Stimulated pressure response of the ileocolonic junctional zone and its use as a continence mechanism in a canine model

Summary Mechanisms for maintaining passive continence in the efferent limb of urinary diversions include compression of tissue, peristalsis, equilibration of pressure and use of valves. Motor activity and pressure in the ileum, ileocecal valve (ICV) and the colon were evaluated in dogs. Spontaneous activity and pressure were compared with stimulated pressure response and activity. Stimulation was performed at the pelvic nerve and the small nerves in the mesenterium, as well as direct neurostimulation of the bowel. Resting pressure at the ICV was 12.7±0.4 cmH₂O rising to 26.4±2.2 cmH₂O during spontaneous depolarization. Stimulation of the pelvic nerve resulted in increased colonic motor activity with unchanged pressure. Electric stimulation of small mesenterical nerves to the ICV increased pressure in the ICV to 35.0±4.1 cmH₂O, while direct myoelectric stimulation of the ICV zone increased the intraluminal pressure to 75.0±3.2 cmH₂O. Termination of the electric stimulation was followed by a slow decrease of pressure to the resting level a period of 30–45 s. Maintaining continence at the ICV with long-term constant or intermittent stimulation seems feasible.     

Atresia of the Ileocecal Junction with Agenesis of the Ileocecal Valve and Vermiform Appendix: Report of a Case

Intestinal atresia involving the ileocecal region is a very rare intestinal malformation, and the presence or absence of the ileocecal valve influences its surgical management. We report the case of a male newborn with a provisional diagnosis of distal ileal atresia, in whom laparotomy revealed that the entire ileocecal region was atretic with an absent ileocecal valve and appendix vermiformis. We resected the dilated terminal ileum together with the atretic segment and performed an ileocolic anastomosis between the terminal ileum and the transverse microcolon without valve reconstruction. When last seen, 8 months after the operation, the baby was developing normally. Ileocolic anastomosis without valve replacement appears to be sufficient if an ileocecal valve is completely absent and only a short segment of the terminal ileum is lost.     

肠膀胱扩大加阑尾输出道在小儿可控性尿流改道手术中的应用

目的 探讨肠膀胱扩大加阑尾输出道手术在小儿可控性尿流改道中的应用效果.方法小儿肠膀胱扩大加阑尾输出道可控性尿流改道手术患儿22例.男12例,女10例.年龄5～14岁,平均8岁.脊髓脊膜膨出术后致神经性膀胱11例,男童陈旧性骨盆骨折致后尿道断裂、反复手术后尿道狭窄伴尿失禁2例,女童陈旧性骨盆骨折致尿道狭窄合并尿道阴道瘘反复手术修补失败3例,尿生殖窦畸形伴高位肛门闭锁术后完全性尿失禁2例,膀胱外翻和尿道上裂膀胱颈重建术后尿失禁2例,男童后尿道瓣膜2例.肾、输尿管扩张积水17例28侧,其中15例24侧伴Ⅱ～Ⅴ级膀胱输尿管反流,术中行输尿管与贮尿囊再吻合术.患儿均自阑尾输出道间歇清洁导尿.术前与术后行尿动力学检查、IVU,B超、排尿性膀胱尿道造影及血尿素氮、肌酐和生化电解质等检查.比较手术前后膀胱及上尿路功能的变化,评估手术疗效. 结果 术后随访1.5～6.0年,平均3.6年.22例阑尾输出道均无漏尿.2例术后早期阑尾输出道皮肤造口狭窄,扩张1～3个月后插管顺利.2例仍自尿道漏尿,其中1例手术缝合膀胱颈口后治愈,1例进行盆底肌肉训练.术前和术后贮尿期末膀胱内压力分别为(45.47±14.15)、(16.24+5.25)cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa),膀胱最大测压容积分别为(65.5±43.5)、(337.0±189.50)ml,残余尿量(56.0±22.5)ml,导尿后完全排空,术前最大尿道闭合压力和术后最大输出道闭合压力分别为(35.24 ±14.46)、(78.40±20.15)cm H2O,膀胱顺应性分别为(8.25 ±7.33)、(26.75 ±8.45)ml/cm H2O,手术前后比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01).肾、输尿管积水较术前无加重,膀胱输尿管未见反流. 结论 肠膀胱扩大加阑尾输出道可控性尿流改道手术是治疗小儿膀胱和尿道解剖及功能障碍的一种有效方式,可以避免上尿路进一步损害,提高患儿生活质量.     

