线粒体心磷脂在二氮嗪预处理减轻大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤中的作用

目的 评价线粒体心磷脂在二氮嗪预处理减轻大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤中的作用.方法 清洁级SD大鼠72只,体重200～280 g,雌雄各半,随机分为对照组(C组)、缺血再灌注组(I/R组)、二氮嗪预处理组(DZ组)和5-羟葵酸拮抗二氮嗪组(HD组),每组18只.采用Langendorff灌流装置建立大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注模型,C组平衡灌注20 min,持续灌注100 min;I/R组平衡灌注20 min,持续灌注30 min,缺血40 min,再灌注30 min;DZ组平衡灌注20 min后,依次灌注K-H液15 min、50 μmol/L二氮嗪10 min和K-H液5 min,其余缺血再灌注同I/R组;HD组二氮嗪预处理前给予含5-羟葵酸100 μmol/L K-H液10 min,其余处理同DZ组.各组分别于平衡灌注末(T1)、缺血前即刻(T2)、再灌注末(T3)时随机取6只大鼠,监测心率(HR)、左心室发展压(LVDP)和左心室舒张末压(LVEDP),采用高效液相色谱仪测定心肌线粒体心磷脂含量.结果 与T1,2时比较,各组T3时HR、LVDP降低,LVEDP升高,心肌线粒体心磷脂含量降低(P<0.05);与C组比较,其余3组T3时HR、LVDP降低,LVEDP升高,心肌线粒体心磷脂含量降低(P<0.05);与I/R组比较,DZ组T3时HR、LVDP升高,LVEDP降低,心肌线粒体心磷脂含量升高(P<0.05);与DZ组比较,HD组T3时HR、LVDP降低,LVEDP升高,心肌线粒体心磷脂含量降低(P<0.05).结论 二氮嗪预处理可减轻大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤,与维持心肌线粒体心磷脂含量有关.     

二氮嗪预处理对大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注时心肌线粒体通透性转换孔的影响

目的 探讨二氮嗪预处理对大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注时心肌线粒体通透性转换孔(PTP)的影响.方法 健康SD大鼠72只,体重250～300 g,雌雄不拘,随机分为4组(n=18),建立离体心脏Langendorf再灌注模型,K-H液平衡灌注20 min后,对照组(C组)持续灌注K-H液100 min不停搏;缺血再灌注组(IR组)持续灌注K-H液30 min;二氮嗪预处理组(D组)依次灌注K-H液15 min、二氮嗪50 μmol/L 10 min和K-H液5 min;5-羟葵酸组(5-HD组)依次灌注5-HD 100 μmol/L 10 min、K-H液5min、二氮嗪50 μmol/L 10 min和K-H液5 min.除C组外其余组于平衡后30 min灌注4℃ St.Thomas停搏液,全心停搏40 min,再灌注30 min.各组于平衡末、缺血前即刻及再灌注末随机取6个心脏测定心肌线粒体PTP半开放时间(T1/2)和线粒体膜电位.结果 与平衡末、缺血前即刻相比,各组再灌注末心肌线粒体PTP T1/2缩短,膜电位降低(P《＜0.05或0.01);与C组比较,其余组心肌线粒体PTP T1/2缩短,膜电位降低(P＜0.01);与IR组比较,D组心肌线粒体PTP T1/2延长,膜电位升高(P＜0.01),5-HD组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与D组比较,5-HD组心肌线粒体PTP T1/2缩短,膜电位降低(P＜0.05).结论 二氮嗪50 μmol/L预处理可减少大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注时心肌线粒体PTP开放,减少线粒体膜电位的丢失,维持心肌线粒体膜的完整性.     

