高血糖人群血清脂联素、胰岛素抵抗指数和血管内皮功能变化及相关性研究

目的探讨高血糖人群血清脂联素、胰岛素抵抗(IR)指数和血管内皮功能变化及相关性。方法从35～55岁健康体检人群经口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)筛选出糖耐量正常(NGT)43例,空腹血糖调节受损(IFG)47例,糖耐量受损(IGT)52例,糖尿病(DM)41例,检测并比较血糖、血清脂联素水平、IR指数及血管内皮功能。结果空腹胰岛素水平在IFG、IGT、DM3组均高于NGT组(P0.05);餐后2h胰岛素水平从DM、IGT、IFG组到NGT组依次降低,且差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。IFG、IGT、DM组IR指数明显高于NGT组,DM组IR指数高于IFG和IGT组(P0.05)。血清脂联素水平及血管内皮功能在NGT、IFG、IGT、DM组依次降低(P0.05)。脂联素与空腹血糖、IR指数呈负相关(P0.01)。结论血清脂联素水平、IR指数和血管内皮功能可作为OGTT异常人群动脉硬化的早期监测指标。     

老年糖耐量异常者脂联素水平的改变及其影响因素

目的:探讨老年糖耐量异常者脂联素的改变及其影响因素。方法:对年龄≥60岁的糖耐量正常(NGT)、糖耐量低减(IGT)和2型糖尿病(DM)患者进行体质量、腰臀围、血压、血脂、氧化应激指标和脂联素的检测,以所有检测者脂联素水平的中位数为界限将患者划分为高、低脂联素组。结果:NGT、IGT和DM3组间脂联素水平逐步降低,其中DM组明显低于NGT和IGT组(P<0.01)。低脂联素组与高脂联素组相比较,NGT人数明显减少(7vs18),而DM人数则明显增加(27vs10),空腹血糖(FBS)、口服糖耐量试验(OGTT2h)血糖增高,高密度脂蛋白(HDL)水平降低,差别有统计学意义均(P<0.01)。Logistic多元回归分析显示血糖和血脂为影响脂联素水平变化的独立危险因素。结论:脂联素水平的下降可能在老年糖尿病高危人群糖耐量异常、肥胖、血脂异常和心血管疾病的发生中起着重要的作用。     

高血糖人群血清脂联素、胰岛素抵抗指数和血管内皮功能变化及相关性研究

目的探讨高血糖人群血清脂联素、胰岛素抵抗（IR）指数和血管内皮功能变化及相关性。方法从35。55岁健康体检人群经口服葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT）筛选出糖耐量正常（NGT）43例,空腹血糖调节受损（IFG）47例,糖耐量受损（IGT）52例,糖尿病（DM）41例,检测并比较血糖、血清脂联素水平、IR指数及血管内皮功能。结果空腹胰岛素水平在IFG、IGT、DM3组均高于NGT组（P〈0．05）;餐后2h胰岛素水平从DM、IGT、IFG组到NGT组依次降低,且差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。IFG、IGT、DM组IR指数明显高于NGT组,DM组IR指数高于IFG和IGT组（P〈0．05）。血清脂联素水平及血管内皮功能在NGT、IFG、IGT、DM组依次降低（P〈0．05）。脂联素与空腹血糖、IR指数呈负相关（P〈0．01）。结论血清脂联素水平、IR指数和血管内皮功能可作为OGTT异常人群动脉硬化的早期监测指标。     

2型糖尿病患者真胰岛素和胰岛素原的改变及其意义

目的：探讨2型糖尿病（DM）患者、糖耐量减低（IGT）者血清真胰岛素（TI）、胰岛素原（PI）及免疫反应胰岛素（IRI）的变化及其意义。方法：测定42例糖耐量正常者（NGT）、31例IGT和91例新诊断的2型DM患者空腹及餐后1h、2h的TI、PI和IRI。并根据体重指数（BMI）分为肥胖晋组和非肥胖亚组。结果：（1）各组TI、PI和IRI在肥胖亚组均比非肥胖亚组高（P＜0．01）。（2）2型DM肥胖和非肥胖亚组餐后1h的TI和IRI明显低于NGT的相应组（P＜0．05），也低于2型DM餐后2h的相应组，TI和IRI释放曲线呈早期分泌相降低和高峰延迟。（3）空腹PI：NGT＜IGT＜2型DM组，各组之间差异有显著性（P＜0．05）。（4）各组内肥胖亚组的空腹PI／IRI和非肥胖亚组相似（P＞0．05），2型DM、IGT的空腹PI／IRI显著高于NGT（P＜0．05）。结论：不同糖耐量的肥胖者均有高胰岛素血症和高胰岛素原血症。2型DM、IGT患者有高PI血症和不成比例的PI增高，后者是胰岛β细胞分泌功能缺陷的标志之一。     

2型糖尿病及其合并大血管病变患者血浆脂联素分析

目的 观察2型糖尿病(T2DM)不同阶段血清脂联素水平的变化,探讨糖尿病合并大血管病变的独立危险因素.方法 108例2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者,按有无大血管病变分为大血管病变组(54例)和无大血管病变组(54例),另设健康对照组(54例),均检测血浆脂联素(APN)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹血糖及胰岛素水平等.结果 大血管病变组、无大血管病变组和健康对照组血浆APN水平分别为(4.1±2.1 )mg/L、(6.7±2.8)mg/L和(12.1±1.4) mg/L.大血管病变组和无大血管病变组血浆APN水平明显低于健康对照组(均P＜0.01);大血管病变组血浆APN水平也明显低于无大血管病变组(P＜0.01).结论 APN水平可作为预测T2DM发生并发症的重要指标;低APN血症在T2DM及其并发症发生、发展中超重要作用.     