小儿阑尾输出道可控性肠膀胱术(附七例报告)

目的 探讨阑尾输出道可控性肠膀胱术在小儿泌尿外科的应用效果。方法 报道7例小儿阑尾输出道可控性肠膀胱术治疗经验。男3例女4例,平均年龄8岁。车祸致膀胱、石输尿管及双睾丸缺失1例,先天性完全性尿失禁4例（尿生殖窦畸形、膀胱外翻各1例,短尿道2例）,神经源性膀胱2例。结果 5例（70％）达到预期效果,2例仍有尿自尿道排出。结论 阑尾输出道可控性膀胱术对需行尿流改道的患儿是一种有效的手术方式。     

An alternative continence tube for continent urinary reservoirs: evaluation of surgical technique,pressure and continence study in an ex-vivo model

Objective  Despite the large number of surgical techniques for continent cutaneous diversion described in literature, the creation of a reliable, continent and easily catheterizable continence mechanism remains a complex surgical procedure. Aim  Aim of this study was the evaluation of a new method for a catheterizable continence mechanism using stapled pig intestine. Methods  Small and large pig intestines were used for construction. A 3 or 6 cm double row stapling system was used. Three variations using small and large intestine segments were constructed. A 3 or 6 cm long stapler line was placed alongside a 12 Fr catheter positioned at the antimesenterial side creating a partially two-luminal segment. Construction time for the tube was measured. The created tube was then embedded into the pouch. Pressure evaluation of the continence mechanism was performed for each variation. Intermittent external manual compression was used to simulate sudden pressure exposure. Results  All variations were 100% continent under filling volumes of up to 700 ml and pressure levels of 58 ± 6 cm H₂O for large intestine and 266 ml and 87 ± 18 cm H₂O for small intestine, respectively. With further filling above the mentioned capacity suture insufficiency occurred but no tube insufficiency. Construction time for all variations was less than 12 min. Conclusion  The described technique is an easy and fast method to construct a continence mechanism using small or large intestine. Our ex vivo experiments have shown sufficient continence situation in an ex-vivo model. Further investigations in an in-vivo model are needed to confirm these results.     

Diarrhea and flatulence are major bowel disorders after radical cystectomy: Results from a cross-sectional study in bladder cancer patients

Objectives

We had previously demonstrated changes in defecation after radical cystectomy (RC). Reports addressing long-term bowel disorders following RC are rare. This cross-sectional study evaluates long-term bowel issues in a large cohort.

Laparoscopic bowel injury: role of the site and the instrument type: study with an animal model

Background  Unrecognized laparoscopic bowel injuries are complications that can occur during any laparoscopic procedure. These complications have variable morbidity and mortality rates, and their early clinical signs of inflammation are not typical. Therefore, a study was planned to predict the mechanical behavior of the injured bowel, taking into consideration two parameters: the size of the instrument and the site of the injury. Methods  For this study, 78 Wistar rats were divided into eight study groups and one control group with two subgroups. Bowel injury was created using different sizes of needles and electrocautery on two different bowel sites: the jejunum and the terminal ileum. The animals were killed 48 h after surgery, followed by harvesting of the injured part of the bowel and measurement of the intraluminal pressure at which the bowel ruptured. Results  The mean jejunum and terminal ileum rupture pressures on the injured bowel were significantly lower than on the intact bowel. The mean terminal ileum rupture pressures were significantly lower than those of the jejunum. Conclusions  The terminal ileum appears to be more fragile than the jejunum regardless of the size of the instrument that caused the injury. However, wider instrument tips cause more serious consequences.     

