The incidence of inguinal hernia and associated risk factors of incarceration in pediatric inguinal hernia: a nation-wide longitudinal population-based study

Purpose

This study uses a national database to evaluate the incidence of inguinal hernia and associated risk factors of incarcerated hernia in children from birth to 15 years of age.

Methods

The study selected children born from 1997 to 2005 from a randomly selected cohort of 1,000,000 from an insured population of 23 million. We regarded children that were classified with code 550 and hernia surgery in accordance to the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, as having inguinal hernia. We used the 2 chi-square test and logistic regression modeling for statistical analyses.

Results

In total, 79,794 children (41,767 male and 38,027 female) were enrolled in the study. The cumulative incidence of inguinal hernia in males and females from birth to 15 years old were 6.62 and 0.74 %, respectively (p < 0.01). The peak incidence of inguinal hernia was at 0 years of age for males and 5 years of age for females. The ratio of unilateral vs. bilateral repair was 5.54:1. Females tend to have more bilateral inguinal hernia than males (25.4 vs. 12.9 %, p < 0.01). Incarcerated hernia occurred in 4.19 % children with inguinal hernia without significant gender discrepancy. Approximately 40 % of incarcerated hernia underwent hernia repair immediately after visiting the emergent department. In patients who presented with reducible hernia, we did not find significant correlation between waiting time to hernia repair and occurrence of incarceration.

Conclusions

The cumulative incidence of inguinal hernia from birth to 15 years of age was 6.62 and 0.74 % in males and females, respectively. Incarceration was not related to prematurity or the waiting time for surgery.

     

Causes of recurrence in laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair

Purpose

Recurrence after laparoscopic inguinal herniorrhaphy is poorly understood. Reports suggest that up to 13% of all inguinal herniorrhaphies worldwide, irrespective of the approach, are repaired for recurrence. We aim to review the risk factors responsible for these recurrences in laparoscopic mesh techniques.

Methods

A search of the Medline, Embase, Science Citation Index, Current Contents and PubMed databases identified English language, peer reviewed articles on the causes of recurrence following laparoscopic mesh inguinal herniorrhaphy published between 1990 and 2018. The search terms included ‘Laparoscopic methods’, ‘Inguinal hernia; Mesh repair’, ‘Recurrence’, ‘Causes’, ‘Humans’.

Results

The literature revealed several contributing risk factors that were responsible for recurrence following laparoscopic mesh inguinal herniorrhaphy. These included modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors related to patient and surgical techniques.

Conclusions

Recurrence can occur at any stage following inguinal hernia surgery. Patients’ risk factors such as higher BMI, smoking, diabetes and postoperative surgical site infections increase the risk of recurrence and can be modified. Amongst the surgical factors, surgeon’s experience, larger mesh with better tissue overlap and careful surgical techniques to reduce the incidence of seroma or hematoma help reduce the recurrence rate. Other factors including type of mesh and fixation of mesh have not shown any difference in the incidence of recurrence. It is hoped that future randomized controlled trials will address some of these issues and initiate preoperative management strategies to modify some of these risk factors to lower the risk of recurrence following laparoscopic inguinal herniorrhaphy.

     

Hernia recurrence following inguinal hernia repair in children

Purpose

We aimed to describe the incidence, timing, and predictors of recurrence following inguinal hernia repair (IHR) in children.

腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补与开放性腹股沟疝修补的疗效对比研究

【摘要】〓目的〓比较腹腔镜腹股沟疝修补与开放性腹股沟疝修补的优缺点。方法 对2012年5月~2013年5月中山市中医院240例成人腹股沟疝修补术进行回顾性分析,其中开放性疝修补术(开腹疝修补组)148例,腹腔镜疝修补术(腔镜疝修补组)92例。收集两组患者的手术时间、住院时间、住院费用、术后复发、术后慢性疼痛、术后阴囊积液及术后感染的临床资料并进行比较。 结果 开腹疝修补组患者在平均手术时间、平均住院费用少于腔镜疝修补(P均<0.01);开腹疝修补组术后复发(3例)、术后慢性疼痛(11例)、术后阴囊积液(2例)及术后感染(1例)等总并发症高于腔镜疝修补组(P<0.05);两组的平均住院时间差异无统计学意义。结论 腔镜组腹股沟疝修补术具有较少的术后并发症,但在住院时间、住院费用方面没有优势。     

