颈动脉内膜中层厚度的超声检测的临床意义

近 年来 ,随着对颈动脉粥样硬化研究的进一步深入 ,人们注意到冠状动脉粥样硬化程度与颈动脉硬化程度有着密切的关系 ,研究表明超声检测的颈动脉硬化程度有着密切的关系 ,研究表明超声检测的颈动脉粥样硬化严重程度比冠状动脉造影检测的动脉硬化严重程度明显。本研究通过对照健康人群、非冠心病 (ＣＨＤ)患者和ＣＨＤ患者的颈动脉内膜中层厚度 (ＩＭＴ) ,研究颈动脉ＩＭＴ增厚与ＣＨＤ的关系 ,从而为ＣＨＤ的早期诊断提供一种简便无创的方法。1　资料与方法1.1　资料的选择与分组收集 2 0 0 0年 6月至 2 0 0 1年 6月有症状的ＣＨＤ患者10 4…     

OSAS合并原发性高血压患者血浆内皮素-1与颈动脉内膜中层厚度的变化

目的观察阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（obstructive sleep apnea syndrome,OSAS）及OSAS合并原发性高血压（essential hypertension,EH）患者血浆内皮素-1（Endothelin-1,ET-1）、颈动脉内膜中层厚度（carotid artery intima—media thickness,IMT）的变化及相互关系。方法选择OSAS合并EH患者组50例,OSAS患者组40例及健康对照组30例,采用ELISA法测定其血浆ET-1浓度,及利用颈动脉超声检测IMT。结果OSAS合并EH组的血浆ET-1浓度均高于单纯OSAS组及对照组即（124．66±18．90）pg／mL、（54．53±10．82）pg／mL,（45．07±6．45）pg／mL,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;而单纯OSAS组的血浆ET-1浓度亦高于对照组,即（54．53±10．82）pg／mL对（45．07±6．45）pg／mL,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;OSAS合并心血管病组的IMT明显高于单纯OSAS组及对照组,即（1．03±0．11）mm对（0．93±0．06）mm,（0．88±0．07mm,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论OSAS患者存在内皮功能损害,OSAS合并EH者内皮功能紊乱更严重,同时伴IMT增厚。     

2型糖尿病合并亚临床甲减患者血脂及颈动脉内膜中层厚度的变化

目的:探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并亚临床甲状腺功能减退(SCH)患者血脂谱及颈动脉内膜中层厚度(CIMT)的改变.方法:选择2型糖尿病并甲状腺功能正常(EUT)40例患者为T2DM+EUT组,2型糖尿病合并亚临床甲减患者38例为T2DM+SCH组,比较两组患者的血脂谱及颈动脉内膜中层厚度.结果:T2DM+SCH组与T2DM+EUT组比较,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、总胆固醇(TC)增高而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)降低,CIMT增厚,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).LDL-C、TC及CIMT与促甲状腺激素(TSH)呈正线性相关.结论:SCH可加重T2DM患者血脂谱的紊乱程度,T2DM合并SCH促使CIMT明显增厚,由此增加糖尿病患者发生动脉粥样硬化及血栓性疾病的风险.     

新疆伊犁地区维吾尔族、汉族冠心病患者hs-CRP及颈动脉内膜中层厚度和斑块发生率比较

目的:比较新疆伊犁地区维吾尔族、汉族冠心病患者超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)与颈动脉内膜中层厚度(cIMT)和斑块发生率。方法:检测80例维吾尔族和80例汉族冠心病患者血液hs-CRP、cIMT及斑块发生率并进行组间统计学比较。结果:维吾尔族、汉族冠心病患者hs-CRP、cIMT、颈动脉斑块的发生率均无明显统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:通过监测hs-CRP及cIMT可为冠脉病变及其严重程度提供依据。     

糖代谢异常者臂-踝脉搏波传导速度与颈动脉内膜中层厚度的变化

目的 研究糖调节功能正常、糖调节功能减低和糖尿病患者中,颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)及臂-踝脉搏波传导速度(baPWV)的变化,探讨其与糖尿病早期动脉粥样硬化的关系.方法 收集糖尿病患者42例、糖调节功能减低者45例、正常对照者30例的临床资料,每例均采用全自动动脉硬化仪测定baPWV及超声检测IMT,将三组的数据进行比较分析.结果 从正常对照者、糖调节功能减低者至糖尿病患者,随着糖代谢异常程度的加重,颈动脉内膜中层逐渐增厚(P＜0.05),baPWV逐渐升高(P＜0.05).结论 在糖代谢异常的早期baPWV与IMT即发生明显改变,二者对筛查糖尿病动脉粥样硬化并发症有一定的价值.     