Ureterosigmoidostomy in rats: A model for the study of bladder tumour carcinogenesis and cocarcinogenesis

Summary A modified Coffey I ureterosigmoidostomy has been developed in rats as a model of urinary diversion for studying bladder carcinogenesis and co-carcinogenesis. Diverted and sham-operated animals were killed at 1, 3 and 6 months. Excretory urograms revealed minimal hydroureteronephrosis in most diverted animals. Upper tract bacterial colonisation was 9 times more frequent in diverted animals. Approximately one-third of the diverted animals had focal cortical scarring; however, renal function was normal in all groups as assessed by serum creatinine and electrolytes. These studies indicate that ureterosigmoidostomy in rats is a satisfactory model of urinary diversion for studying carcinogenesis.     

Intracranial pressure observations in a canine model of acute liver failure supported by a bioartificial liver support system

Abstract:  Life-threatening, severely elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) is a common feature of acute liver failure (ALF). Perfusion with a bioartificial liver may serve to mitigate rising ICP. A retrospective analysis of ICP measurements in a canine ALF model prospectively supported with a bioartificial liver support system (BLSS) is presented. Animals are divided into two groups based upon care provided: (i) standard medical care ( n  = 6); and (ii) standard medical care plus BLSS support ( n  = 9). Nonparametric analysis with respect to ICP, arterial NH₃, lactate, and supportive-care parameters found BLSS-supported animals evidenced significantly less metabolic acidosis than unsupported animals. Analysis of variance/linear regression for direct dependence of ICP on arterial NH₃, lactate, and supportive care parameters irrespective of care found ICP was uncorrelated with any measured factor ( P  > 0.06 for all factors). Lack of correlation of ICP with the considered parameters indicates that none of these factors are predictive of the extent of ICP elevation in the d -galactosamine canine model. Blood chemistry and supportive care factors that are correlated with and predictive of ICP elevation remain to be identified.     

Endothelins induce gallbladder contraction independent of elevated blood pressure in vivo in the australian possum

Endothelin levels are elevated in shock, sepsis, and cholestatic jaundice, and an effect on biliary motility may be postulated. The aim of this study was to determine whether (1) endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 induce gallbladder contraction in vivo, (2) the response is caused by changes in blood pressure, and (3) the response is nerve mediated. Gallbladder pressure and blood pressure were measured in 38 anesthetized possums. Endothelin-1 or endothelin-3 (5 to 200 pmol/kg) was administered by close intra-arterial injection. Tetrodotoxin (9 μg/kg) or the mixed endothelin antagonist tezosentan was infused at a rate of 10 or 100 nmol/kg/min (close intra-arterial injection). Maximum changes in gallbladder pressure (% of carbachol-induced contraction) and blood pressure (mm Hg) were determined. Statistical analysis was carried out by means of repeated-measures analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis test. Both endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 induced dose-dependent increases in gallbladder pressure and blood pressure (P < 0.05), which were unaffected by pretreatment with tetrodotoxin. The endothelin-1-induced gallbladder pressure but not blood pressure was reduced by the higher dose of tezosentan (P < 0.03). The lower dose of tezosentan also produced a decrease in the endothelin-3-induced gallbladder pressure (P < 0.02) but not in blood pressure, whereas the higher dose reduced the blood pressure with no further reduction in gallbladder pressure (P < 0.05). Endothelins increase gallbladder motility in vivo, acting directly on the smooth muscle and independent of changes in blood pressure. Supported in part by grant 102133 by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia.     

Tumor induction and prophylaxis following different forms of intestinal urinary diversion in a rat model

Eighty Wistar rats were randomized into two groups. In group 1 vesicosigmoidostomy with proximal colostomy was performed, in group 2, vesicosigmoidostomy. The total tumor incidence did not differ significantly (group 1 10/40, 25%; group 2 13/40, 32.5%). The tumor spectrum differed, with more adenocarcinomas in group 2 (11/40, 27.5% vs 4/40, 10%;P=0.047) and urothelial carcinomas only in group 1 (5/40, 2.5%). One hundred and ten other Wistar rats were randomized into three groups. Animals in group A received vesicoileosigmoidostomy, group B, two-step vesicosigmoidostomy with initial separation of urine and the urocolonic anastomosis, group C, vesicosigmoidostomy. Significantly fewer adenocarcinomas were observed in group A (2/40, 5%) than in group B (16/40, 40%,P<0.002) and group C (9/30, 30%;P<0.007). These results indicate a similar cancer risk in all continent forms of urinary diversion, at least via colon. Ileal interposition seems to be an effective carcinoma prophylaxis following ureterosigmoidostomy. The proliferative instability at the urointestinal anastomosis is crucial for the pathogenesis and prophylaxis of this form of carcinogenesis, whereas urine seems to play only a minor role.     