二氮嗪后处理对大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的 评价二氮嗪后处理对大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤的影响.方法 雄性SD大鼠,体重250～300 g,成功建立Langendorff再灌注模型的64个心脏随机分为4组(n=16):正常对照组(C组)、缺血再灌注组(I/R组)、二氮嗪后处理组(D组)和线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道阻断剂5-羟葵酸+二氮嗪后处理组(5-HD+D组).采用K-H液平衡灌注20 min时,C组继续灌注K-H液70 min;I/R组、D组和5-HD+D组进行心肌缺血40 min,I/R组缺血前灌注4 ℃ ST.Thomas停跳液10 ml/kg;D组再灌注5 min时灌注含50μmol/L二氮嗪的K-H液5 min,然后再灌注20 min;5-HD+D组灌注二氮嗪前灌注含100 μmol/L 5-羟葵酸的K-H液5 min,再灌注20 min.分别于平衡灌注末与再灌注末时取8个心脏,记录心功能指标,然后提取线粒体,测定心肌细胞线粒体膜电位(MMP)、氧自由基(ROS)生成量和呼吸功能指标.结果 各组平衡灌注末时各指标差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与C组比较,再灌注末时其余3组心功能和线粒体呼吸功能减退,MMP降低,ROS生成量增加(P＜0.05或0.01);与I/R组和5-HD+D组比较,D组心功能和线粒体呼吸功能改善,MMP升高,ROS水平降低(P＜0.01).结论二氮嗪后处理可减轻大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤,其机制与开放线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道而改善线粒体功能有关.     

缺血预处理对大鼠离体心脏心肌线粒体功能的影响

目的研究缺血预处理（IPC）对大鼠离体心脏心肌线粒体功能的影响。方法SD大鼠72只，随机分为4组（n=18）：对照组（CON组）、缺血再灌注组（IR组）、缺血预处理组（IPC组）和5-羟葵酸（5-HD）拮抗IPC组（5-HD＋IPC组）。采用Langendorff装置建立大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注模型，IPC组在全心停灌前，给予2次缺血预处理，每次缺血5min，间隔5min；5-HD＋IPC组预处理前灌注5-HD 10min。各组于平衡末、缺血前、再灌注30min各取6个心脏，分离心肌线粒体并测定线粒体呼吸控制率（RCR）、磷氧比（ADP／O2）、NADH氧化酶（NADH-OX）、琥珀酸氧化酶（SUC-OX）、细胞色素C氧化酶（CYTC-OX）的活性。结果与CON组比较，IR组、IPC组和5-HD＋IPC组再灌注30min RCR、ADP／O2、NADH-OX、SUC-OX和CYTC＋OX的活性降低（P〈0．05）；与IR组比较，IPC组和5-HD＋IPC组再灌注30min上述各指标升高（P〈0．05）；与IPC组比较，5-HD＋IPC组再灌注30min上述各指标降低（P〈0．05）。结论缺血预处理可改善大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注时心肌线粒体的功能，其机制与mitoKATP的激活有关。     

黄芪预处理对未成熟兔心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 观察黄芪预处理对未成熟兔心肌缺血，再灌注(I/R)损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法 24只幼兔(14—21d)随机分为三组，每组8只，利用Langendorff模型灌注其离体心脏。平稳灌注30min后，向球囊缓慢注入生理盐水，调整左室舒张压(LVDP)为10mmHg。对照组：继续灌注15min；黄芪组：黄芪注射液灌注15min；5-羟葵酸液(5-HD)组：5-HD灌注5min，黄芪注射液灌注10min。三组心脏均经历停灌30min(保温、保湿)、缺血自动停跳及再灌注45min复制全心缺血再灌注(I/R)模型。观察各组的血液动力学、冠脉流出液心肌酶活性及心肌能量变化、病理学和分子生物学的改变。结果 黄芪组左心功能、冠脉流量恢复及再灌后心肌组织内ATP含量明显优于对照组及5-HD组，心肌酶活性明显低于对照组及5-HD组，心肌细胞线粒体超微结构分析显示黄芪组线粒体损伤轻于对照组及5-HD组，心肌诱导型一氧化氮合酶含量高于对照组及5-HD组。结论 黄芪注射液预处理对未成熟兔心肌有一定的保护作用，其机制之一是开放KATP通道。     

线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道在七氟醚预处理对大鼠离体缺血再灌注心脏延迟性保护中的作用