HAART和HIV感染的免疫重建

人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染可以引起以细胞免疫缺陷为主的免疫缺损。高效抗逆转录病毒治疗(HAART)降低HIV的复制,使T淋巴细胞亚群发生数量和功能的改善,抑制异常免疫激活,改变了HIV感染的进程,改善了患者的生活质量和预后。但HAART在多大程度能恢复患者的免疫功能,以及HAART恢复免疫重建的长期效果还有待于进一步研究,本文拟就有关内容作一综述。     

HAART 促进艾滋病患者CD4+T 淋巴细胞增长的因素分析

目的:了解HAART中影响CD4+T淋巴细胞增长因素,为进一步优化治疗,提高患者预后提供理论依据.方法:收集整理2015年6月1日至2020年05月31日我院316例HIV感染者和242例艾滋病患者的基本情况及治疗0.5 y随访的资料,根据治疗后CD4+T淋巴细胞是否增长建立Logistic回归模型,筛选影响CD4+T淋巴细胞增长因素.结果:无症状HIV感染者不同的漏服情况和艾滋病患者不同的BMI指数,治疗前后CD4+T淋巴细胞增长率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,漏服药物(P=0.017,OR=0.438)、年龄(P=0.036,OR=0.69)和BMI指数(P=0.002,OR=0.309)为影响CD4+T淋巴细胞增长因素的危险因素(P<0.05).结论:增加患者的自身健康管理和提高患者的服药依从性,有利于提高HAART中CD4+T淋巴细胞数.     

A practical protocol to measure common carotid artery intima-media thickness

OBJECTIVE: To describe and test a practical protocol to measure common carotid intima-media thickness that uses the combined values of two longitudinal examination angles to increase sensitivity. METHOD: Between February and September 2005, 206 patients underwent duplex scan examination of carotid vessels, and the intima-media thickness of 407 common carotids were measured in three angles: transversal, longitudinal posterolateral, and anterolateral, with three intima-media thickness measurements for each near and far wall. In addition to numbers obtained from the three angles of measurement, a fourth visual perspective was obtained by combining the intima-media thickness results of posterolateral and anterolateral longitudinal views and considering the thickest wall measurement. RESULTS: Two hundred seventy (66.3%) carotid arteries had an intima-media thickness thicker than 1mm. The mean intima-media thickness values achieved by the different incidences were 1.26+/-0.6 mm (transversal), 1.17+/-0.54 mm (longitudinal anterolateral), and 1.18+/-0.58 mm (longitudinal posterolateral). A significant difference in intima-media thickness measurement values was observed when the three angles of examination plus the combined positive results of both longitudinal angles were compared by ANOVA (P=0.005). The LSD Post-Hoc test determined that the combined longitudinal view results were similar to the transversal views (P=0.28) and had greater intima-media thickness means than isolated anterolateral or posterolateral longitudinal views (P=0.02 and 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The protocol presented is a practical method for obtaining common carotid artery intima-media thickness measurements. The combined longitudinal posterolateral and anterolateral longitudinal views provide a more sensitive evaluation of the inner layers of the carotid walls than isolated longitudinal views.     

HAART对人类免疫缺陷病毒感染者淋巴细胞亚群的影响

应用流式细胞分析法通过分析检测41例AIDS患者与30例健康对照之间,以及21例AIDS患者在接受HAART治疗前后外周血淋巴细胞亚群的表达情况,研究感染HIV病毒以及HAART治疗对淋巴细胞亚群的影响。结果显示AIDS患者与健康对照相比,外周血CD4~+CD45RA~+、CD4~+CD28~+、CD4~+CD45RO~+、CD4~+CD95~+细胞比例明显低于正常对照,CD8~+CD95~+、CD8~+CD38~+、CD56~+细胞比例明显高于正常对照;经HAART治疗后,CD4~+CD45RA~+,CD4~+CD28~+细胞比例比治疗前升高,CD56~+细胞比例比治疗前显著下降。结果表明CD4~+T淋巴细胞表面CD45RA、CD28表达,以及CD56~+细胞能够预测AIDS患者HAART治疗效果。     

高效抗病毒治疗促使艾滋病患者免疫功能重建

艾滋病的特征是ＨＩＶ 1感染人体后 ,造成ＣＤ4 +Ｔ淋巴细胞数量进行性减少、细胞免疫功能损害 ,最后导致艾滋病 (ＡＩＤＳ)。先前的研究表明这种免疫功能的丧失是不可逆转的 ,抗ＨＩＶ病毒治疗仅能控制或减缓其进展。近年来 ,由于强效联合抗病毒治疗 (ＨＡＡＲＴ)的应用 ,艾滋病的发病率和死亡率均较前明显下降 (指西方国家 )。说明ＨＡＡＲＴ不仅能有效的控制ＨＩＶ 1的复制 ,并能使艾滋病病人的免疫功能得到恢复。这种ＨＡＡＲＴ使艾滋病病人免疫功能重建的假说最近被一组法国研究人员证实 ,艾滋病的免疫重建规律是 :(1)治疗早期ＣＤ4 +…     