Performance of a novel pressure release valve for cuff pressure control in pediatric tracheal tubes

BACKGROUND: Acute and chronic hyperinflation of tracheal tube cuffs represents a persistent risk factor for airway damage in children when cuffed tracheal tubes are used. In order to overcome this particular risk, a cuff pressure (CP) pop-off valve has been designed to avoid CP exceeding 20 cmH(2)O. METHODS: The performance of the novel pop-off valve has been evaluated in an in vitro set-up during slow and rapid air insufflation by a syringe or a CP manometer or inadvertent compression of the cuff pilot balloon while measuring cuff and tracheal wall pressure (WP) in ID 3.0 mm cuffed tracheal tubes. Steady-state performance was evaluated during nitrous oxide exposure of tracheal tube cuffs (ID 3.0 mm). RESULTS: The novel CP pop-off valve avoided cuff hyperinflation during rapid air volume changes and showed reliable performance during steady-state nitrous oxide exposure to the tube cuff. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary results show that the CP pop-off valve limits the effect of rapid, potentially dangerous manual cuff inflation maneuvers and reliably prevents CP exceeding the predetermined level of 20 cmH(2)O when exposed to nitrous oxide.     

Changes in intracranial pulse pressure amplitudes after shunt implantation and adjustment of shunt valve opening pressure in normal pressure hydrocephalus

Summary Background  We have previously reported that the intracranial pulse pressure amplitudes were elevated in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) patients responding to shunt surgery. Whether or not shunt implantation or adjustment of the shunt valve opening pressure modifies the intracranial pulse pressure amplitudes in NPH patients remains to be established. This report summarises our observations. Patients and methods  Thirteen patients with NPH (idiopathic in nine and secondary in four) are presented in whom continuous intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring was done before and after shunt implantation. In two, ICP monitoring was also done during adjustment of shunt valve opening pressure. The mean ICP and mean ICP wave amplitude (i.e. pulse pressure amplitudes) were determined in 6-s time windows. Results  After shunt implantation there was a fall in both mean ICP and mean ICP wave amplitude; the reduction in the two ICP parameters correlated significantly. However, mean ICP in the supine position was normal (i.e. <15 mmHg) in 12 of 13 patients before shunt placement, and remained normal after shunting. According to our criteria, the mean ICP wave amplitudes were elevated before shunting in 12 of 13 patients and became “normalised” the day after shunting in nine patients. The reduction in mean ICP wave amplitude after shunt was highly significant at the group level. Moreover, adjustment of shunt valve opening pressure modified the levels of mean ICP wave amplitudes. Conclusions  The present observations in 13 NPH patients indicate that shunt implantation reduces mean ICP wave amplitudes. Moreover, the level of reduction can be tailored by adjustment of the shunt valve opening pressure.     

肠内营养用于术前肠道准备对结直肠癌患者腹腔和肠腔脱落癌细胞及复发转移的影响

目的探讨术前肠内营养代替肠道准备对结直肠癌患者腹腔和肠腔脱落癌细胞及转移复发的影响。方法2007年3月至2011年12月问前瞻性人组120例结直肠癌者,按随机数字表法随机分为试验组和对照组,每组60例。试验组于术前3d起每日口服30ml／kg肠内营养液,不进行灌肠,不口服泻药和抗生素;对照组采用传统肠道准备,包括术前禁食、口服抗生素和清洁灌肠。两组患者均于开腹后用400ml生理盐水冲洗肿瘤所在局部腹腔,抽取腹腔冲洗液200ml,迅速送检;并于肿瘤切除后肠吻合前,用1000ml生理盐水灌洗远端结直肠腔,收集肠腔冲洗液500ml,迅速送检。比较两组患者腹腔和肠腔内脱落的癌细胞阳性率及术后并发症发生率和复发转移率。结果试验组患者腹腔和肠腔内脱落癌细胞阳性率分别为8．3％（5／60）和15．0％（9／60）．明显低于对照组患者的12．5％（13／60）和31．7％（19／60）（P=0．041和P=O．031）。试验组和对照组分别有55例和57例患者完成随访,随访时间16—46个月;两组局部复发率[5．5％（3／55）比7．0％（4／57）,P=O．733]、远处转移率[10．9％（6／55）比10．5％（6／57）,P=O．984]和3年总体生存率（80％比78％,P=O．312）的差异均无统计学意义。结论术前肠内营养可减少结直肠癌患者腹腔和肠腔脱落癌细胞的阳性率,但并不影响术后局部复发率和远处转移率。     