Trends in the utilization of inguinal hernia repair techniques: a population-based study

BackgroundThe use of inguinal hernia repair techniques in the community setting is poorly understood.MethodsA retrospective review of all inguinal hernia repairs performed on adult residents of Olmsted County, MN, from 1989 to 2008 was performed through the Rochester Epidemiology Project.ResultsA total of 4,433 inguinal hernia repairs among 3,489 individuals were reviewed. Non–mesh-based repairs predominated in the late 1980s (94% in 1989), declined throughout the 1990s (40% in 1996), and are rarely used nowadays (4% in 2008). Open mesh-based repairs comprised 21% in 1990, peaked in 2001 with 72%, and declined to 55% in 2008. The adoption of laparoscopic repairs began in 1992 (6%) and has increased steadily to 41% in 2008 (P < .001).ConclusionsAlthough non–mesh-based repairs, once the predominant method, have been supplanted by open mesh-based techniques, nowadays the use of laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair techniques has increased substantially to nearly equal that of open mesh-based techniques.     

Comparing Lichtenstein with darning for inguinal hernia repair in an African population

Purpose

Being a relatively new entrant into our practice, mesh repair has not been compared with previously existing tissue-based techniques in our setting. This study is set out to compare darning with Lichtenstein technique of inguinal hernia repair in terms of frequency of post-operative complications, recovery and cost.

Method

Patients with uncomplicated, primary inguinal hernia were randomized to have their hernias repaired either by the Lichtenstein or darning technique. Details of their socio-demographic, hernia characteristics and intra-operative findings were recorded. Postoperatively patients were assessed for pain, wound site complications and recurrence. Both direct and indirect costs were calculated. Mean duration of follow-up was 7.5 months.

Result

Sixty-seven patients were studied. Thirty-three had Lichtenstein repair while 34 had darning repair. Lichtenstein repair was associated with less post-operative pain, less analgesic requirement, and shorter time of return to work activities, these were all statistically significant (p < 0.05). Frequency of post-operative complications was comparable in both groups with wound haematoma and scrotal oedema being the commonest. There was no recurrence in any of the groups. Total cost was comparable between the two groups.

Conclusion

Lichtenstein is superior to darning in terms of post-operative recovery while both techniques are comparable in terms of frequency of early post-operative complications and total cost.

     

A prospective study of bilateral inguinal hernia repair.

A prospective study of outcome after inguinal hernia repair in patients undergoing simultaneous repair of bilateral hernias (n = 31), sequential repair of bilateral hernias (n = 5), and unilateral hernia repair (n = 75) is reported. There were no differences in wound complications, post-operative respiratory complications, or other adverse effects in the three groups. Operating time was similar in the unilateral and bilateral simultaneous repairs (median 55 min), but was longer (100 min) for the combination of two sequential repairs. Hospital stay was shortest for patients undergoing unilateral repair (2 days) but was less with bilateral simultaneous repair (4 days) than after two sequential repairs (total of 6 days). There were 12 (11%) wound complications of which five (5%) were infections. There was no difference in complication rate between unilateral and bilateral hernia repair. Postoperative recovery was assessed prospectively and was recorded at 1 month. There was no difference between unilateral and bilateral simultaneous repairs in the number of days before the patient was able to climb stairs easily, drive a car or return to work. The duration of the requirement for analgesia was similar in each group. We conclude that bilateral simultaneous hernia repair can be carried out with no greater morbidity than a unilateral repair, and the return to normal activity is as rapid. Bilateral hernias should be repaired simultaneously rather than sequentially.     