目的 评价线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道(mito-KATP通道)在七氟醚预处理对大鼠离体缺血再灌注心脏延迟性保护中的作用.方法 健康成年雄性SD大鼠72只,体重270～350 g,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为6组(n=12):对照组(CON组)、缺血再灌注组(I/R组)各吸入33％氧气1h;七氟醚对照组(SEVO组)、七氟醚预处理组(SWOP组)各吸入2.5％七氟醚1h;5-羟葵酸+七氟醚预处理组(5-HD+ SWOP组)于七氟醚预处理前30 min腹腔注射mito-KATP阻断剂5-羟葵酸10 mg/kg;5-羟葵酸对照组(5-HD组)腹腔注射5-羟葵酸10 mg/kg,24 h后除CON组和SEVO组,其余组建立大鼠Langendorff离体心脏灌注模型,停止灌注30 min,再灌注120 min.于缺血前即刻(T0)和再灌注120 min(T1)时采用Western blot法检测心肌组织磷酸化的ε型蛋白激酶C(p-PKC-ε)、caspase-8蛋白的表达水平;于再灌注120 min时采用TTC法测定心肌梗死范围,计算心肌梗死体积百分比.结果 与CON组比较,I/R组、SWOP组、5-HD+ SWOP组和5-HD组T1时心肌梗死体积百分比升高,SEVO组和SWOP组T0时,I/R组、SWOP组、5-HD+ SWOP组和5-HD组T1时心肌p-PKC-ε蛋白表达上调,SEVO组T2时caspase-8 蛋白表达下调(P＜0.05);与I/R组比较,SWOP组和5-HD+ SWOP组T1时心肌梗死体积百分比降低,SEVO组和SWOP组T0时p-PKC-ε蛋白表达上调,SWOP组T1时caspase-8蛋白表达下调(P＜ 0.05);与SWOP组比较,5-HD+ SWOP组心肌梗死体积百分比升高,T0时p-PKC-ε蛋白表达下调,T1时caspase-8 蛋白表达上调(P＜0.05).结论 mito-KATP通道参与了七氟醚预处理减轻大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤的过程,可能与上调缺血前p-PKC-ε蛋白表达水平,从而抑制再灌注时细胞凋亡有关.     

吗啡预处理-后处理对大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的 探讨吗啡预处理-后处理对大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤的影响.方法 雄性SD大鼠,体重180～200 g,应用Langendorff体外灌流装置,采用全心停灌45 min、再灌注60 min的方法制备大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注模型.取模型制备成功的心脏40个,随机分为5组(n=8):缺血再灌注组(IR组)、吗啡预处理组(M1组)、吗啡后处理组(M2组)、吗啡预处理-后处理组(M1+M2组)、5-羟葵酸(5-HD)混合吗啡后处理组(5-HD+M2组).M1组全心停灌前30 min灌注含3.0 μmol/L吗啡的K-H液20 min,随后灌注K-H液10 min.M2组再灌注即刻灌注含3.0 μmol/L吗啡的K-H液10 min,随后灌注正常K-H液50 min.5-HD+M1组再灌注即刻灌注含3.0 μmol/L吗啡+10-4nunol/L 5-HD的K-H液10 min,随后灌注正常K-H液50 min.于再灌注60 min时,测定心肌肌酸激酶(CK-MB)活性,计算心肌梗死区与缺血危险区的比值(IS/AAR).结果 与IR组相比,其余各组IS/AAR减少,CK-MB活性降低(P<0.05);与M2组比较,5-HD+M2组CK-MB活性及IS/AAR升高(P<0.05);M1组、M2组和M1+M2组上述指标比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 吗啡预处理.后处理虽然可减轻大鼠离体心脏缺血冉灌注损伤,但是与单独应用时效果相似,其原因可能是两者单独应用减轻心脏缺血再灌注损伤的机制均与开放线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道有关.     