Fluid perfused urethral pressure profilometry and Valsalva leak point pressure: a comparative study in a biophysical model of the urethra

In patient studies the correlation between maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP) and Valsalva leak point pressure (LPP) is meagre at best (r = 0.22–0.50). We therefore studied the relation between MUCP and LPP in a flexible and extensible model urethra. We applied differently sized pressure zones and different degrees of resistance to a biophysical model urethra by stepwise inflating three types of blood pressure cuff placed around the model. At each degree of resistance we measured detrusor LPP, an in vitro equivalent of Valsalva LPP. Subsequently, we recorded the Urethral Pressure Profile using a water-perfused 5F end-hole catheter at four withdrawal rates and five perfusion rates and calculated MUCP. We tested the dependence of LPP on pressure zone length and MUCP on perfusion rate, withdrawal rate and pressure zone length using analysis of variance. We tested the correlation between LPP and MUCP using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and Linear Regression. LPP did not significantly depend on the pressure zone length (P = 0.80) and increased linearly with increasing cuff pressure. MUCP also increased with increasing cuff pressure, however, MUCP significantly depended (P < 0.01) on perfusion rate, withdrawal rate and pressure zone length. MUCP increased with increasing perfusion rate, and decreased with increasing withdrawal rate. In our model urethra MUCP only accurately reflected urethral resistance for a very limited number of combinations of perfusion rate and withdrawal rate. LPP reflected urethral resistance independent of the type of pressure zone.     

部分胃体-窦部代膀胱术的临床应用及长期随访

目的探讨部分胃体-窦部代膀胱术的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析30例胃代膀胱术患者的临床资料、实验室检查、影像学检查、膀胱镜及尿动力学检查结果。男17例，女13例。年龄21—69岁，平均55岁。原发病为膀胱癌24例，结核性膀胱挛缩6例。结果术后新膀胱贮尿功能良好，患者经尿道排尿，膀胱容量280—580ml，平均385ml；最大尿道压20—60cm H2O，平均49cm H2O；充盈期膀胱压5—15cm H2O，平均12cmH2O；最大膀胱压35—65cm H2O，平均55cmH2O；排尿期最大膀胱压28—60cm H2O，平均46cm H2O；最大尿流率10～28ml／s，平均18ml／s；剩余尿量5～85ml，平均20ml。随访9个月一24年，平均8．2年，无水、电解质代谢紊乱，无输尿管返流，无尿失禁及肾功能损害。4例出现会阴部、膀胱区疼痛；5例出现遗尿，术后3—6个月逐渐缓解；1例因膀胱结石再次手术。术后3．5年膀胱肿瘤复发1例，行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术。结论部分胃体一窦部代膀胱术后并发症少，相关生理指标接近正常。     

人工二尖瓣舒张期最大跨瓣压与左心房压力的相关性

目的 分析二尖瓣置换或修复术患者舒张期最大跨瓣压与左心房压力(LAP)的相关性.方法 选择行心肺转流(CPB)下二尖瓣置换或修复手术的瓣膜病患者20例,男9例,女11例,年龄18～80岁,术中行经食管超声心动图(TEE)监测.于心脏复跳后CPB停机前、左心房引流管拔除前,分别采用左心房引流管测量LAP,TEE测量人工二...     

Use and duration of antibiotic prophylaxis and the rate of urinary tract infection after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: Results of a multicentric series

Objectives

To assess the rate of urinary tract infection (UTI), the characteristics of the bacterial aetiological agents involved, the type and duration of antibiotics used, and the clinical risk factors of UTI in a multi-institutional cohort of patients who had undergone radical cystectomy (RC).

