儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病复发与基因突变相关性

急性淋巴细胞白血病是儿童恶性肿瘤中最常见的类型,急性淋巴细胞白血病复发仍然是治疗的难题.随着近几年关于儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病复发机制的研究逐渐深入,越来越多的基因异常已经被证实与儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病复发相关,包括IKZF1缺失、PRED1缺失、JAK突变、CREBBP突变、CEBPE突变、ARID5B突变等.该文重点综述以上基因突变对儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病复发的影响.     

急性淋巴细胞性白血病37例缓解期骨髓幼淋细胞升高的意义

目的 分析急性淋巴细胞性白血病缓解期骨髓幼淋细胞轻度升高(5%～10%)的原因及其临床意义.方法 回顾性分析上海儿童医学中心1998年-2005年急性淋巴细胞性白血病缓解期骨髓幼淋细胞轻度升高(5%～10%)的37例患儿,分析其幼淋细胞升高的原因及随访其治疗经过和预后.结果 急性淋巴细胞性白血病患儿缓解期骨髓幼淋细胞轻度升高患儿除1例复发以外,其余均缓解.大部分患儿骨髓幼淋细胞升高是化疗后再生的骨髓正常的B系淋巴细胞反应性增生,其中大部分骨髓幼淋细胞可自行恢复正常.另外,病毒感染亦可导致幼淋细胞升高.结论 急性淋巴细胞性白血病缓解期骨髓幼淋细胞轻度升高(5%～10%)是骨髓中正常的B系淋巴细胞反应性增生,预后良好.     

儿童难治复发急性淋巴细胞白血病的新治疗策略

儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病虽已取得显著疗效,但一旦出现复发或难治,其长期存活机会极少,预后不良。随着人们对儿童复发难治急性淋巴细胞白血病的分子生物学机制的深入认识,靶向治疗、免疫治疗等新的疗法被用于临床,且已取得较好的临床效果。文章就儿童难治复发急性淋巴细胞白血病的新疗法进行综述。     

miRNA在儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病中的研究进展

miRNA是一类小分子非编码RNA,根据其基因结构及功能不同分为不同家族,参与细胞的增殖、分化、凋亡等重要环节.不同家族在白血病等癌症中分别发挥着癌基因和抑癌基因的重要作用,这是近年来研究的新热点.儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病的诊断、耐药性、复发始终是学者面临的巨大难题,而许多miRNA与儿童白血病发病机制、诊断、预后、耐药性密切相关,该文对近年来与儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病相关的miRNA研究进展进行综述.     

儿童急性白血病染色体异常与预后关系研究进展

近年来,儿童急性白血病的预后有了很大的提高.急性淋巴细胞白血病(acute lymphoblastic leukemia, ALL)患儿5年无事件生存率(event-free survival, EFS)已经达到70%～80%,而急性髓系白血病(acute myeloid leukemia,AML)的5年EFS也达到50%左右,这得益于危险度分级和个体化治疗的广泛应用.白血病细胞的染色体/基因改变是影响预后的关键因素之一,以下就近年国内外对于儿童急性白血病染色体异常与预后关系的研究进展进行综述.     

EVI1基因在白血病中的研究进展

EVI1基因主要控制胚胎的发育,3q重排、MLL易位、7号染色单体或者与其他基因的相互作用都可使其异常表达或户生融合基因.新近研究发现,EVI1基因在部分急性淋巴细胞性白血病、急性髓细胞性白血病和慢性粒细胞性白血病中都有异常表达,并且与不良预后相关,其致白血病机制有表观遗传学的修饰、调控转录、调节信号通路、提高白血病细胞黏附、增殖、集落形成和抗凋亡能力.基因治疗药物有表观遗传学制剂、mTOR抑制剂、抗人ITGA6/ITGB4复合物抗体、抗CD52单克隆抗体.     

细胞周期相关因子geminin在儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病中的表达

目的 研究细胞周期相关因子geminin蛋白及其mRNA在儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病中的表达.方法 以16例首次诊断且未治疗的急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿为实验组,16例正常儿童为对照组,采集其静脉血进行淋巴细胞分离,应用免疫组织化学染色法检测geminin蛋白在两组中的表达;用RT-PCR法检测gemininmRNA在两组中的表达.使用SPSS软件进行数据分析.结果 实验组geminin蛋白及geminin mRNA表达均高于对照组(P均<0.05);对照组geminin蛋白有表达,但其相应的mRNA不表达.结论 急性淋巴细胞性白血病细胞geminin过度表达,可能参与儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病的发生发展;正常淋巴细胞geminin存在蛋白与其相应的mRNA表达不一致的现象.     

《临床儿科杂志》第25卷（2007年）主题索引

B白血病小儿急性淋巴细胞白血病中枢神经系统白血病诊治现状(卢新天),25(8):621-624重视儿童急性白血病化疗并发症的防治:附卡氏肺囊虫肺炎诊治体会(谢晓恬),25(8):629-632TRAF1在儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病化疗中的诱导表达及意义(陶红芳等),25(8):633-635,663微小残留病阳性儿童B系急性淋巴细胞白血病的追踪分析(薛惠良等),25(8):636-638,643急性早幼粒细胞白血病治疗的远期疗效(王耀莉等),25(8):639-643儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病常见融合基因的检测及意义(朱晓华等),25(8):644-647,659幼年型粒单核细胞白血病的临床和治疗(陆凤娟等),25(8):…     

急性白血病儿童黑色素瘤特异性抗原基因表达的意义

目的检测黑色素瘤特异性抗原(PRAME)基因在急性白血病儿童中的表达,并探讨其临床意义。方法用半定量逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测72例急性白血病(AL)患儿及20例对照者骨髓或外周血中PRAME基因mRNA的表达,并对PRAME基因mRNA表达阳性者进行动态检测。结果急性白血病患儿确诊时PRAME基因的阳性表达率为40.28%,其中45例急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿阳性表达率为40.0%,27例急性髓细胞白血病患儿中PRAME基因的阳性表达率为40.74%,两者之间无显著差异(P>0.05);而对照组均为阴性表达。PRAME基因的表达在白血病缓解期明显降低,当病情复发时PRAME基因的表达再次上升。结论PRAME基因在儿童AL中有较高水平表达,其动态变化与预后密切相关,可作为儿童AL微小残留病变的一个监测指标,对判断预后、指导治疗有重要意义。     

儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病预后因素的研究进展

急性淋巴细胞白血病是儿童时期最常见的恶性肿瘤,随着治疗的进步,其预后已大大改善,但仍有20%左右患儿由于高度耐约而复发.因此,更要关注儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病预后的影响因素,实施基于危险因素分组的个体化治疗措施.目前影响其预后的因素有:白细胞计数、细胞或分子遗传学特征、免疫分型、早期治疗反应、微小残留病、药动学和药物遗传学及治疗反应.     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.