二氮嗪预先给药对大鼠心肌微血管内皮细胞缺氧复氧时NF-κB mRNA和fractalkine mRNA表达的影响

目的 探讨二氮嗪预先给药对大鼠心肌微血管内皮细胞缺氧复氧时NF-κB mRNA和fractalkine(FKN)mRNA表达的影响.方法 培养SD大鼠心肌微血管内皮细胞,以1×106个/ml的密度接种于96孔板(100μl/孔)或培养皿(2 ml/皿),随机分为4组(n=24).正常对照组(C组)不作任何处理,缺氧复氧组(H/R组)、二氮嗪预先给药组(DZ组)、二氮嗪预先给药+线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道阻断剂5-羟葵酸组(DZ+5-HD组)均进行缺氧2 h、复氧2 h.DZ组和DZ+5-HD组在缺氧前2 h分别加入100 μmol/L二氮嗪、100 μmol/L二氮嗪+100μmol/L 5-羟葵酸.于复氧2 h时测定细胞活力、细胞凋亡率、NF-κB mRNA和FKN mRNA表达水平.结果 与C组比较,H/R组细胞活力降低,细胞凋亡率升高,NF-κB mRNA和FKN mRNA表达上调(P＜0.01);与H/R组比较,DZ组细胞活力升高,细胞凋亡率降低,NF-κB mRNA和FKN mRNA表达下调(P＜0.05);5-羟葵酸可抑制二氮嗪预先给药导致的上述改变(P＜0.05).结论 二氮嗪预先给药可下调NF-κB和FKN表达,从而减轻大鼠心肌微血管内皮细胞缺氧复氧损伤,其机制与激活线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道有关.     

不同预处理中线粒体KATP通道开放对未成熟心肌的作用

目的　了解线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道 (mKATP)开放在不同预处理过程中对幼兔心脏的影响 ,并探讨其机制。方法　幼兔 (小于 2 8d) 34只随机分成 5组 ,对照组 (n =8) :平衡 30min后缺血再灌注 ;二氮嗪预处理组 (n =8) :缺血前二氮嗪 ( 10 0 μmol/L)灌注 5min后重碳酸盐缓冲液 (KH液 )冲洗 10min ,St.ThomasⅡ (STH)停跳 ;二氮嗪 + 5 羟葵酸 ( 5 HD)预处理组 (n =5 ) :二氮嗪 ( 10 0 μmol/L)和 5 HD( 10 0 μmol/L)一起灌注 5min ;缺血预处理 (IPC)组 ( n =8) :平衡 15min后全心缺血 5min ,复灌 10min行IPC ,STH停跳 ;IPC + 5 HD组 (n =5 ) :IPC前用 5 HD ( 10 0μmol/L)灌注 5min。采用LangendOrff模型 ,常温 ( 38℃ )缺血 30min ,复灌 45min。 结果　缺血 /再灌注 (I/R)后二氮嗪组的线粒体评分较IPC组 (P <0 .0 5 )和对照组 (P <0 .0 1)低 ,IPC前给予 5 HD后线粒体评分仍较对照组低 (P <0 .0 5 )。二氮嗪组和IPC组左室发展压力 (LVDP)、左室压力上升和下降最大速率 (±dp/dtmax)恢复在多个时间点上均优于对照组 ,心肌组织ATP含量高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ,心肌酶较对照组降低 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　二氮嗪预处理能产生与IPC相似的心肌保护作用 ,并且对线粒体的保护效果较IPC好。mKATP通道和细胞膜KATP     

二氮嗪预处理对未成熟兔心脏的保护作用

目的 了解二氮嗪预处理对未成熟兔心脏有无保护作用,并探讨其机制。方法 大耳白幼兔(小于28 d)21只随机分成三组:对照组(Ⅰ组n=8):K-H缓冲液灌注30 min后St.ThomasⅡ号停跳液(STH)停跳;二氮嗪预处理组(Ⅱ组n=8):二氮嗪(100μmol/L)灌注5 min,再K-H液灌注10min后STH停跳;二氮嗪+5-HD组(Ⅲ组n=5):二氮嗪和5-HD(均100μmol/L)共同灌注5 min后停跳。在LangendOrff模型上进行离体心脏常温缺血/再灌注(I/R)实验。观察再灌后血液动力学恢复、冠脉流出液心肌酶、心肌组织内ATP含量及心肌超微结构变化。结果 再灌后Ⅱ组左室发展压(LVDP)、左室压力上升和下降最大速率(±dp/dtmax)的恢复率在多个时间点上均高于Ⅰ组,再灌末心肌组织ATP含量也高于Ⅰ组(P<0.01),冠脉流出液中的三种心肌酶值均较Ⅰ组降低(P<0.01)。Ⅱ组的线粒体评分低于Ⅰ组(P<0.01),Ⅲ组线粒体评分回到Ⅰ组水平(P>0.05)。结论 二氮嗪能通过开放线粒体ATP敏感性通道而发挥对幼兔心肌的保护作用。     