血清脂联素水平与2型糖尿病患者颈动脉内膜中层厚度及脉搏波传导速度的相关性

目的 探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血清脂联素与颈动脉内膜中层厚度(C-IMT)及脉搏波传导速度(baPWV)的相关性.方法 T2DM患者96例,根据年龄分为A组(31-43岁,32例),B组(44-52岁,32例)和C组(53-68岁,32例).另选40例正常糖耐量者为对照(D)组.检测并分析C-IMT、baPWV和血清脂联素水平.结果 A、B、C组脂联素水平、C-IMT和baPWV均高于D组(P＜0.05);C组baPWV＞B组baPWV＞A组baPWV(P＜0.05).相关分析提示,C-IMT和baPWV与脂联素水平呈负相关(r=-0.71和r=-0.69,P＜0.05).多元回归分析提示,血清脂联素水平下降是C-IMT增加(β=-0.33,P＜0.01)或baPWV(β=-0.50,P＜0.01)增加的独立影响因素.结论 血清脂联素水平降低是T2DM患者C-IMT增加及baPWV加快的独立危险因素.     

2型糖尿病、糖耐量减低者真胰岛素和胰岛素原的改变及其意义

目的　研究 2型糖尿病 (2 DM)、糖耐量减低 (IGT)者血清真胰岛素 (TI)、胰岛素原 (PI)和免疫活性胰岛素 (IRI)的变化及其意义。方法　测定 5 9例新诊的 2 DM患者、39例 IGT和 4 1例正常糖耐量 (NGT)者空腹和餐后的血清 TI、PI和 IRI,分析并比较胰岛激素指标在不同组间及糖负荷后的变化。结果　各肥胖亚组的 TI、PI和 IRI均高于非肥胖亚组 (P<0 .0 1 ) ;2 DM组餐后 1 h的 TI和 IRI低于 NGT的相应组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,并低于 2 h的水平 ,TI释放呈早期分泌相降低和高峰延迟 ;空腹 PI在 2 DM组 >IGT>NGT(P<0 .0 5 ) ;2 DM、IGT的空腹 PI/ IRI高于 NGT组 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论　肥胖组者均有高胰岛素血症和高胰岛素原血症 ,2 DM和 IGT者亦有高胰岛素血症和高胰岛素原血症 (不成比例的胰岛素原升高 ) ,不成比例的胰岛素原升高是胰岛 β细胞分泌功能缺陷的标志     

广西地区汉族2型糖尿病患者脂联素基因多态性研究

目的：研究脂联素基因外显子2单核苷酸多态性（SNP）＋45T→G多态性与广西地区汉族2型糖尿病（T2DM）、肥胖及胰岛素抵抗（ IR）的关系。方法：运用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性（ PCR-RFLP）的方法,对313例无亲缘关系的广西地区汉族人群的正常糖耐量（NGT95例）、糖耐量减低（IGT103例）和T2DM115例检测脂联素基因外显子2的多态性,并与代谢值进行相关性研究。结果：广西地区汉族人群中含脂联素基因外显子2的SNP＋45GG基因型的人群高密度脂蛋白（ HDL-C）水平低于TT、TG基因型的人群（P〈0.05）,HOMA-IR高组的GG基因型相对于TT基因型的OR为2.876（95%CI：1.141~7.248）,即GG基因型发生IR的相对危险度是TT基因型的2.876倍。结论：汉族人群中,脂联素基因SNPs＋45 TT基因型的HDL-C较GG基因型频率高;GG基因型较TT基因型人群易产生IR。但汉族人群SNPs＋45基因型与T2DM及肥胖无关。     

肿瘤坏死因子-α、白细胞介素-6和脂联素与2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗的关系

目的 研究2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）和脂联素与胰岛素抵抗的关系.方法 选择80例T2DM患者（T2DM组）和40例健康体检者（对照组）,测定各组空腹血清TNF-α,IL-6和脂联素水平,同时分别测定各组患者体质量指数（BMI）、空腹血糖、血清胰岛素水平,计算胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）.结果 T2DM组TNF-α、IL-6水平均明显高于对照组,脂联素水平明显低于对照组（均P＜0.05）.在T2DM组中,TNF-α和IL-6均与HOMA-IR呈正相关（P＜0.01,P＜0.05）,脂联素与HOMA-IR呈负相关（P＜0.01）.结论 IL-6、TNF-α及脂联素参与了2型糖尿病的发病过程,与胰岛素抵抗密切相关.     

不同糖耐量人群血清E选择素及其相关因素分析

目的观察不同糖耐量人群E-选择素水平，探讨肥胖、血压、血脂及血糖等相关的关系。方法对年龄≥40岁健康人群1000人进行葡萄糖耐量试验对DM、IFG、IGT、IGR人群检测E选择素水平。结果显示IGR组和DM组高于NGT组（P〈0．9与P〈0．01）；其中IGR组高于DM组，回归分解显示：BMI与E选择素的关系较为密切。结论血脂E选择素水平有助大血管病变和微血管病变的早期诊断。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.