县级医院开放式无张力疝修补术与腹腔镜疝修补术的临床研究

目的探讨开放无张力修补术与腹腔镜疝修补术在县级医院应用中的临床效果。 方法回顾性分析2016年1月至2017年12月,清河县中心医院连续收治的行成人腹股沟疝手术218例患者的临床资料,分为开放组（Lichtenstein无张力疝修补术）102例,腹腔镜下腹股沟疝修补术（laparoscopic trans-abdominal preperitoneal hernia repair,TAPP）组116例。统计2组患者一般资料、手术资料、术后并发症等方面数据,并进行对比分析。 结果患者中位数随访时间为651 d,开放组和TAPP组均未出现感染或复发的病例。开放组与TAPP组尿潴留发生率分别为7例（6.9%）、8例（6.9%）,差异无统计学意义（P=0.799）;开放组术后出现血清肿情况12例（11.8%）、TAPP组25例（21.6%）,差异有统计学意义（P=0.042）;开放组应用止痛药物情况25例（24.5%）、TAPP组4例（3.4%）,差异有统计学意义（P=0.009）;恢复日常活动中位数时间均为4 d,差异有统计学意义（P=0.026）;开放组中位数手术时间为50 min、TAPP组70 min,差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）;开放组住院中位数花费为4 225元、TAPP组为7 425元,差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）;开放组无慢性疼痛发生,TAPP组发生慢性疼痛2例（2.0%）,差异有统计学意义（P=0.001）。 结论开放手术和腹腔镜下腹股沟疝修补术在县级医院开展均能取得较好临床效果,但开展腹腔镜疝修补应经过专业培训的基础上,加强同上级医院的联系,谨慎开展。     

腔镜下腹股沟疝修补术与常规手术对比研究

目的探讨腔镜下腹股沟疝修补术的可行性、安全性。方法将腔镜下疝修补手术260例(腔镜组)与常规疝修补手术250例(常规组),在手术时间、出血量、镇痛剂应用例数、下床活动时间、住院时间、住院费用以及并发症进行对比分析。结果腔镜组与常规组在出血量(mL)、手术时间(min)、镇痛剂应用例数(n)、住院时间(d)、下床活动时间(h)、住院费(元)、并发症(n)分别为10.1±3.3、15.3±4.2,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);60.2±10.5、50.4±12.1,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);4、38,差异非常显著(P<0.01);6.5±2.3、10.2±2.5,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);18.5±5.3、38.6±6.5,差异非常显著(P<0.01);6909.8±1235.2、5841.1±1258.6,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);1、13,差异非常显著(P<0.01)。结论腔镜下腹股沟疝修补术具有创伤小、恢复快、效果佳等优点,是一种安全可行的微创伤治疗方法。     

Effects of training and supervision on recurrence rate after inguinal hernia repair

BACKGROUND: There is little information about the effects of operative experience and supervision of trainees on outcome in inguinal hernia surgery, one of the cornerstone operations of basic surgical training. METHODS: All primary inguinal hernia repairs carried out between 1994 and 2001 were registered prospectively in the Lothian Surgical Audit database. Subsequent problems that required re-referral were identified from this database. Patients who required reoperation for recurrence a median of 3 (range 1-7) years after surgery were identified. RESULTS: Some 4406 repairs, including 90 recurrences (2.0 per cent), were identified. Open mesh, open sutured and laparoscopic techniques were employed. Senior trainees (registrars and senior registrars) had similar recurrence rates to consultants; supervision did not affect outcome. Junior trainees (senior house officers) had similar recurrence rates to consultants as long as they were supervised by either a senior trainee or a consultant. Unsupervised junior trainees had unacceptably high recurrence rates (open mesh: relative risk (RR) 21.0 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 7.3 to 59.9), P < 0.001; open sutured: RR 16.5 (95 per cent c.i. 7.2 to 37.8), P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Senior trainees may operate independently and supervise junior trainees, with recurrence rates equal to those of consultant surgeons. Junior trainees should be encouraged and given more practice in inguinal hernia repair with appropriate supervision.     