维生素D受体在糖尿病肾病足细胞损伤及蛋白尿缓解中的作用

目的探讨维生素D受体(VDR)在糖尿病肾病(DKD)足细胞中的表达水平及在足细胞损伤及蛋白尿缓解中的作用。方法(1)本研究纳入了65例诊断患有2型糖尿病(伴或不伴蛋白尿)的患者,并纳入了25例年龄和性别相匹配的健康体检者为对照组。根据白蛋白/肌酐(ACR)的尿排泄比例对2型糖尿病患者进行分组,分别为无蛋白尿(ACR<30 mg/g,n=24)、微量白蛋白尿(ACR 30~300 mg/g,n=18)和临床蛋白尿(ACR>300 mg/g,n=23)。另选择25例经肾活检确诊的DKD患者作为DKD组。正常肾脏组织标本均取自泌尿外科同一时期肾脏肿瘤切除患者10例。将各组检测指标进行对比,同时采用实时定量PCR、ELISA法和免疫组化法检测VDR在各组患者的血液、尿液样本和肾脏组织中的表达情况,以及使用Pearson相关分析分析VDR与尿蛋白的相关性。(2)在2型糖尿病肾病小鼠模型中对上述结果进行验证,将遗传背景均为C57BLKs/J的雄性db/db小鼠及同窝出生的db/m小鼠,随机分为正常对照组(A组)、DKD对照组(B组)、DKD二甲基亚砜处理组(C组)、DKD帕立骨化醇(VDR激动剂)处理组(D组),C、D组连续腹腔注射处理8周,对照组不做任何处理。小鼠10周龄时开始连续干预8周,在小鼠22周龄(开始干预后12周)检测各组小鼠体重、血、尿生化指标对比;Western印迹法检测β⁃catenin、VDR的变化;免疫荧光观察足细胞标志蛋白podocin及足细胞损伤蛋白α⁃SMA的表达变化。结果(1)与正常健康对照组相比,无蛋白尿组、微量白蛋白尿组和临床蛋白尿组的糖尿病患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平均较低(均P<0.05);与无蛋白尿组的糖尿病患者相比,微量白蛋白尿组和临床蛋白尿组的糖尿病患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平均较低(均P<0.05)。(2)与正常健康对照组相比,无蛋白尿糖尿病组和DKD组患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平均较低(均P<0.05);与无蛋白尿糖尿病组患者相比,DKD组患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平亦较低(均P<0.05)。(3)免疫组化结果显示,DKD组肾组织中VDR的表达明显少于正常对照组。(4)DKD患者血浆中VDR mRNA相对水平与ACR呈负相关(r=-0.342,P<0.05)。(5)各组尿液上清液中VDR的水平与血浆中的水平呈相反趋势。(6)Western印迹结果显示,B组、C组肾小球足细胞β⁃catenin蛋白表达高于D组(均P<0.05),VDR蛋白的表达低于D组(均P<0.05);免疫荧光结果显示,B组、C组肾小球足细胞podocin的表达低于D组(均P<0.05),α⁃SMA的表达高于D组(均P<0.05)。结论VDR高表达缓解DKD足细胞损伤及蛋白尿。     

Comparison of University of Wisconsin and University of Pittsburgh solutions for heart transplantation