Opportunistic disorders of the gastrointestinal tract in the age of highly active antiretroviral therapy

Since the 1996 advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for the treatment of HIV/AIDS, the incidence of most opportunistic disorders in the developed world has dramatically declined but definitely has not disappeared. The number of new yearly HIV infections (about 55?000) and the total number of US infections (more than 1.1 million) remain very significant. Post-HAART gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and biopsy results are still common, especially in large inner-city hospitals. The same opportunistic GI disorders were diagnosed in 442 endoscopies performed since 1996 as before, but at about one half the rate. The esophagus had the highest rate of positive biopsy results (46%), especially due to Candida. Helicobacter pylori infection has become the most common gastric infection. The small bowel still showed cytomegalovirus (CMV), cryptosporidia, and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infections. In decreasing order, the most common large bowel infections were CMV, cryptosporidiosis, MAC, and spirochetosis. Cases of adenovirus, bacterial colitis, Kaposi sarcoma, and lymphoma were still diagnosed. Rectal biopsy specimens were the least productive. Microsporidiosis is now being diagnosed with special stains. Thus, where HIV/AIDS is common, it is important to be able to diagnose these GI processes. In addition to presenting post-HAART incidences, diagnostic features and aids are described for selected entities.     

Lipodystrophy syndrome among HIV infected children on highly active antiretroviral therapy in northern India

Background

It is estimated that about 2.5 million people are living with HIV infection in India. Although antiretroviral drugs have been able to reduce the mortality, these drugs have serious side effects one of which is lipodystrophy syndrome. Most of the drugs used in HAART viz, protease inhibitors, stavudine and nevirapine are associated with lipodystrophy. Hence we conducted this study to assess the prevalence of lipodystrophy in HIV infected children on HAART and its associated risk factors.

Materials and methods

A cross sectional study was conducted on 80 HIV infected children aged 2–18 years of age who were on stavudine based HAART for ≥2 years. These children were assessed for presence of lipodystrophy, its metabolic complications and associated risk factors.

Results

Lipodystrophy was observed in 33.7% of children with lipoatrophy being the commonest subtype followed by lipohypertrophy. Older age, increased duration of treatment and dyslipidaemia were found to be associated in patients with lipodystrophy than those without. On further multivariate analysis of independent risk factors only increased duration of treatment was significantly associated with lipodystrophy. No association was found with insulin resistance.

Conclusion

We observed that lipodystrophy is a common finding in HIV patients treated with HAART for long duration.     

Resolution of dilated cardiomyopathy in an adolescent with change of a failing highly active antiretroviral drug therapy

BackgroundCardiovascular dysfunction is a recognized complication of HIV infection in children. Cardiac complications of HIV usually occur late in the course of the disease; they may be associated with drug therapy, and hence become more common as therapy and survival improve. Left ventricular (LV) dysfunction at baseline is a risk factor for death independent of the CD4 cell count, HIV viral load, and neurological disease.ConclusionImmunological recovery following a switch of a failing or potentially cardiotoxic HAART in addition to improved HAART adherence may result in resolution of left ventricular dysfunction. Early and regular cardiology evaluation may improve outcomes in these patients.     

Effects of thyroxine replacement on endothelial function and carotid artery intima-media thickness in female patients with mild subclinical hypothyroidism

BACKGROUND:

Previous studies have suggested an association between subclinical hypothyroidism and coronary artery disease that could be related to changes in serum lipids or endothelial dysfunction.

METHODS:

Thirty-two female subclinical hypothyroidism patients were randomly assigned to 12 months of L-thyroxine replacement or no treatment. Endothelial function was measured by the flow-mediated vasodilatation of the brachial artery, as well as mean carotid artery intima-media thickness, and lipid profiles were studied at baseline and after 12 months of follow-up.

RESULTS:

The mean (±SD) serum thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in the L-thyroxine replacement and control groups were 6.09±1.32 and 6.27±1.39 µUI/ml, respectively. No relationship between carotid artery intima-media thickness or brachial flow-mediated vasodilatation and free T4 and serum thyroid-stimulating hormone was found. The median L-T4 dose was 44.23±18.13 µg/day. After 12 months, there was a significant decrease in the flow-mediated vasodilatation in the subclinical hypothyroidism control group (before: 17.33±7.88 to after: 13.1±4.75%, p = 0.03), but there were no significant differences in flow-mediated vasodilatation in the L-thyroxine treated group (before: 16.81±7.0 to after: 18.52±7.44%, p = 0.39). We did not find any significant change in mean carotid intima-media thickness after 12 months of L-thyroxine treatment.

CONCLUSION:

Replacement therapy prevents a decline in flow-mediated vasodilatation with continuation of the subclinical hypothyroidism state. Large prospective multicenter placebo-controlled trials are necessary to investigate endothelial physiology further in subclinical hypothyroidism patients and to define the role of L-thyroxine therapy in improving endothelial function in these patients.