Costs and recurrence of inguinal hernia repair in premature infants during neonatal admission

BackgroundTiming of inguinal hernia repair (IHR) in premature infants remains variable, yet the impact of IHR timing on procedure costs and recurrence is unclear. We sought to compare cost and recurrence rates of IHR in premature infants based on timing of repair.MethodsWe performed a retrospective cohort study using MarketScan insurance claims data from 2007 to 2018 to evaluate IHR occurring within 365 days of birth in preterm infants (gestational age [GA]<37 weeks at birth). Patients were stratified based on timing of IHR: those occurring during and after neonatal discharge. Hernia recurrences within one year following IHR were identified. Patient demographic characteristics and costs were compared between groups. Time to recurrence and cumulative recurrence hazards were estimated using Kaplan Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression.ResultsWe identified 3,662 preterm infants with IHR within 365 days of birth; 1,054(28.8%) occurred early. Infants with IHR during NICU stay were more likely to have GA at birth≤32 weeks (74.7% vs. 37.2%; p<0.01) and birthweight<1500 g (83.0% vs. 40.3%; p<0.01) compared to post-NICU IHR. The hernia recurrence rate was higher and total procedure costs lower in early IHR. Early IHR (HR:1.86, 95% CI: 1.56–2.22), incarcerated/strangulated hernia (HR:1.86, 95% CI:1.49–2.32), GA≤32 weeks (HR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.19–1.65), and congenital anomalies (HR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.12–1.57) were predictors of hernia recurrence.ConclusionUsing insurance claims data, IHR performed during initial neonatal admission was associated with lower cost, but higher recurrence rate, when compared to delayed repairs in preterm infants.Type of StudyRetrospective studyLevel of EvidenceLevel III     

A longitudinal cohort study of incidence rates of inguinal hernia repair in 0- to 6-year-old children

Background/purpose

This study provides epidemiologic data on the incidence of inguinal hernia repair in preschool children using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. We believe that the data on hernia repair in said database provide a close approximation of the true incidence of inguinal hernia in young children.

Method

A cohort of 1,073,891 deidentified individuals was randomly selected from an insured population of 23 million. Subjects born during the period 1997–2004 were followed from birth to 6 years. The chi-square test and logistic regression modeling were used for statistical analyses.

Result

A total of 92,308 individuals were born during the study period. Of these individuals, 3881 underwent hernia repairs. The cumulative incidence of hernia repair in children aged 0 to 6 years was 4.20%/7 years. The boy/girl ratio was 4.27:1 and the unilateral/bilateral ratio was 3.77:1. The incidence of hernia repair among boys was highest during the first year of life, but then decreased with age. In contrast, the incidence among girls remained stable during the first 6 years of life. Boys younger than 1 year had more bilateral repairs than boys in other age groups (p < 0.0001) and girls had significantly more bilateral repairs than boys (p < 0.0001). Subjects with a history of preterm birth also had a higher incidence of hernia repair than subjects who were born at full term (odds ratio = 2.34, p < 0.0001).

Conclusion

Yearly incidence of hernia repair was obtained from a nationwide database. Some of the observations have not been reported elsewhere.     

腹股沟疝日间手术与传统疝修补术、无张力修补住院手术的对比分析

目的 总结前入路开放式腹股沟疝的无张力修补技术,在952例日间手术患者的应用经验和体会,并阐明其与传统手术、无张力疝修补住院手术相比的优点.方法 2004年12月-2007年6月,首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院采用局部麻醉、无张力、日间手术的形式,治疗腹股沟疝、股疝共952例,并与传统手术、无张力修补住院手术在各个方面进行对比.结果 本组全部治愈,术中、术后痛苦小,所有患者术后仅应用少量口服镇痛药,无尿潴留,术后即可下床活动,恢复快,并发症少,手术结束2 h后即可出院回家,术后随访18个月,仅2例复发.结论 (1)与传统疝修补手术相比,腹股沟疝无张力修补日间手术具有方法简便、手术指征的更宽、术后恢复快、住院时间短、并发症少、复发率低的优点;与无张力修补住院手术相比,具有术后恢复快、住院时间短、费用低廉等优点;(2)腹股沟疝无张力修补日间手术是安全、可行的,并具有明显优势.     