The effectiveness of University of Wisconsin (UW) and University of Pittsburgh (UP) solutions for the preservation of rat hearts was compared. Lewis rat hearts were preserved with UW (group A, n=45) or UP (group B, n=45) solution for 0 or 24 h and then transplanted heterotopically into the recipients' abdomen. Ten recipients in each group were observed to obtain 1-week graft survival rates. Tissue water content and tissue content of adenine nucleotides were measured 2 h after transplantation in six grafts from each group. Six hearts preserved for 0 h and seven hearts preserved for 24 h were taken from each group 24 h after grafting for histopathology. The 1-week graft survival rates of groups A24 and B24 were 60% and 10%, respectively. In the 24-h preserved grafts, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and energy charge [(ATP+adenosine diphosphate/2)/(ATP+adenosine diphosphate+adenosine monophosphate)] of groups A and B were 0.972±0.165 and 0.200±0.123 mg/g wet tissue (P<0.05) and 74.4% and 61.1% (P<0.05), respectively. The tissue water content of group A24 was 71.7%, whereas that of group B24 was 74.1% (P<0.05). Histopathology revealed more severe muscle edema and necrosis and infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells in group B24 than in group A24. We conclude that UW solution is more appropriate for rat heart preservation than UP solution.     

Role of Conventional and Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Spinal Treatment Protocol for Hydatid Disease

Objective:

To demonstrate the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in determining the treatment protocol for hydatid disease of the spine.

Design:

Case report; literature review.

Findings:

Diffusion-weighted MRI can help differentiate complicated infected hydatidosis from abscesses, epidermoid cysts from arachnoid cysts, and benign from malignant vertebral compression fractures. It is also helpful in differentiating between abscesses and necrotic tumors.

Conclusion:

Diffusion-weighted MRI can help differentiate between infections requiring immediate surgery and those that can be treated medically with antihelmintic treatment.     

罗伊适应模式对腹股沟疝无张力疝修补术后恢复情况的影响

目的探讨罗伊适应模式对患者腹股沟疝无张力疝修补术后恢复情况的影响。 方法将2016年1月至2019年5月在秦皇岛市第二医院择期进行无张力修补术治疗的120例腹股沟疝患者，按照随机数字法分为对照组和观察组，每组各60例。对照组采用常规护理治疗，观察组在对照组的基础上采用罗伊适应模式。比较2组患者的术后临床指标、心理状态、围手术期并发症发生情况及满意度。 结果术后观察组患者的首次排气时间、恢复正常饮食时间、离床活动时间和术后住院时间均低于对照组（P<0.05）；术后观察组患者的抑郁自评量表（SDS）和焦虑自评量表（SAS）评分显著低于对照组（P<0.05）；术后2组患者均无切口感染发生，2组患者尿潴留、急性疼痛、认知功能障碍、发热、血肿等发生率相比无统计学差异（P>0.05）；术后观察组患者护理满意度为96.67%，显著高于对照组的83.33%（P<0.05）。 结论在常规护理的基础上，罗伊适应模式用于患者腹股沟疝无张力修补围手术期，能有效改善术后患者的焦虑/抑郁情绪，不增加围手术期并发症，促进术后患者的恢复及提高治疗满意度。     

Long-term follow-up of callotasis lengthening of the capitate after resection of the lunate for the treatment of stage III lunate necrosis

The callotasis lengthening technique was used to gradually lengthen the capitate after resection of the lunate in stage IIIa necrosis in 23 patients. Results of ten patients with a follow-up of at least 5 years showed rapid and sufficient callus formation in every patient regardless of age. The callotasis lengthening modification of the Graner II operation provides all advantages and avoids the major inconvenience of the traditional Graner II operation. There was no increased rate of disturbed fracture healing. Results of the DTPA-gadolinium MRI study did not show any significant impairment of vascularization within the region of the capitate bone. With the “intrinsic bone formation,” contrary to every other intercarpal arthrodesis at the wrist, there is no need for an additional bone graft.     