改良Sigma直肠膀胱术中输尿管单腔、并腔肠吻合的疗效分析

目的 评价改良Sigma直肠膀胱术中输尿管单并腔肠吻合的疗效.方法 对14例膀胱多发移行细胞癌、1例膀胱腺癌根治性膀胱全切术后患者行改良Sigma直肠膀胱术.折叠25 cm直肠乙状结肠缝合成U形储尿囊,其中输尿管分别单腔与储尿囊吻合5例、双输尿管末端1.5～2.0cm并腔缝合后与储尿囊吻合10例.结果 15例患者控尿良好,无明显水电解质酸碱紊乱,术后15～22 d痊愈出院.13例随访8～24个月,其中输尿管单腔肠吻合4例出现吻合口狭窄、轻～重度肾积水,并腔肠吻合9例未出现肾积水.结论 改良Sigma直肠膀胱术创伤小、并发症少,患者可通过肛门括约肌自控排尿,无需配带尿袋或间断导尿,符合生理要求,提高了患者的生活质量;输尿管并腔后吻合口径大,不易发生狭窄等严重并发症.

Abstract：

Objective To make a comparison of curative effect of 1 and 2 ureters anastomosis in modified sigma operation. Methods Modified sigma operation was used after radical cystectomy in 14 cases of bladder transitional cell carcinoma and 1 case of adenocarcinoma of the bladder.We used a folded suture of 25 cm from the sigmoid colon to make the U-shaped urinary reservoirs to anastomose with the ureters in study group.Among study group,1 ureter was anastomosed with urinary reservoir in 5 cases.In the other 10 cases,1.5-2 cm of the terminal parts of 2 ureters were sutured tI am not sure what the authors mean by "big diamogether and then anastomosed with the urinary reservoir.Results 15 cases obtained good voiding control and no obvious water-electrolyte disturbance occurred.All the patients were cured and discharged within 15 to 22 days.Thirteen cases were followed-up in 8 to 24 month time period.Anastonmtic stenosis and moderate-severe hydronephrosis occurred in 4 cases with 1 ureter anastomosis.No hydronephrosis occurred in the 9 cases with 2 ureters anastomosis.Conclusions Modified sigma operation has the advantages of less injury and fewer complications.The patients can obtain self-control urination by anal sphincter without urine bags or intermittent catheterization,so the life quality of the patients is improved.Modified sigma operation with 2 ureters anastomosis has big diameter and there was a lower incidence of serious complications such as anastomotic stenosis.     

Bipolar sealing increases mesenteric reach during bowel transection compared with stapled division: clinical evidence and laboratory support in a porcine model

BACKGROUND: The ideal technique for mesenteric division to create tension-free anastomoses has not been defined. For patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), the mesenteric division technique was changed from stapler to bipolar sealing using LigaSure for cost reasons. This study aimed objectively to assess the impact of the mesenteric division method on mobilization length of the Roux limb in an animal model. Clinical complications related to Roux limb tension also were analyzed in the authors' population of RYGB patients. METHODS: Bowel and mesenteric divisions were performed in a porcine model. Four pigs received six to eight mesenteric divisions each. Steady force was applied for 1 min. The distances between the divided limbs of bowel were compared. To assess the clinical impact with RYGB patients, anastomotic complications were analyzed before and after incorporation of bipolar sealing in the authors' practice. RESULTS: In the porcine model, the length of mesenteric stretch averaged 93.7 mm with stapled division and 109 mm with bipolar sealing (p = 0.021). From a laparoscopic RYGB population, 160 patients with stapled division were included, all of whom were at least 1 year beyond their surgery. The study analyzed 792 patients with bipolar sealing for leak or bleeding and included 479 bipolar sealed patients more than 1 year beyond their surgery for analysis of their strictures. No difference in bleeding or leaks was found between these groups. The stricture rate was significantly different, with seven strictures after stapled division (4.37%) compared with one stricture after bipolar sealing (0.2%; p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Bipolar sealing for mesenteric division is superior to stapling for optimization of enteric limb length at constant tension in a laboratory model. Clinical evidence supports this hypothesis with patients undergoing RYGB surgery by a decrease in the complications that can arise from Roux limb tension.