erythrocyte count and haemoglobin were compared throughout the dialysis period. No significant differences occurred between the two groups as regards blood chemistry values (except for creatinine) throughout the observation period. The number of hospitalization days per month of dialysis was significantly different: 1.8 days in diabetic versus 0.9 days in non-diabetic patients (p less than 0.005). This difference is due to a higher rate of vascular access complications and infections. The 3-year survival rate on HD was 73% in type I diabetics (controls 93%), while none of the type II diabetics survived for more than 24 months on HD. The most common causes of death in the diabetic patients were cardiovascular (44%) and septic (44%) complications, followed by cerebrovascular problems (12%). We conclude from our study that the reason for the poor prognosis of diabetic patients on HD is not lack of efficiency of the procedure, but progression of the multisystemic diabetic condition.     

终末期糖尿病肾病血液透析患者的护理

目的:探讨提高糖尿病肾病血液透析患者生活质量的护理措施,减少患者死亡率。方法:回顾性分析2005年1月～2006年8月我科收治维持性血液透析的终末期糖尿病肾病(ESDN)患者57例,了解影响其生存率和生活质量的因素。结果:57例ESDN患者生存质量有所改善,无并发症发生。结论:保护血管通道、提高营养状况、控制血糖、控制血压、预防感染及并发症是提高ESDN患者生存率和生活质量的关键。     

Acute and long-term effect of antihypertensive treatment on exercise-induced albuminuria in incipient diabetic nephropathy

The aim of the study was to clarify whether antihypertensive treatment could affect the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and urinary albumin excretion (UAE) in diabetics during exercise (450 kpm/min, followed by 600 kpm/min, 20 min each). Young male insulin-dependent diabetics with normal UAE (n = 9) and diabetics with incipient nephropathy (n = 7) were examined in an acute study. Five patients with incipient diabetic nephropathy participated in a long-term study. Incipient diabetic nephropathy is defined as persistently elevated UAE (greater than 15 micrograms/min), but no clinical proteinuria. In the acute study, using placebo/metoprolol 10 mg i.v. in patients with normal UAE, the maximal SBP at 600 kpm/min was reduced by 17 mmHg +/- 10 (SD) (2p less than 1.0%) and the maximal SBP at 600 kpm/min in the patients with incipient nephropathy was reduced by 15 mmHg +/- 11 (SD) (2p less than 1.0%). However, no difference was observed in UAE, in patients with normal UAE or those with incipient nephropathy. Five of the patients with incipient nephropathy were followed with repeated exercise tests before and during 2.6 years of antihypertensive treatment, using metoprolol 200 mg/24 h and subsequently also hydroflumethiazid 25 mg/24 h. The maximal SBP at 600 kpm/min at the end of the study compared to the pretreatment level was reduced by 38 mmHg +/- 12 (SD) (2p less than 1.0%), and furthermore the exercise-induced elevated UAE was reduced by 61% +/- 29 (SD) (2p = 2.0%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

糖尿病肾病患者肾小球内10号染色体同源丢失性磷酸酶-张力蛋白基因及desmin表达的意义

目的探讨糖尿病肾病（DN）患者肾小球内10号染色体同源丢失性磷酸酶张力蛋白基因（PTEN）及结蛋白（desmin）表达的意义。方法经临床和病理证实为DN患者的肾组织30例,根据肾小球病变分为Ⅰ级病变组、Ⅱ级病变组和Ⅲ级病变组,10例肾肿瘤患者远端正常肾组织作为对照。采用免疫组织化学方法检测各组肾小球内PTEN及desmin的表达。结果随着肾小球病变加重,肾小球内desmin表达逐渐增多,PTEN表达逐渐减弱。肾小球内PTEN表达与24 h尿蛋白水平和desmin的表达呈负相关（r=-0.675、-0.642,P均＜0.01)。结论PTEN表达下调可能介导了DN的足细胞损伤,加剧DN的进展。