球囊漂浮电极床旁临时心脏起搏的临床评价

目的探讨球囊漂浮电极床旁心脏临时起搏方法的可行性。方法对216例因多种心律失常需要临时心脏起搏的患者应用球囊漂浮电极导管进行心脏临时起搏，通过分析起搏心电图图形特点和术中并发症，判断该起搏方法的可行性。结果216例患者穿刺及送管均获成功，无严重并发症发生。3例起搏后死于原发病，9例起搏后自身心律未恢复安置永久起搏器，2例心房颤动合并PR长间期患者起搏后安置永久起搏器，38例行预防起搏。结论在体表心电图的指导下应用球囊漂浮电极导管进行心脏临时起搏是一项安全有效、可行的起搏方法，操作简便、快捷、成功率高，值得临床广泛应用。     

探析颈内静脉漂浮导管床旁临时心脏起搏在心内科急救中的临床应用

目的探讨颈内漂浮导管临时心脏起搏的方法、疗效和可行性。方法对32例严重缓慢性心律失常的患者采用seldinger法穿刺技术,经颈内静脉放入球囊漂浮导管,进行床旁临时心脏起搏。结果 32例中26例经右颈内静脉穿刺立刻起搏成功,有效起搏平均时间为6min,6例患者手术操作失败。结论颈内静脉漂浮导管床旁临时心脏起搏可以快速地恢复心脏的跳动,得以改善血流动力学,提高心脏复苏的成功率。     

临时心脏起搏55例临床观察与分析

目的探讨临时心脏起搏在抢救危险性缓慢型心律失常患者的可行性和疗效。方法55例因多种严重缓慢型心律失常的患者应用普通双极电极导管或球囊漂浮电极导管进行临时心脏起搏，根据X线透视下电极在心脏内的位置或起搏心电图图形特点及导管深度，判断起搏方法的可行性和成功率。结果55例患者临时心脏起搏均获成功，其中球囊漂浮电极床边紧急起搏18例，X线透视下起搏37例。无感染、无血栓形成或栓塞、元气胸、无静脉炎、无心脏穿孔等并发症发生。结论应用普通电极导管或球囊漂浮电极导管进行临时心脏起搏，对于严重缓慢型心律失常的抢救起到了关键性的作用，易于在基层医院推广应用。     

经左锁骨下静脉床旁球囊漂浮电极导管心脏临时起搏的疗效评价及观察

目的探讨床旁锁骨下静脉快速临时起搏器安置术的临床疗效及安全性。方法 38例不同病因所致严重缓慢型心律失常、心脏骤停者,在床旁通过左锁骨下静脉穿刺的方法,应用漂浮球囊电极导管,观察起搏信号、插入导管的长度、QRS波群形态及测定阈值,将电极送入右心室,行紧急床旁临时心脏起搏术。结果成功起搏37例（97.37%）,所用时间平均（6.8±4.2）min,植入深度为（37.45±3.40）cm,平均留置时间为（4.4±2.6）d,起搏阈值为（0.96±0.35）V。无严重并发症发生。结论经左锁骨下静脉途径植入球囊起搏电极导管能迅速安全行心室起搏。     

应用漂浮球囊电极行床边心脏临时起搏20例分析

目的观察严重缓慢性心律失常进行紧急床边心脏临时起搏治疗的效果。方法对20例患者采用Seldinger法穿刺左锁骨下静脉,在体表心电图监护下送入漂浮球囊电极直到起搏脉冲夺获心室。结果20例患者中,起搏成功19例,成功率达95%。从开始穿刺到成功起搏的时间为15～20min,平均起搏阈值为0.7±0.4V。1例临时心脏起搏失败,1例患者于第2天发生临时起搏导管移位而引起起搏失败,1例急性心肌梗死患者在临时心脏起搏过程中死于室颤。结论应用漂浮球囊电极行床边临时心脏起搏治疗严重缓慢性心律失常的技术值得推广应用。     

经皮介入床旁漂浮电极导管心脏临时起搏术临床应用分析

目的 探讨经皮介入床旁漂浮电极导管心脏临时起搏术的临床应用价值.方法 在体表心电图监测下,47例患者采用经皮穿刺床旁介入置漂浮电极导管进行心脏临时起搏治疗.结果 47例患者一次穿刺成功率8 3%(39/47),起搏成功率91.5%(43/47),从穿刺开始到成功起搏的时间(6±3.8)min(5～15min),临时起搏导管留置时间为(7±4.9)天(3～12天).未见与临时心脏起搏术有关的意外和并发症.结论 在体表心电图指引下床旁漂浮电极导管心脏临时起搏,必将对挽救病人的生命,提高抢救的成功率起到非常重要的积极作用,但同时一定要加强原发病的抢救和治疗,并维持重要血流动力学的稳定.     