High recurrence rate 12 years after primary inguinal hernia repair.

OBJECTIVE: To find out the long term recurrence rate after repair of the inguinal ligament (Griffith) for inguinal hernia in one hospital. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTINGS: Teaching hospital, The Netherlands. SUBJECTS AND INTERVENTION: All patients who had had a Griffith repair for a primary inguinal hernia in 1985 were re-examined after at least 12 years by an independent examiner. RESULTS: Of the 102 patients included in the study, 45 patients had died and 17 could not be traced. Of the remaining 40 patients (45 hernias), 10 (22%) had developed recurrences. In 4 patients the asymptomatic hernia was discovered by the investigator. 11 further patients had developed a hernia on the opposite site resulting in a total of 16 patients (40%) with bilateral hernias. CONCLUSIONS: The long term recurrence rate of an inguinal hernia by reconstruction of the inguinal ligament is high and even higher when assessed by physical examination. The high recurrence rate and frequent bilateral recurrence might favour repairs with mesh reinforcement.     

腹腔镜修补成年女性腹股沟疝的临床研究

目的探讨女性腹股沟疝的特殊性及腹腔镜下修补的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2009年5月至2013年3月苏州大学附属第二医院普外科41例成年女性腹股沟疝腹腔镜下修补的临床资料。结果4l例（46侧）均在腹腔镜下顺利完成腹股沟疝修补术,其中完全腹膜外修补术（totallyextraperitoneal,TEP）28例（32侧）,经腹腹膜前修补术（transabdominalpreperitoneal,TAPP）11例（12侧）,腹腔内修补术（intraperitonealonlaymesh,IPOM）2例（2侧）。术中发现股疝误诊为腹股沟斜疝2例;3例术前诊断为单侧疝,术中发现对侧隐匿疝;2例患者术中发现合并子宫圆韧带囊肿,术后发生血清肿6例（14．6％）;修补区域异物感4例（9．8％）;术后急性疼痛5例（12．2％）,4例3～6周后基本缓解,1例持续疼痛2个月以上,无腹腔脏器损伤、术后出血、感染、术后尿潴留等并发症的发生,所有患者4周内基本恢复非限制性活动,随访期间各修补方式患者均无复发。结论腹腔镜下女性腹股沟疝修补方式覆盖了整个薄弱的耻骨肌孔区域,可以有效的防止女性腹股沟区继发疝的发生,并且具有创伤小、恢复快、美观等优点,术中子宫圆韧带连续性应尽量予以保留,有利于将来女性患者的生活。     

Meshes in inguinal hernia repair

Repair of a groin hernia is strongly influenced by prosthetic mesh implantation carried out in nearly 50 % of all operations. Recurrency rates, however, did not decrease by this policy. Many different materials are available. Due to bioinstability on the long-term and elevated infection rates PTFE is not suitable for inguinal hernia repair. Polyester also provides no long-term stability and induces a chronic foreign body reaction. Polypropylene initially leads to an acute inflammatory reaction and often ends in fibrosis. Both reactions are related to the weight of the used mesh. All materials may lead to specific complications. These include seroma formation, infection, migration of the prosthesis with arrosion of organs, damage of the vas deferens, development of recurrency by shrinkage of the fibers around the mesh, formation of adhesions in the preperitoneal position, and chronic inguinal pain. Therefore, meshes should be used only after individual estimation of risks and benefit. This includes the hernia classification, the number of previous operations and the possibility of a defect in collagen metabolism. The unknown long-term risks for the patient may be taken only in strong indications.     

Shouldice repair in inguinal hernia

Among the various types of methods in herniotomy the lowest recurrence rates are reported using the method according to Shouldice. This method is pretty unknown in German literature. The operation technique is shown in principle and in methodic steps. The results in literature and our own experiences are reported.