Safety and tolerability of single intravenous doses of sugammadex administered simultaneously with rocuronium or vecuronium in healthy volunteers

BACKGROUND: Sugammadex rapidly reverses rocuronium- and vecuronium-induced neuromuscular block. To investigate the effect of combination of sugammadex and rocuronium or vecuronium on QT interval, it would be preferable to avoid the interference of anaesthesia. Therefore, this pilot study was performed to investigate the safety, tolerability, and plasma pharmacokinetics of single i.v. doses of sugammadex administered simultaneously with rocuronium or vecuronium to anaesthetized and non-anaesthetized healthy volunteers. METHODS: In this phase I study, 12 subjects were anaesthetized with propofol/remifentanil and received sugammadex 16, 20, or 32 mg kg(-1) combined with rocuronium 1.2 mg kg(-1) or vecuronium 0.1 mg kg(-1); four subjects were not anaesthetized and received sugammadex 32 mg kg(-1) with rocuronium 1.2 mg kg(-1) or vecuronium 0.1 mg kg(-1) (n=2 per treatment). Neuromuscular function was assessed by TOF-Watch SX monitoring in anaesthetized subjects and by clinical tests in non-anaesthetized volunteers. Sugammadex, rocuronium, and vecuronium plasma concentrations were measured at several time points. RESULTS: No serious adverse events (AEs) were reported. Fourteen subjects reported 23 AEs after study drug administration. Episodes of mild headache, tiredness, cold feeling (application site), dry mouth, oral discomfort, nausea, increased aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase levels, and moderate injection site irritation were considered as possibly related to the study drug. The ECG and vital signs showed no clinically relevant changes. Rocuronium/vecuronium plasma concentrations declined faster than those of sugammadex. CONCLUSIONS: Single-dose administration of sugammadex 16, 20, or 32 mg kg(-1) in combination with rocuronium 1.2 mg kg(-1) or vecuronium 0.1 mg kg(-1) was well tolerated with no clinical evidence of residual neuromuscular block, confirming that these combinations can safely be administered simultaneously to non-anaesthetized subjects. Rocuronium and vecuronium plasma concentrations decreased faster than those of sugammadex, reducing the theoretical risk of neuromuscular block developing over time.     

Magnetic resonance imaging for the evaluation of rejection of a kindney allograft in the rat

Orthotopic DA (RT1^a) into Lewis (RT1¹) rat kidney allografts and control Lewis-into-Lewis grafts were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and perfusion measurement after intravenous injection of a superparamagnetic contrast agent. MRI anatomical scores (range 1–6) and perfusion rates were compared with graft histology (rank of rejection score 1–6). Not only acute rejection, but also chronic events were monitored after acute rejection was prevented by daily cyclosporine (Sandimmune) treatment during the first 2 weeks after transplantation. In acute allograft rejection (n=11), MRI scores reached the maximum value of 6 and perfusion rates were severely reduced within 5 days after transplantation; histology showed severe acute rejection (histologic score 5–6). In the chronic phase (100–130 days after transplantation), allografts (n=5) manifested rejection (in histology cellular rejection and vessel changes), accompanied by MRI scores of around 2–3 and reduced perfusion rates. Both in the acute and chronic phases, the MRI anatomical score correlated significantly with the histological score (Spearman rank correlation coefficient r _s 0.89, n=30, P<0.01), and perfusion rates correlated significantly with the MRI score or histological score (r _s values between-0.60 and -0.87, n=23, P<0.01). It is concluded that MRI represents an interesting tool for assessing the anatomical and hemodynamical status of a kidney allograft in the acute and chronic phases after transplantation.     

Cost-effectiveness of three combinations of antiemetics in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting

Background. This study compares the cost-effectiveness of threecombinations of antiemetics in the prevention of postoperativenausea and vomiting (PONV). Methods. We conducted a prospective, double-blind study. NinetyASA I–II females, 18–65 yr, undergoing general anaesthesiafor major gynaecological surgery, with standardized postoperativeanalgesia (intrathecal 0.2 mg plus i.v. PCA morphine), wererandomly assigned to receive: ondansetron 4 mg plus droperidol1.25 mg after induction and droperidol 1.25 mg 12 h later (Group1); dexamethasone 8 mg plus droperidol 1.25 mg after inductionand droperidol 1.25 mg 12 h later (Group 2); ondansetron 4 mgplus dexamethasone 8 mg after induction and placebo 12 h later(Group 3). A decision analysis tree was used to divide eachgroup into nine mutually exclusive subgroups, depending on theincidence of PONV, need for rescue therapy, side effects andtheir treatment. Direct cost and probabilities were calculatedfor each subgroup, then a cost-effectiveness analysis was conductedfrom the hospital point of view. Results. Groups 1 and 3 were more effective (80 and 70%) thanGroup 2 (40%, P=0.004) in preventing PONV but also more expensive.Compared with Group 2, the incremental cost per extra patientwithout PONV was €6.99 (95% CI, –1.26 to 36.57) forGroup 1 and €13.55 (95% CI, 0.89–132.90) for Group3. Conclusion. Ondansetron+droperidol is cheaper and at least aseffective as ondansetron+ dexamethasone, and it is more effectivethan dexamethasone+droperidol with a reasonable extra cost. Br J Anaesth 2003; 91: 589–92     

不同尿钙水平的Gitelman综合征患者临床特点比较

目的观察不同尿钙水平Gitelman综合征(GS)患者的临床特点,探讨尿钙在GS疾病临床分型中的价值。方法收集2016—2018年来自中国国家罕见病注册系统(NRSC)、在北京协和医院行SLC12A3基因检测诊断为GS患者的临床资料,分析其尿钙特点,比较不同尿钙水平患者的临床和实验室检查指标。氢氯噻嗪试验按照标准操作流程进行,测定患者基线和用药后3 h内氯离子排泄分数改变量的最大值(ΔFECl)。结果共有83例GS患者被纳入研究,其中低尿钙患者53例(63.86%)。低尿钙组尿钙/肌酐比明显低于非低尿钙组[(0.085±0.058)mmol/mmol比(0.471±0.284)mmol/mmol,t=7.349,P<0.001]。两组患者在年龄、性别、估算肾小球滤过率、血压、血尿电解质水平、代谢性碱中毒方面差异均无统计学意义。低尿钙组患者乏力(χ2=4.595,P=0.032)及多尿(χ2=5.778,P=0.016)发生比例低于非低尿钙组,两组患者在其他临床症状方面差异无统计学意义。低尿钙和非低尿钙组各有16例患者行氢氯噻嗪试验,中位ΔFECl结果分别为0.539%(0.430%,1.283%)和0.829%(0.119%,1.298%),均提示对氢氯噻嗪无反应,组间差异无统计学意义(U=130.000,P=0.956)。结论GS患者中低尿钙比例为63.86%,尿钙水平与疾病临床表型、NCC功能损伤严重程度之间均无明确相关性。     

Fibrinogen-thrombin collagen patch reinforcement of highrisk colonic anastomoses in rats

AIM To evaluate the effectiveness of human fibrinogenthrombin collagen patch(TachoSil~?) in the reinforcement of high-risk colon anastomoses.METHODS A quasi-experimental study was conducted in Wistar rats(n = 56) that all underwent high-risk anastomoses(anastomosis with only two sutures) after colectomies. The rats were divided into two randomized groups: Control group(24 rats) and treatment group(24 rats). In the treatment group, high-risk anastomosis was reinforced with TachoSil~? (a piece of Tacho Sil? was applied over this high-risk anastomosis, covering the gap). Leak incidence, overall survival, intra-abdominal adhesions, and histologic healing of anastomoses were analyzed. Survivors were divided into two subgroups and euthanized at 15 and 30 d after intervention in order to analyze the adhesions and histologic changes. RESULTS Overall survival was 71.4% and 57.14% in the TachoSil~? group and control group, respectively(P = 0.29); four rats died from other causes and six rats in the treatment group and 10 in the control group experienced colonic leakage(P 0.05). The intra-abdominal adhesion score was similar in both groups, with no differences between subgroups. We found non-significant differences in the healing process according to the histologic score used in both groups(P = 0.066).CONCLUSION In our study, the use of TachoSil~? was associated with a non-statistically significant reduction in the rate of leakage in high-risk anastomoses. TachoSil~? has been shown to be a safe product because it does not affect the histologic healing process or increase intra-abdominal adhesions.