床旁球囊漂浮电极导管心脏临时起搏在交感电风暴中的应用

目的探讨床旁球囊漂浮电极导管心脏临时起搏治疗在交感电风暴患者中的应用价值。方法选择我院重症医学科病房交感电风暴患者40例,随机分为两组,对照组(A组)和临时起搏组(B组)各20例,A组采用常规应用抗心律失常药物治疗,B组在抗心律失常药物治疗的基础上床旁置入球囊漂浮电极导管进行心脏临时起搏治疗。结果 A组有15例心律失常得到有效控制,有效率为75%,平均控制时间为(72.2±12.4)h,B组有17例心律失常得到有效控制,有效率为85%,有效率略高于A组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),平均控制时间为(42.5±11.4)h,明显低于对照组(P<0.05);B组20例患者均成功置入电极导管进行心脏起搏,平均置入时间为(15.5±5.6)min,临时起搏留置时间2~7d。结论床旁球囊漂浮电极导管心脏临时起搏辅助治疗交感电风暴患者快速有效,安全性高,值得临床推广。     

漂浮电极导管心脏临时起搏在基层医院围手术期中的应用

自20世纪50年代初期,经静脉起搏首次报道后,现已成为最常用的临时心脏起搏方法。Lang等应用漂浮电极导管进行床旁临时起搏系列研究,认为该起搏方法操作时间短、脱位率低及严重心律失常发生率低,     

宽QRS波心动过速时床旁紧急经静脉留置漂浮起搏电极26例分析

目的 探讨在宽QRS波心动过速时床旁无X线引导下紧急经静脉留置漂浮起搏电极的操作方法.方法 回顾性分析我院2010年4月至2013年2月在宽QRS波心动过速时床旁无X线引导下紧急经静脉留置漂浮起搏电极26例的临床资料.结果 本组26例在宽QRS波心动过速下操作成功率92.3％,抢救成功率100％,其中12例患者在经电复律或抗心律失常药物治疗后立即出现起搏心律,按需起搏的持续时间,最短30秒,最长14天.本组病例在宽QRS波心动过速终止后发现起搏部位为：右心室心尖部23例,右心室流出道3例.全部患者均无血气胸、栓塞、心脏穿孔、感染等并发症的发生.结论 宽QRS波心动过速时、床旁无X线引导下紧急经静脉留置漂浮起搏电极对高心跳骤停风险的患者可提高抢救成功率,可于临床推广；其技术上要点包括：一、准确地穿中深静脉并确保导管行进路径无异常；二依靠起搏器的感知功能以及结合心内心电图进行定位；三、结合床边胸片及时调整电极的位置.     

普通起搏电极床旁临时心脏起搏不同置管方法的对比研究

目的探讨床旁临时心脏起搏时应用固定方向法置入普通临时起搏电极的应用价值。方法28例在DSA室行电生理检查时,经右颈内静脉途径置入普通临时起搏电极,同一病例行X线透视下临时心脏起搏和非X线透视下固定方向法床旁临时心脏起搏,比较从送入电极到成功起搏心脏的时间、成功起搏时的起搏阈值和电极在右心室位置。结果非X线透视组用固定方向法从送入电极至成功起搏右心室耗时（25．82±14．22）S,明显少于X线透视组（45．50±25．56）S（P〈0．01）,而起搏阈值分别为（1．03±0．34）V和（1．07±0．27）V,两者间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）两种置管方法电极位于右室心尖部的例数差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论应用固定方向法普通临时起搏电极经右颈内静脉床旁临时心脏起搏简便、快捷、易学和有效,明显缩短送入电极至右心室尖部起搏时间,值得临床推广应用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.